This document discusses different forms of precipitation including rain, drizzle, fog, dew, hail, snow, and sleet. It also describes various types of precipitation such as convective, orographic, and cyclonic/frontal precipitation. Additionally, it provides details about the monsoon seasons in India including the southwest and northeast monsoons. It notes that Tamil Nadu experiences varying rainfall across districts and seasons, and discusses concepts such as drought and flooding.
India belongs to the tropical monsoon climate zone. Since the Indian subcontinent is separated from the rest of Asia by the lofty Himalayan ranges, they block the cold air masses moving southwards from Central Asia. The climatic conditions of India are highlighted in this module.
India belongs to the tropical monsoon climate zone. Since the Indian subcontinent is separated from the rest of Asia by the lofty Himalayan ranges, they block the cold air masses moving southwards from Central Asia. The climatic conditions of India are highlighted in this module.
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India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and The Thar Desert.Though the Tropic of Cancer—the boundary between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the bulk of the country can be regarded as climatically tropical.
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Rainfall trend for the past is very essential to understand the climate variability of a region and it is very significant research in developing countries. Rainfall variability is also an obligatory factor for the climate of semi arid and tropical regions. The number of rainy days and rainfall intensity are the vital feature to comprehend the climate vulnerability of a region. To attain the nature of climate variability this paper deals the rainfall trends of Tamil nadu for the past 30 years and investigated using spatial, temporal and statistical techniques. The previous woks also revealed that the rainfall variability across the world. The results are also showing the spatial and temporal variability across Tamil Nadu and the climate change projection in study area.
India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and The Thar Desert.Though the Tropic of Cancer—the boundary between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the bulk of the country can be regarded as climatically tropical.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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1. Lec –11
Precipitation – Forms of Precipitation – Isohyte
– Monsoon – Different monsoons of India –
Rainfall Variability – Drought and Flood –
Impact on Crop production
2. TAMIL NADU
Many districts of Tamil Nadu fall under Semi Arid
Tropics (SAT), these districts face higher incidence
of solar radiation, more air and soil temperature and
highly varying rainfall
5. Drizzle
1. Fine drops of water (diameter less than 0.5 mm), very
close to one another".
2. Very small and of uniform size drops, and seem to float in
the air, it is referred to as drizzle.
3. It gives out very small amount of water on the ground.
4. It is often associated with fog, and poor visibility.
5. In some places drizzle is called mist.
6. Fog
1. Very minute water droplets suspended in the air or
it consists of a mixture of smoke or fine dust
particles.
2. Reduces the horizontal range of visibility to less
than 1 km.
3. Deposits on the leaves of the crop plants.
4. The evapotranspiration losses are minimized as the
leaves remain wet for a longer period.
7. DEW
Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on
thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening.
Winter months
Cool nights
Clear sky
8. Hail
1. Precipitation of small balls or pieces of ice (hailstones)
2. Diameter ranging from 5 to 50 mm
3. Most dreaded and destructive form of precipitation
4. Produced in violent thunder-storms or cumulo-nimbus clouds.
5. Structure like an onion.
6. March to May -ideal conditions for hailstorms.
7. Standing crops in the field can be devastated in just a few minutes'
by severe hailstorms which mean tremendous economic loss to the
farmers.
8. Very difficult to forecast, particularly the time and place of their
occurrence.
9. Snow
Precipitation of white and opaque grains of ice.
It is precipitation of solid water, mainly in the
form of branched hexagonal crystals or stars.
