The document discusses air pollution from vehicle engines. It lists the main causes of air pollution as incomplete fuel combustion, evaporation losses, exhaust emissions, low quality fuel, and engine RPM. The major pollutants are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, sulphur monoxide and dioxide, and acetylene and formaldehyde. Methods to reduce pollution include increasing air intake to improve combustion, using the proper air-fuel ratio, properly maintaining the engine, and installing a catalytic converter to reduce hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Idling vehicles also produce pollutants and children are especially susceptible to their effects. Further research aims to increase engine efficiency while reducing fuel consumption and pollution through

1. Air Pollution:
 Reasons:
• Incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel
• Evaporation Loss
• Exhaust Emission
• Low Quality Fuel
• Revolution per minute

2. Major Pollutants:
 Carbon Monoxide(CO)
 Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
 Hydrocarbons(HC)
 Oxides of nitrogen(NOx)
 Sulphur Monoxide(SO)
 Sulphur Dioxide(SO2)
 Acteylene & Formaldehyde

3. How to reduce Air Pollution:
 Increasing amount of air reduces
incomplete combustion projects
 Use of appropriate A/F ratio
 Engine should be maintained properly.
 A catalytic converter is a device which is
placed in vehicle exhaust syetem to reduce
HC & CO by oxidising catalyst & NO by
Reducing agent
 Rhodium is best Catalyst to control NOX
keeping A/F ration within 14.6:1 to 14.7:1

4. Idling:
 Idling is running a vehicle's engine when the vehicle is
not in motion.
 Acute Effects:
 Neurophysiologic: nausea
 Respiratory
 Cough, phlegm congestion
 Immunologic: allergic or asthma
 Decreased Lung Function
Engine idling produces several pollutants that are monitored
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 Children are also more susceptible, due to their faster breathing rate and the
fact that their respiratory system is still developing.

5. Conclusion:
 An internal combustion engine is compact and lighter
 An internal combustion engine can be started immediately
 An internal combustion engine has higher efficiency than external combustion
engine
Each type of engines has some advantages over the other one. Thus, the selection
of the appropriate engine requires determining the conditions of application.
A vast research has to be done in this sector to:
 More Efficiency
 Less Fuel Combustion
 Least Pollution
 Use Bio Fuels
A European Union-funded project, called ‘New integrated
combustion system for future passenger car engines’, or ‘NICE’,
aiming to develop a new integrated combustion system.