This document summarizes a study on the oviposition sites of Zonocerus variegates grasshoppers in Darfur Region, Sudan. The study found that 58% of bushes along seasonal water courses contained egg pods. Most oviposition sites (62%) were located on wadi slopes, while 39% were near water. Over 82% of sites were under the bush Ipomoea fistulosa alone, with 17% under I. fistulosa with other plants. Egg pods were difficult to detect near water but clearly visible on wadi slopes under I. fistulosa shade. The study provides information on the breeding habitats and plant species used for oviposition by this grasshopper pest.
Invasive Alien Plant Species Assessment in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study from...Surendra Bam
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are the second most threat to biodiversity after habitat loss and fragmentation. Identifying the non-native species being naturalized in your region is the fundamental step for the upcoming management strategy in future.
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
Invasive Alien Plant Species Assessment in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study from...Surendra Bam
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are the second most threat to biodiversity after habitat loss and fragmentation. Identifying the non-native species being naturalized in your region is the fundamental step for the upcoming management strategy in future.
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Trade transport and invasion of alien speciesAmrita Daripa
The ppt is about invasive alien species and how it is being invaded and displacing the native species. The mode of its transport from one place to the other. Its international and national quarantine measures.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Trade transport and invasion of alien speciesAmrita Daripa
The ppt is about invasive alien species and how it is being invaded and displacing the native species. The mode of its transport from one place to the other. Its international and national quarantine measures.
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Invasive impact of prosopis juliflora on wildlife conservation and livelihoodsGlidayyuka
Impact of Prosopis julifora on Conservation of Biodiversity and Livelihoods.
Invasive species are flora and fauna whose introduction into a habitat disrupts the native eco-system. P. juliflora is a shrub or small tree native to Mexico, Central and northern South America. It has shown itself to be a very competitive invader, notably in frost-free arid and semi-arid natural grasslands, both in its native country and in particular, where it is introduced. Prosopis as a genus is treated as one of the world's most detrimental invasive plant species, and P. juliflora is by far the common invasive species. This has led to the proclamation of P. juliflora as an invasive and/or deleterious weed in many African countries notably Ethiopia and Sudan, Pakistan and other Asian countries, Australia and also in South Africa. In further sub-tropical regions such as in Australia and southern Africa, however, it is much less prevalent than additional invasive Prosopis species such as P. glandulosa and P. velutina (the Invasive Species Compendium, also P. pallida with which P. juliflora is often confused). P. juliflora was extensively introduced and planted as a fuel and fodder species, particular during fuelwood programmes in the 1980s, and the seed is spread widely by grazing, wild animals and humans too.
An analysis of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List refers to invasive species as the second most common threat associated with species that have gone completely extinct, and are the most common threat associated with extinctions of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Majority of endangered wild animals risk projected extinction in coming years through adverse effects caused by Prosopis juliflora. It is a nitrogen-fixing and very drought and salt-tolerant species, which can rapidly out-compete other vegetation. The thorniness and bushy habit of P. juliflora enable it to quickly block paths and make whole areas impenetrable. The specie poses diverse adverse effects to animals as well as endangered wildlife, and sensitization about conservation should be enacted.
Species diversity and functional groups of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in ...Innspub Net
Ants play a vital role in various ecological processes in the ecosystem. They are involved in nutrient cycling, soil aeration, seed dispersal, and indicator of habitat condition. The study was conducted to determine the species diversity and functional group composition of ants near the residential area and agro-ecosystem of Mt. Agad-agad, Brgy. Puga-an, Iligan City, Philippines. Ants were collected using baits and hand collecting to sample ants. A total of 4,047 individuals belonging to four subfamilies, 17 genera, and 23 species were documented in the two sampling sites. Species diversity was recorded highest in agro-ecosystem with H’=2.74 and species richness of 3.96. Also, five invasive species, including Paratrechina longicornis was recorded in both sampling sites. The most abundant functional group was Generalized Myrmicinae (36%) near the residential area, while Subordinate Camponotini (29%) in Agro-ecosystem. The result suggests that existing land-use influences species and functional group composition of ants, and the presence of invasive species indicates the magnitude of anthropogenic disturbances in the area.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
