The document discusses a feasibility study of using sterile insect technique (SIT) to control the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in the Neretva River Valley of Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. The valley contains over 80% of Croatia's citrus production and is an important agricultural area that is also ecologically sensitive. Baseline data on the medfly's distribution, host plants, seasonal occurrence, and population levels was collected. Trapping data showed the highest medfly captures occurred in the city of Metkovic, likely due to abundant host plants. A proposed SIT program could treat 25,000-30,000 hectares. SIT could provide economic and environmental benefits by
Invasive Alien Plant Species Assessment in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study from...Surendra Bam
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are the second most threat to biodiversity after habitat loss and fragmentation. Identifying the non-native species being naturalized in your region is the fundamental step for the upcoming management strategy in future.
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
Aspects of the ecology of fruit flies in ugandaBrian Isabirye
Fruit flies cause about 40% fruit loss in Africa, and about 73% in Uganda. Design of IPM strategies for fruit flies requires knowledge of their biology. Was limited to Nakasinga, 2002; Nemeye, 2005; Okullokwany, 2006. It is not clear how: Diversity has been shaped by hosts, distribution and envital variability.
Highly cryptic and inter-intra-specific morphological variation (Clarke et al., 2005; Drew et al., 2008) among Bactrocera spp. turns out.
Will change in climate alter the suitability and distribution of species?
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...paperpublications3
Abstract: A total of nine cucumbers, each of Garden egg and pawpaw samples were collected from Wurukum, High level and Wadata markets and cultured on appriopate agar, for colony count and isolation of bacteria according to their cultural and biochemical characteristics. The results revealed that garden egg from High Level Market had the highest bacterial count (1.9x105cfu/g) and the least was pawpaw from High Level Market (1.1 x 105 cfu/g). However, it was not statistically significant. The bacteria isolated were; Propianol bacteria (23.3%), Escherichia coli (16.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (36.7%), Bacillus spp (10.0%) and Corynebacteria (13.3%). The fungal isolates were Aspergillus flavus (10%), Aspergillus fumigatus (20%), Aspergillus nidulus (10%), Aspergillus terreus (20%) and mucor (40%). The result of this study shows fruits sold in Wurukum, High Level Market and Wadata Market are contaminated and may cause harm to consumers, so measures such as proper handling should be taken to control the contamination of these fruits.
Neonicotinoids: The Science and Regulatory ComplexityCovance
List of pharmacology models and assays. Includes core battery, supplemental safety assessment, add-ons for toxicology studies, efficacy models, GLP microbiology (cell-based assays), supplemental microbiology/virology and supplemental add-ons to tox/pharmacology studies, GMP testing and inhalation delivery tests for crop and chemical toxicology and pharmacology.
Invasive Alien Plant Species Assessment in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study from...Surendra Bam
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are the second most threat to biodiversity after habitat loss and fragmentation. Identifying the non-native species being naturalized in your region is the fundamental step for the upcoming management strategy in future.
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
Aspects of the ecology of fruit flies in ugandaBrian Isabirye
Fruit flies cause about 40% fruit loss in Africa, and about 73% in Uganda. Design of IPM strategies for fruit flies requires knowledge of their biology. Was limited to Nakasinga, 2002; Nemeye, 2005; Okullokwany, 2006. It is not clear how: Diversity has been shaped by hosts, distribution and envital variability.
Highly cryptic and inter-intra-specific morphological variation (Clarke et al., 2005; Drew et al., 2008) among Bactrocera spp. turns out.
Will change in climate alter the suitability and distribution of species?
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...paperpublications3
Abstract: A total of nine cucumbers, each of Garden egg and pawpaw samples were collected from Wurukum, High level and Wadata markets and cultured on appriopate agar, for colony count and isolation of bacteria according to their cultural and biochemical characteristics. The results revealed that garden egg from High Level Market had the highest bacterial count (1.9x105cfu/g) and the least was pawpaw from High Level Market (1.1 x 105 cfu/g). However, it was not statistically significant. The bacteria isolated were; Propianol bacteria (23.3%), Escherichia coli (16.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (36.7%), Bacillus spp (10.0%) and Corynebacteria (13.3%). The fungal isolates were Aspergillus flavus (10%), Aspergillus fumigatus (20%), Aspergillus nidulus (10%), Aspergillus terreus (20%) and mucor (40%). The result of this study shows fruits sold in Wurukum, High Level Market and Wadata Market are contaminated and may cause harm to consumers, so measures such as proper handling should be taken to control the contamination of these fruits.