10. Sleet
Precipitation - mixture of rain and snow
Small pellets of transparent ice, 5 mm or less dia
Frozen rain - rain falling to the earth passing
through a layer of cold air and freezes -
temperature is very low
Not commonly seen in India expect high ranges
11. Precipitation processes
Adiabatic cooling process - condensation & precipitation
Not all condensation gives precipitation
All clouds contain water, some produce precipitation
Precipitated moisture does fall from the clouds
Only cloud droplets, ice pellets or rice crystals grow large
size precipitation occur
Precipitable water
Amount of water available to fall as precipitation
12. Rainfall mechanisms
Cloud droplets to join together to form large raindrops
capable of falling as precipitation
Ice –crystal theory of Bergeron
Ice-crystal theory in 1933 by Tor Bergeron (Norway)
Common in cold clouds - water droplets do not freeze at 0°C
Ice nuclei in top of the clouds, vapour diffuses rapidly from
air to ice crystals due to difference in saturation vapour
pressure
Ice crystals grow rapidly - generates crystals large - to fall
13. Collision – coalescence theory
In warm clouds- equatorial and tropical regions
Temperature in upper most a part of these clouds < 7°C
Proposed by E.F.Bowen from Australia in 1940s
Precipitation from warm clouds involves the coalescence of
cloud droplets of difference sizes
Larger droplets grow in big size and fall on the ground on
its own weight in the form of precipitation
Whatever process at work, continuous supply of moisture
is most important condition
14. Types of precipitation
1. Convectional precipitation
2. Orographic precipitation
3. Cyclonic or Frontal precipitation
15. Convectional precipitation
Two conditions
1. Intense heating of the surface
2. Abundant supply of moisture
Warm weather phenomenon, - thunder, lightning and
local winds.
It is entirely in the form of rain
Due to the heating of the earth's surface,
summer months and in the warmer parts of the day.
17. 1. Less effective for crop growth than the steady rain.
2. Much of it is drained off in the form of surface drainage
and little remains for entering into the soil.
3. Slope wash and gullying are a menace to loose soil.
4. Temperate regions, it is most effective in promoting the
growth of plants.
5. Gives the maximum rainfall with the minimum cloudiness.
6. Clouds - cumulo-nimbus
Convectional precipitation
18. Orographic precipitation
When mountains or highlands acting as barriers to the
flow of air, force it to rise the air cools adiabatically
resulted in formation of clouds and precipitation.
Greek: oros = a mountain).
Windward sides of mountain ranges lying across the
path of prevailing terrestrial winds where those winds
pass from the relatively warmer ocean to the land, After
striking the high land, the air is forced to rise and
thereby cooled.
Maximum precipitation - windward slope
19. South-west monsoon gives copious rainfall on
the windward slope of the Western Ghats
whereas on the leeward side there arc extensive
rain shadow areas.
Orographic precipitation
23. caused mainly by the occurrence of low pressure areas
It is formed when two air masses of different temperature, humidity
and density meet such as the meeting of a tropical maritime air
mass and a polar air mass.
A zone called a front separates them.
At the warm front, the lighter warm air rises gently over the heavier
cold air which remains close to the ground.
As the warm air rises, it expands and cools and condenses to form
clouds (altostratus).
The rain falls steadily for a few hours to several days.
Cyclonic or frontal precipitation
24. Rainfall Pattern in Tamil Nadu
Average annual RF is 925 mm
South West monsoon – 307.6mm(33.3%)
North East monsoon - 438.7 (47.4%)
Summer - 136.5 mm (14.8%)
Cold Weather period - 42.2 mm(4.6%)
25. Rainy days- 50 days per year
Higher is 106.2 (Nilgiris)
Lowest is 45.8 (Ramnad).
High Rainfall Regions (More than 1000 mm)
The Nilgiris, the coastal belt of the Cuddalore, Kancheepuram districts and
Palani hills.
Medium Rainfall Regions (800 to 1000 mm)
Western parts of the Cuddalore, Tiruvellore districts, whole of Vellore, Thiru-
vannamalai , eastern parts of the Salem, Western part of Thanjavur,
Nagapattinam , eastern and northern parts of Trichy, eastern part of Madurai,
Dindigul, northern part of Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Virudunagar,
Coimbatore and Salem
Low Rainfall Regions (600 to 700 mm)
Central and Southern parts of Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Virudunagar,
Tuticorin and Tirunelveli districts and Central part of Coimbatore, Central and
Western parts of Madurai Dindiguland the Southern half of Tiruchirapalli.
Rainfall Pattern in Tamil Nadu
26. Indian continent peculiar phenomenon known as
monsoon.
It consists of series of cyclones that arise in India Ocean.
These travel in northeast direction and enter the
Peninsular
This is followed by a second rainy season from October
to December.