Screening of Guava genotypes to natural infestation of fruit flies (Diptera:T...IJEAB
The infesting species and their infestation indices of fruit flies were determined for guava genotypes (Psidium guajava L.),grown in River Nile, Sennar and North Kordofan States during the period from June to August 2010 .Twenty genotypes were selected from each state to be evaluated ,where ten mature fruits from each genotypes were harvested randomly from insecticide unsprayed trees. Fruits were brought to the laboratory and placed in individual plastic vials containing sand at the bottom to obtain the pupae. Infestation indices were estimated by means of total number of pupae/fruit. Pupal viability was then calculated based on the percentage of pupae resulted in fly emergence. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test for mean separations. Results showed that Guava fruits were infested by four fruit fly species Ceratitis cosyra, C.quinaira, C capitata and Bactrocera dorsalis constitute (82.2), (0.8), (16.7), (0.3% ) and 28.35 ,0.01 ,10.1 and 61.56% in River Nile and Sennar States respectively. While in North Kordofan State guava fruits were infested by C.cosyra, C.capitat and B.dorsalis 98.4,0.4 and 1.2% respectively. All the evaluated genotypes in River Nile and Sennar States were infested by the fruit fly with varying degrees only two genotypes 15 red flesh fruit and 19 white flesh fruit in Kordofan state were found free from fruit fly infestation. Infestation was much higher in Sennar and River Nile states (32 and 29 pupae/fruit) respectively compared to North Kordofan (1.6 pupae/fruit).The higher infestation rate occurred in ripe guava fruits (33) compared to 18 and 6 pupae/fruit in mature green and immature green fruit respectively.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
Bird Species Richness and Diversity in Armyworms Infested Maize Plots in Olab...BRNSS Publication Hub
This research examined the Bird Species Richness and Diversity in Armyworms Infested Maize Plots in Olabel Farms, Southwestern Nigeria. Survey Method: Point count method was used to collect data on bird species richness and diversity in the study area. In all five counting stations were used and counting bands of the 50 m radius were used for all the stations. One counting station per plot was used for this study. On arrival at the sites, birds were allowed time to settle before recording all the birds seen or heard for a predetermined time usually, 20 minutes. Bird calls were also recorded with a voice recorder and played back later for confirmation. Results: A total of 77 bird species belonging to 10 orders and 32 families were encountered in the study area; the order Passeriformes constituted the highest number of bird species in the study area. The family with the largest number of bird species is Accipitridae (n = 7). The composition of bird species obtained in this research revealed that it was not only insectivorous bird species that were encountered in the maize plots but also granivorous and frugivorous bird species that were present on the farm. They probably were feeding on the armyworms as protein supplements. From the results obtained, the relative abundance of the bird species in the study area indicated that Ploceus cucullatus has the highest of relative has abundance (0.0825) while the following bird species have the lowest relative abundance: Egretta intermedia (0.055), Streptopelia semitorquata (0.0325), and Vanellus lugubris (0.03). The Shannon_H diversity index was relatively higher (3.992) during wet season than dry season (3.661) when compared.
Drought-tolerant maize genotypes belonging to two different maturity (10 early and 10 intermediate) groups were
evaluated for yield and other related characters in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria for two years (2009 and
2010). The differences among genotypes between and within maturity groups differed significantly (P<0.01)><0.01) only for grain yield. The rainfall patterns were favourable in
both cropping years with comparable values of growth parameters. Intermediate maturing genotypes (TZL COMP1-
W C6 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN, TZB-SR, OBA SUPER I, EV 8435-SR) out-yielded early maturing ones with yield
advantage of 34.29% and taller by 17.04% compared to early ones. However, early genotypes were early to
anthesis with 6.57% advantage over intermediate genotypes. Four early genotypes (DMR-ESR Y CIF2, AC 90
POOL 16 DT, STR, TZE-W DT STR C4 and ACR 95TZE COMP4 C3) were superior for grain yield withn a range of
4.39 to 4.68 t ha-1. These genotypes could be selected either as parental breeding cultivars to overcome the
problem of moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for
high yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in the SGS agro-ecology.
Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiper...AI Publications
Corn (Zea mays L) is the main commodity of agricultural crops in Indonesia. There are two groups of corn that are cultivated, namely ordinary corn (food corn) and sweet corn. Food corn is mainly used as a raw material for making food, which is used as a raw material for making animal feed raw materials and other industrial products. Easy cultivation, can grow in various conditions, stable selling prices and easy to market are the main driving force for high interest of the farming community to cultivate it. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae are polyphagous and attack many plant species. S. frugiperda larvae feed on more than 350 species of plants in 76 families. S. frugiperda is a typical migratory pest and this migratory behavior is an adjustment strategy to find a more profitable habitat. S. frugiperda is one of the most dangerous invasive pests due to its short life cycle. An adult female lays 900 – 1200 eggs in her life cycle. The purpose of the study was to inventory and analyze the egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda and the percentage of parasitization The analysis of the types of egg parasitoids of S. frugiperda was carried out through an inventory and identification process, while the percentage of parasitization was carried out using a randomized block design consisting of 5 treatment groups of eggs from 5 regions and three replications. The results of the inventory and identification contained two types of parasitoids, namely: Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. The highest percentage of total parasitization was from Manado City at 85% and the lowest was from Bolaang Mongondow at 5%. Telenomus sp. higher percentage of parasitization than Trichogramma sp. Parasitization percentage of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest came from Manado by 63% and the lowest came from Tomohon by 3%, while the percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. The highest came from Manado at 22%, and the lowest came from Bolaang Mongondow Regency at zero percent. In conclusion, there are 2 types of egg parasitoids in S. frugiperda eggs, namely the parasitoid Telenomus sp and the parasitoid Trichogramma sp., the percentage of parasitization of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest sample from Manado and the lowest sample from Tomohon. Percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. the highest sample of S. frugiperda eggs from Manado, and the lowest sample from Bolaang Mongondow.
Identification and pathogenicity of fusarium and phomopsis foliar diseases of...Premier Publishers
Research on foliage disease of Jatropha curcas was conducted in Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara States of Nigeria to determine the occurrence, incidence and severity of the diseases. Fusarium and Phomopsis species were the fungal pathogens found to be responsible for the disease on J. curcas in the study area. A spore count of the isolates was made and used as inocula in the pathogenicity trial in glasshouse of the department to prove Kochs’ postulate. Results from the farmers’ field revealed that, highest incidence (81.00%) and severity (53.33%) of Phomopsis leaf blight was recorded in Tsaki of Sokoto State, while Janbaki in Kebbi State had the highest incidence (75.33%) and severity (60.00%) of Fusarium leaf blight. The surveys conducted showed that, J. curcas planted in lowland areas tend to be more prone to the fungal leaf blight particularly those close to water source. In the pathogenicity trial, results indicated that, there was no significant difference in the methods of inoculation and number of days after inoculation with respect to incidence and severity of leaf blight. It is recommended that fungicides that can be used for the management of fungal leaf blight of J. curcas should be identified.
Diversity and distribution of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in the No...Innspub Net
By: Antoine Bakoidi, Fri Dobo, Ismaila Djibo, Jean Maoge, Hakan Bozdogan, Léonard S. Tinkeu Ngamo
Key Words: Antlion, Distribution, Diversity, Abundance, Cameroon
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 16(1), 61-71, January 2020.
Antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) are insects that larvae prefer dry habitats. They are less known in the Afro-tropical zone and the present study was investigated to determine their diversity in the high Sudano Guinean and Sudano sahelian savannahs of Cameroon. Adults and larvae of antlion were collected in Dang, Mardok, Malang, Tchabal, Garoua, Kaele, Yagoua and Pouss from 2015 to 2017 through adult capture and larval collecting from September to December and from March to April. The present work shows five tribes containing 22 species among them; Nesoleontini and Myrmecaelurini are specific to the Sudano Sahelian zone. Four species namely Myrmeleon obscures Rambur 1842, Creoleon nubifer Rambur 1842, Palpares obscurus Gerstaecker 1888 Creleon sp. Are common to both agroecological zones. M. obscurus, Myrmecaelurus apicalis Navas 1912, P. obsoletus and Cueta bourboni Navas 1935, are the most abundant and abundant species in the high Sudano Guinean and Sudano sahelian savannahs of Cameroon. Fewer or rare species are Hagenomyia tristis Walker 1853; Banyutus hesione Banks 1911; Creoleon africanus Rambur 1842; Nemoleon sp. and Neuroleon striolatum Navas 1914.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
1. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
53
Ovipositon sites of Zonocerus variegates (L.) along the
major seasonal water courses(Wadies) in Darfur Region.