A third and fourth rainy seasons occur from January to
February and from March to May respectively.
Of the four rainy seasons, southwest monsoon is the
most important as it contribute 80 – 95% of the total
rainfall of the country.
Monsoon Rainfall Variability
27. Two types of monsoon systems are
a) South West Monsoon
b) North East Monsoon
28. South West monsoon
June-September
State average rainfall of 307.6 mm
Chennai, Tiruvallore, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Vellore,
Tiruvannamalai, Salem, Dharmapuri, Pudukottai, Sivagangai,
Kanyakumari and The Nilgiris.
Not sufficient to meet the Evapo-transpiration (ET)
Western Ghats- Reduce the rain
29. North East monsoon
1. Rainy season for Tamil Nadu (October – December)
2. State average rainfall of 438.7 mm
3. Heavy rains are received along the Coromandal coast.
4. Chennai, Chengleput, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Thanjavur, Nagapattinam,
Tirunelveli, Tuticorin and Ramanathapuram districts (coastal districts) –
peak during November 184.7 to 346.7 mm
5. Other districts (central & interior) it occurred during October month and it
ranged between 165.9 and 251.6 mm, little lesser than coastal districts.
6. Salem, Dharmapuri, Coimbatore, Erode, Pudukottai, Vellore, Madurai,
Dindigul, Sivaganga, Virudhunagar and Tuticorin districts receive lesser
rainfall.
7. Tank-fed areas of North Eastern region of Tamil Nadu
30. • Middle of October is generally considered as the "setting in of
Northeast Monsoon".
• Normal date of onset of the northeast monsoon is around
20th October with a deviation of about a week on either side.
North East monsoon
31. Winter (Jan-Feb)
Rainless, light drizzles now and then
Important for NEM sown crops
Chennai, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Pudukottai, Thanjavur,
Nagapattinam, Ramnad, Sivaganga, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli,
Tuticorin, Kanyakumari and The Nilgiris districts receive
more rainfall than that of State average compared to other
districts.
Benefit the rice fallow pulses and cotton,
Interfere with the harvest of rice and sugarcane etc., and do
more harm than good.
32. Summer
State average summer rain is 136.5 mm
Weather gets hotter steadily from the beginning of March.
April and May are the hottest months of the year.
Summer showers which often confined to the afternoons, with
thunder and lightening.
Standing garden land crops are benefited.
Summer rains are utilized for preparation of land by ploughing.
Uncertain in quantity and time.
35. Drought
Condition under which
crops fail to mature
because of insufficient
supply of water through
rains.
Situation - amount of
water required for
transpiration and
evaporation - a defined
area exceeds the amount
of available moisture in the
soil
A situation of no
precipitation - more than
15 days
Also called - dry spells.
36. Classification of Drought
3 categories based on nature of impact and spatial
extent.
Meteorological Drought
If annual rainfall short (75 %) of expected normal rainfall
over a wide area
In every state - receives certain amount of normal
rainfall.
Basis for planning the cropping pattern of area.
Hydrological drought
Hydrological resources like streams, rivers, reservoirs,
lakes, wells etc dry up - depletion of surface water.
Ground water table depletes.
Industry, power generation and other income generating
major sources - affected.
Meteorological drought is significantly prolonged -
hydrological drought sets in.
37. Agricultural Drought
Inadequate rainfall and
followed by soil moisture
deficit.
Soil moisture falls short to
meet the demands of
crops
Affects growth and finally
reduction of yield.
Further classified as
Early season drought
Mid season drought
Late season drought.
38. Flood
Years -actual rainfall is
above normal by twice
the mean deviation or
more excessive rainfall.
Some flood years
characterized based on
the spatial damage due
to high and intense
rainfall in India
1878,1872,1917,1933,19
42,1956,1959,1961,1970,
1975,1983,1988.
39. Flood
Years -actual rainfall is above normal by twice the mean
deviation or more excessive rainfall.
Some flood years characterized based on the spatial
damage due to high and intense rainfall in India
1878,1872,1917,1933,1942,1956,1959,1961,1970,1975,
1983,1988.