1-Ibrahim Abdel/Rahman Ibrahim Abdel/Fattah, Faculty of Enverionmental
Sciences and Natural Resourses, Department of Plant Protection, University of Al
Fashir
2.Elwasila Guddoura Mohamed, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop
Protection, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
Ø F1999J2002E
ğK
FªĠE
Ğ Ú K
ħ ğ
Ø ú Ù Ħ Ħ Ħ ġ
ğKĜ ª ª Ó
ÙÒFª
×EÚ úKÓ Ó
Ġ ×
K
Ğ Ø Ú ª ğ
Ğ ª
1994K
Ъ
Ĝ
2. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
54
Ħ ğ ĦK
ªÙ Ĝ
30.66±14.31 ª Ø
Ħ21J96K
*ªWJF ĞEú Ğ
Ú K
Abstract
This study was carried out in Darfur Region during the period (1999 -
2002), and its objective was to identify the insect pest, it is life cycle,
ecology and behavior. Zonocerus species currently existing in
Western Darfur is the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus
variegatus(L.),with two local names, Maradona and Bo. The species
has got only one generation per year, both under field and laboratory
conditions. But it splits into two distinctive populations, the dry and
wet season populations due to the effects of ecological factors e.g. soil
moisture and temperatures. The dry season population has large
density and causes considerable damage to the summer crops. The two
populations overlap and interbreed with each other by the end of the
rainy season. Results indicated that this pest has infiltrated into
Western Darfur through seasonal water courses (wadies) which run
across the borders with Chad and Republic of Central Africa and
recorded as a pest in season (1994) at El Gineina. The pest has a close
ecological relationship with the bush Ipomoea fistulosa, which
provides the grasshopper with oviposition sites under its shade,
hiding, resting places and probably secondary plant metabolites to
3. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
55
develop its defense mechanism against natural enemies. Results
indicated that the egg pods density in one square foot is about
30.66+14.31, each with 21-96 eggs/pod.
Keywords: Bo- locust / grasshopper, Zonocerus variegates, Wadi, Gerf soil, seasonality
1. Introduction
There are several grasshopper species capable of inflecting
considerable damages on different crops on many occasions in the
Sudan. As the grasshoppers have the capacity to live in a wide range
of habitats with great variations in the details of their biology and
behavior, the problem of these insect pests is becoming a chronic one
in the Western Sudan particularly in Darfur Region.
Indigenous grasshoppers, have for long being a real threat to the
Qoz and Wadi- cultivators, where significant losses usually occur on
millet, sorghum and vegetables. Thus, the food situation is becoming
unsecured in the marginal areas of the western states of the Sudan,
where grain production is risky.
It is well known that, unusual weather changes and land use are
the main factors responsible for encouraging grasshoppers problems.
However, the Central Plant Protection Directorate (P.P.D) has for long
keeping a close guard, through its effective control measures against
quite a number of pests including the grasshoppers. Though the
implementation of the new privatization approaches on pest control
strategies have deprived the farmers from the essential (P.P.D)
support. The new policies, states that, minor pests including
grasshoppers are becoming farmers responsibility.
4. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
56
Under the poor economic situation, most of the farmers are
financially incapable to purchase pesticides and spray equipment to
combat the grasshoppers. Accordingly their reproductive potential has
grown unchecked above economic injury levels. During seasons, 1995
and 1998, North Darfur witnessed local outbreaks of grasshoppers
which were restricted to certain habitats in El Fashir, Kebkabyia and
Umkadada provinces. In Eliet Gar Elnabi (Umkadadda), a total area of
5000 feddans grown by groundnuts, millet and other field crops were
completely destroyed by the significant populations of (11)
grasshoppers species acted as a group (P.P.D,1995). The same is true
in Kebkabyia, when the hole Jebel Ci area, 80 Kms in length from
Kagrio in south up to Milla in north was devastated by (21)
grasshoppers species act as a group, (Oxfam, 1999).
Though some injurious species like Oedaleus senegalensis
(Kra.),Aiolopus simulatrix (Walk.) etc.. Each can by own cause severe
crop damage.
Food situation might become worse since a new grasshopper,
Zonocerus variegatus (L.) appeared in western Sudan. Of all identified
locusts and grasshoppers, Zonocerus variegates (L.) was regarded as
an important species together with some other injurious grasshoppers
ie. Hieroglyphus daganesis (Kra.), Oedaleus senegalensis,(Kra.),
Kraussaria angulifera (Kra.), Aiolopus simulatrix (Walk.) and
Anacridium melanorohodon (Walk.) (Popov, 1989).
Mohammadein (1996) stated the first appearance of Z.
variegates (L.) in an outbreak in Western Darfur State where an area
5. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
57
of about 75190 hectare was infested by this serious grasshopper. Since
that time the pest was continuously endangering the whole agricultural
sector in Darfur Region and migrating inward to invade new areas. Z.
variegates (L.) is strictly polyphagous grasshoppers with a wide range
of food acceptance. It does seem that the species alone can cause a
massive loss on different crops grown along the wadies. Although this
grasshopper has reached a pest status recently, yet it's significant
damaging levels on the economically important cereal and
horticultural crops ranked it as one of the most serious insect pests
currently existing in the whole region. Because, Z. variegates has been
recorded a pest recently in the Sudan therefore, cumulative knowledge
about its biology, ecology behavior control etc, is almost unknown in
the Sudan.
Hence, the study is aiming to provide knowledge on various
subjects conditions related to the understanding of the grasshopper
under the local condition through conducting comprehensive field and
laboratory investigations. Expected findings are required to help in
solving the current problems under field condition and to build a base
for future studies.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out in the greater Darfur region with
special emphasis to the major seasonal water courses (wadies),Kaja,
Barei, Azum , Salih and their tributaries of the western, northern and
southern Darfur states Fig(1).
6. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
58
The course of the study took three successive seasons, 1999,
2000, 2001 and 2002, during which various ecological, biological etc.
aspects related to the newly infiltrated insect pest, the variegated
grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus(L) were investigated, both under
field and laboratory conditions. During the course of work biological
studies were carried out through using an effective qualitative and
quantitative methods mainly observations, identification of specimens
, photographing, diagrams and classification of the different instars
according to age and population types by random sampling technique
(for encouraging information capacity building of the subject under
test, surveys and control facilities of the Plant Protection Department
(P.P. D.) ElGineina, Kebkabyia, and Zalingei were put in use during
the entire course of field studies). Meanwhile fresh samples of
different stages of Zonocerus and population types were regularly
supplied by P.P.D. working teams for further investigations and
making comparisons. Accordingly, infested areas out of reach became
quite accessible to cover as wider areas as possible
Studies were aimed firstly to identify the common Zonocerus species
currently exiting in Darfur States.
Adults were randomly collected from host plants using
sweeping and hand picking during low temperatures i.e early
mornings and late evenings. The specimens were indentified using the
key of the common species of the sahelian grasshoppers (1987), as
well as using the photo plates and descriptions presented in the texts,
guides and handbooks, developed by Drish 1965, Mestre1988,
7. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
59
locoq1988, and Steedman1990. Comprehensive studies covered, the
migration of the species into the western State , it's host range and
nature of damages, biological cycle and the phenomenon of
population dynamics and oviposition sites , natural enemies etc.
information gathered were recorded accordingly.
9. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
61
3. Results
3.1 Oviposition site description
58% of the total searched bushes on the two breeding habitats
(wadi slopes+ water collecting sites) were found containing egg pods.
Also 62.07 % of the discovered oviposition sites were found along the
slopes of the wadies, whereas 39.93% were found around water
collecting sites closer to the main courses.
With respect to the type of pushes selected for egg laying,82.76%
of the discovered oviposition sites were found under Ipomoea
fistulosa growing alone , whereas 17.24% of the discovered egg fields
were found under I. fitulosa growing together with other plants
species i.e. wild trees ,citrus of the wadi banks, table (1).
Oviposition sites were not detected under I.fistulosa growing in
habitats that lack essential ecological requirements responsible for
encouraging laying such as suitable soils enough moisture etc On the
other hand Oviposition sites were also not detected under some
I.fistulosa growing adjacent to others containing eggs although
Oviposition inductive factors were quite abundant during the breeding
season .
During the breeding activities, adults become concentrated in
habitats possessing specific egg laying requirements. These habitats
were examined firstly by a limited number of females prone to laying
where then many other individuals from the neighboring bushes
become attracted partly by the effects of the gergrization pheromones
10. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
62
evolved by the initial population and partly by the bright yellow
coloration.
With regard to the type of habitats selected for breeding, it was
found difficult to detect oviposition sites around water collecting sites,
because egg laying holes were concealed by distortions made on soil
surface by the movements of the visiting birds and animals.
Such oviposition sites can only be discovered after removing the
upper most soil layer.
However, when the top soil layer was removed carefully with a
knife, egg holes became quite visible with a reddish foamy substance
topping the egg pods. In contrast it was found easy to detect
oviposition sites along the wadi slopes (gerf soils) the most attractive
habitats to Z.variegatus(L.)
As wadi extended flood plains were confined to certain areas ,
large oviposition sites have been discovered under I,fistulosa during
seasons, 2002-2001, at the lower stream zone of wadi – salih
(klimbasanga) and kayang flood plains of Wadi Bari , Saraf Umrra,
Abutinnayia.F ig.(2)
The exact egg laying sites have been found in the mid zones of the
wadi slopes (gerf soils), approximately 30 cm above the wadi base or
foot, where I,fistulosa shade falls onto. However, in certain areas
I,fistulosa bushes shade was supported by some more shade of the
largest citrus (mango, guava) and other wild trees(indigofera
sp.Acacia nilotica etc.) growing adjacent to I,fistulosa on the wadi
banks). An oviposition site can extend laterally along the wadi slope
11. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
63
where the shade extend provided that, and accordingly the breeding
population is increased if other favorable factors are still prevailing. In
contrast the width of an oviposition site was restricted vertically up
and downward across the slope according to the levels of soil
moisture. There exit at the wadi base or foot a permanent, but broken
or discontinuing water ponds that apparently appear in the half way of
the running course all the year round drop .
Table(1) : The oviposition sites of Zonocerus variegatus(L.) discovered
under different plant species growing in different breeding habitats
along wadi Kaja, EL Gineina province, season 2002
Type of
breeding
habitats
No. of
sample
Plant species Total
oviposition
sites
discovered
%discovered
oviposition
sites
I.fistulosa I.fistulosa
other
plants
Wadi-
slopes(Gerf-
soil)
25 15 3 18 62.07%
Water
collecting
sites
25 9 2 11 37.93%
Cultivated
areas
No sample
taken
Total 50 24 5 29
% Total 82.76 17.24 58%
ϯ͘Ϯ dŚĞ ƐŝnjĞ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ ƐŝƚĞ
Measurements of oviposition site revealed that, the egg laying of
Z.variegatus(L.) hasn't got a fixed size or a shape but , it varies from
12. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
64
site to site, and ranges between (L 2.8-12x W 1-2m) with an average
mean of 8.31±6.06 square meter,
Table (2): Results of soil analysis used by Zonocerus variegates for egg
laying:
s.p
pH
ECe
Na
g/L
K
ca
Mg
CO3
HCO3
CI
sand
Silt
Clay
Texture
45 7.8 55 3.6 0.3 1.0 4 0.5 2.5 1.5 54 24 22
Sandy
clay loam
ϯ͘ϯ ^Žŝů ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ
Soil is sandy clay loam. It is characterized by high water saturation % (S. P).
PH in neutral none salinesoils. Moderate cations and anions. Non
compacted soils or fragiable soils easy to be fragmented.
Table (3): the oviposition site investigation of Zonocerus variegatus(L.)
carried out at wadi Kja, season 2002.
Description No of
samples
taken
Range Average
The size of oviposition site . 10 L2.8-12x
W 1-2m
8.31±6.06m
Number of egg per pod 30 21-96 eggs 53.2±19 eggs/pod
Length of an egg laying hole 27 9-13 cm 11.22±1.16cm
Height of an egg pod 28 2.8-5cm 3.87±0.88 cm
Foamy secretion height 27 3-6 cm 4.3±0.76 cm
Number of egg pods in one foot
square
50 2-59 egg
pods
30.66±14.31 egg
pods/one foot
square.
The density of egg pods in one foot square.The density of egg pods of
Z.variegatus(L.) ranges between 2-29 egg pods/foot square with an
average mean of 30.66±14.31 egg pods per one foot square.An egg
laying hole, an egg pod, egg per pod and foamy substances of
Z.variegatus(L.)The depth of an egg laying hole of Z.variegatus (L.),
ranges between 9-13 cm with an average mean of 11.22±1.16 cm. the
hole is prepared to accommodate two component, the egg pod and the
13. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
65
foamy substances fig(2) . An egg pod is made of earth while a female
undergoing it's laying process during the breeding season. It is located
at the lower part of the egg laying hole its height ranges between 2.8-
5 cm, with an average mean of 3.87±0.88 cm. Each egg pod contains,
21-96 eggs with an average mean 53.2±19 eggs. Eggs were laid in V
shape with instar emergency exits on top.
The upper most soil layer (3-6 cm) where foamy substances were
secreted was found dry. In contrast the lower layers where egg pods
were inserted retained considerable amount of soil moisture. An egg
pod prevents loss of moisture from the eggs and it was topped by
foamy substances up to the soil surface.
The newly secreted foamy substances have the color white, then turns
into reddish by time.
Its height ranges between 3- 6 cm with an average mean 4.30 ± 0.76 cm.
Parasites, predators and pathogens
Large numbers of egg pods of Z.variegates (L) were found infected by
pathological agents at the northern slopes of wadi Kaja 5 Kms
approximately south of EL Gineina city. Results of the test revealed
that, the causal agents are fungal pathogens belonged to the family
zoopagaceae, according to the Botany Department , Faculty of
Science, University of Khartoum .
3.4 Oviposition soils analysis
Soil samples (containing Z. variegates eggs) were analyzed at the
laboratory of the Department of Land Use and Desertification Control
(Khartoum).Results of the analysis is presented in Table (2).
14. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
66
1. Discussions
Results of this study indicated that, the wadi slopes and the water
collecting sites are the main breeding habitats, (58%) of the searched
bushes found containing egg fields, with 62.07% of the total sites
discovered along the slope. This would, however proves that the wadi
slopes are the best habitats for laying eggs along which favorable
ecological conditions prevail, such as suitable soils, food sources,
shelters etc. with the fact that 82.76% of the discovered oviposition
sites found under I.fistulosa would however, ensure that, there exist
along the wadies a closest relationship (but not exclusive) between Z.
variegatus (L.) and the bush I.fistlosa probably for satisfying a variety
of options, but unlikely to be important as a food plant, although the
pest feeds upon and that the plant is not consumed for it's food value .
Results showed that the plant is not only selected for oviposition
purposes but also for hiding and a resting place.
However the plant may also be used for getting secondary metabolite
I.e. PAs which they later employ for their defense against predators
and parasites. Abdel Hadi (1987) identified the alkaloid ergometrine
from I.fistulosa which is probably the compound that causes Z
.variegatus (L.) to be attracted. The pharmacophagous relationship
between Z. variegatus (L.) and the plant C.odorata was intensively
studied by Bopper (1991), Bopper and Fischer (1994).Modder (1988)
and Idown and Akinsete (2000). In addition to C. odorata, Z.
variegatus (L.) has a wide host range including several additional PAs
15. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
67
plants such as Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) as well as Emilia and
Ageratum (Asteraceae).
The grasshopper is attracted to pass during their entire life
independent of the amount of past already ingested (Bopper and
Fischer, 1994). Results indicated that, the closest relationship of the
pest with I.fistulosa would ensure that, Z. variegatus(L.) has got many
PAs alternative plants in nature which can make use of in the absence
of its classical host plant, C. odorata.
In this sense, the need for a comprehensive work of PA plant sources
including, I. fistulosa is important in the view that, the survival
strategies and seasonal occurrence of this harmful insect is
ecologically geared with noxious plant species usually neglected.
The absence of egg fields from I. fistulosa lacking essential
oviposition requirements would ensure that the pest is purposely
attracted to the bush for getting certain requirements essential for
survival.
In contrast the absence of oviposition sites under some I. fistulosa,
although encourageable factors for breeding are quite abundant, is
attributed to the dynamic trends of adult populations of the pest which
is behaviorally controlled by the gregarisation pheromones during the
breeding activities.
The detection of oviposition sites can be made by searching areas
most likely to contain eggs specially under I. fistulosa growing at the
wadi slopes (Gerf soils), by digging with a knife. Also the remains of
the dead bodies can be making use of as good indicators. However,
16. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
68
some difficulties may be experienced when seeking for oviposition
sites around water collecting sites which require digging or removing
upper soil layer. Results confirm that the bulk of oviposition sites of
the pest occur at the wadi slopes which gives early rise to the first dry
season hatchlings. Oviposition sites appear in the form of colonies, but
extend along the slope. This finding confirms the work done by Popov
(1978).
The discontinuing water ponds along the wadies specially at the half
ways provides a permanent moisture sources which keep eggs remain
viable during the dry conditions.
In this study, the size of an egg field measured 8.31±6.06m², although
pans Manual (1986) reported that egg laying sites are unlikely to be
more than 5m².
However , results showed that egg laying sites haven't got specific size
nor a shape, but their vary with respect to the size of the effective
breeding females, they fertility levels suitability of soil and
availability of soil moisture, space availability, the shade offered by
the bush plant etc.
The present study indicated that, the density of Z. variegatus (L.) egg
pods in one foot square is about 30.66±14.31 at the wadi slope (Gerf
soils).
When converted into m², it will be 340.63 egg pods (28 dozens) which
are considered a high density. This finding agrees with Pastre et al.
(1989) who reported that, the laying is closely grouped, and the
density of the egg pods of the variegated grasshopper is sometimes
17. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
69
very high (several dozen per square meter). The high egg pod density
per unit area will provide a rough measure forecasting the size of the
expected populations and their menace accordingly. It would also help
in planning for selecting an appropriate control measure to destroy
eggs before hatching specially when using infections fungal
pathogens. In this regard the fungal pathogen found attacking the eggs
is promising.
The study indicated that, the depth of an egg hole is about 11.22±1.16
cm which differ from pans Manual (1986) who reported 15 cm. These
differences may be due to differences in soil types and their condition
under which eggs were deposited.
The upper most soil layer (3-6cm) is dry. In contrast the lower layers
where eggs are imbedded contain considerable amount of moisture
which enabled eggs in diapauses remain viable during the dry
conditions. This type of survival strategy is referred to as survival
strategy in the egg stage which is very common on many grasshopper
species (Popov, 1989).
The foamy substances secreted by the females during the laying
process act as a protective cover topping the hole, and a passage or an
exit through which the newly emerged instars can get outside the pod
hole ventilation can also be made accessible through this substances.
It is possible to suggest that these foamy substances which may
contain secondary plant metabolites Idowu and Akinsete (2000), in
this study, probably, from I. fistulosa might temporary afford some
sort of the protection to the incubated eggs against the natural enemies
18. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
70
at least during the laying period. This suggestion agrees with Bopper
(1991) who reported that, the secondary plant compounds obtained
from C. odorata are stored and chemically protect the grasshopper and
practically their diapausing eggs from predators i.e.(Larvae of
Mylabris Beetles or Parasitoids).
However, repellency may be lost by time due to the effects of the
physical factors and eggs may become liable to attack by egg parasites
and predators. Modder (1988) reported that 40% of dry season eggs
are predated suggesting that stored PAs give no protection.
References
Adel-Hadi, A. A. (1987), Pharmacological and phytochemical investigation
of Ipomea carnea subs. Fistulosa. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Khartoum,Sudan.
Boppre, M. (1991). A non-nutritional relationship of Zonocerus
(Orthoptera) to Chromoleana ( Asteraceae) and general implication or weed
management. BIOTROP Spec. Pub.
Boppre, M. and Fischer, O.W. ( 1994). Zonocerus and Chromolaena in
West Africa.New Trends in Locust Control, Deutsche Gesellschaft
Tesellschaft Zusammenarbeit (G.T. Z.) Gmbh, Tech. coope. Federal
Republic of Germany.
Dirsh,V. M. (1965). African Genera of Acridoidea. Anti - Locust Research
Center, Cambridge Uni.Press , London. 579.
Idowu, A. B. and Akinsete, A. (2000). The attraction of Zonocerus
variegates (L..) (Orthoptera: pygromorphidae ) to different types of lure
19. Jfuas No.1 June 2013
71
.Department of Biology Science, Department of Mathematical Science,
University of Agric.. Abeokuta , Nigeria, Rvista de Biologia Tropical
,Volumen 492, Invertebrados Terrestres .
Lecoq,M. (1988). Les Criquest Du Sahel Ministere d’ Affaires Etrangeres
des Pays-Bas et CIRAD/PRIFAS ( France) 129 pp.
Mestre, J. (1988). Les Acridiens, Des Formation Herbeuses D’Afrique De
Modder, W. W. D( 1988 ). Does the African pest grasshopper, Zonocerus
varieg1atus ( L.) need Chromolaena odorata ? Proc.,Frist Inter. Workshop
on Biol. Cont. and managsment of chromolaena, Bangkok Thailand
,March,1988.
Mohammadein, A.( 1996).An outbreak of Zonocerus vriegatus in Western
Darfur State , Plant Protection Directorate(Khartoum North), Minist. Of
Agric, Sudan.
OXFAM (1999). Agricultural Pests Problems, major species and the
Possibility of adopting integrated Pest management, Jebel Si Development
Project, Darfur Programme. Louest. CIRAD/PRIFAS: Montpellier, France.
330.
Pastre, P.; S. Smolikowski and G. Thewys (1989). Locusts and
grasshoppers control: deltamethrein file. Com,
print, Roussel UCLAF, 163,
avenue Gambetta- 75020 Paris, France. 127pp.
Popov, G.B. (1989). Nymphs of the Sahelian grasshoppers Overseas
Development Natural Resource Institute (ODNR ), ISBNO – 85954-264- 5.
P. P. D (1994). Zoncerus variegates (L.) Annual campaign report El
Genenina West Darfur State, Sudan
20. اﻟﻔﺎﴍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ–ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﻌﻠﻮماﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﺪداﻷول–ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ2013م
72
P. P. D. (1995). Special report on the effects of grasshoppers on groundnut
and millet production in Eliet Gar El Nabi Rural Council, Umkadada
Province, North Darfur. Plant Protection Directorate (Khartoum
North).Sudan
Pratical Manual of Identification of Principal Locusts and
Grasshoppers of the Sahel, (1978).
Pans Manual ( 1986). Pest control in Tropical Root Crops No.4. Center
for Overseas Pests Research, ODA London.