Neonicotinoids: The Science and Regulatory ComplexityCovance
List of pharmacology models and assays. Includes core battery, supplemental safety assessment, add-ons for toxicology studies, efficacy models, GLP microbiology (cell-based assays), supplemental microbiology/virology and supplemental add-ons to tox/pharmacology studies, GMP testing and inhalation delivery tests for crop and chemical toxicology and pharmacology.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Aspects of life-history strategy of Marcusenius senegalensis (Pisces: Osteogl...AI Publications
Marcusenius senegalensis (Steindachner, 1870) is the dominant mormyrid in Niger River in Northern-Benin where this fish species constitutes an important component of artisanal fisheries. The current study documented the reproductive biology of M. senegalensis in order to contribute to management and sustainable exploitation. Monthly samplings were conducted between February 2015 and July 2016 using gillnets, cast net, and seine. Males dominated the population with a sex ratio of 1:0.96 in favor of males. Sizes at first sexual maturity were 167.89 mm-TL for males and 163.81 mm-TL for females. Monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) averaged 0.12 ± 0.09 for males and 1.32 ± 1.56 for female and peaks recorded indicated that spawning occured from June to September. Fecundity were moderate to low (844 – 12,643 eggs) and significantly (p < 0.05) increased with total length and body weight. Thespecies showed egg diameters varying between 0.21 and to 1.77 mm and ovaries comprised oocytes at all stages of maturation indicating that M. senegalensis displayed a multi-spawning behavior. Marcuseniussenegalensis exhibited a demographic strategy between r and K, yet more inclined towards K-selected strategy. In Niger River, reproduction grounds were being severely degraded affecting recruitment and stocks. The current findings are valuable data to design a species management scheme that should includes spawning ground protection, species conservation and valorization and fisheries/aquaculture development.
ABSTRACT- Survey conducted in two summer season. 24 coccoidean species were recorded. They are belonging to the family Pseudococidae (5 species) and Monophlebidae (19 species). Among these Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae were three root mealybug species recorded. Associate incidence was found among certain species range i.e., Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Icerya seychellarum and Coccidohystrix insolita from different spots of the district. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ants observed with different mealybugs colony.
Key-words- Season, Mealybug, Polyphagous, Floral diversity, Thrissur district
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
Diversity of monogenean (Platyhelminthes) parasites in freshwater fishes of K...paperpublications3
Abstract: Monogeneans are ectoparasites of fishes that can cause serious damage in the aquaculture industry. Twenty five species of freshwater fishes collected from different freshwater habitats of the Kannur district of Kerala were analysed for monogenean infection. A total of seven species of monogeneans were recovered from six species of fishes and overall prevalence was 7.81%.The parasites recovered include Gyrodactylus recurvensis, Dactylogyrus daniconi, Bifurcohaptor indicus, Dactylogyroides tripathii, Scleirocleidoides etropli, Diplozoon indicum and Neodiplozoon barbi. Among the fish hosts, Cyprinidae was found to be most suitable host for monogeneans. Dactylogyridae was the most diverse family. Four new host records were reported and all the seven species are new to the locality.
Manta Rays are now protected by the United Nations Conservation Convention. This will make a large step towards many nations adopting policies regarding this amazing creature!
The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.
MAB-IHP Regional Symposium: Managing Water Resources in Biosphere Reserves in...UNESCO Venice Office
Michalis Probonas, Asterousia Mountain Range: MAB & NewLife4Drylands Project, Greece
Venice, 16-17 December 2021
Overall responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the slides is taken by the authors
Incidence and Severity of Common Grapevine Moth, Lobesia Botrana, on Native G...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Cultivation of grape in Albania has an ancient tradition and it is advantaged by suitable pedoclimatic conditions for a quality grape production. This fact is testified by its extension over whole territory of the country, as well as, by the existence of a great number of autochthon cultivars, which are distinguished for quantitative productivity and they are well accepted by market. Lobesia botrana is the main pest which attack native grape cultivars, causing a considerable damage. To find a proper time of intervention is the crucial moment for realizing the treatments. For that reason, attending of flying curve of Lobesia botrana, four pheromone traps were located in the non treated plots. The counting of the adults caught in pheromone traps is done weekly. According to climatic conditions of Albania, Lobesia botrana gives three generations per year. The most harmful generations are second and third one. Using Bt varieties for controlling of L. botrana provide biological effectiveness, so it is an alternative for controlling of the pest in native cultivars. During the experiment is shown a difference between incidence and severity in treated plots and non treated plots.
Species Diversity of Mangroves in Catarman, Northern Samarijtsrd
This study identified mangrove species in Catarman, Northern Samar which was categorized into families, genera and species. The researcher utilized transect line plot to determine the species composition of mangroves. A 10m x 10m plot was laid along calibrated rope were mangrove species were located. The mangroves were identified and classified taxonomically up to the species level using the Field Guide Manual to Philippine Mangroves. The researcher able to sampled nine true mangrove species and eight mangrove associates from the study area. Beberlie L. Medrano-Dangkeo "Species Diversity of Mangroves in Catarman, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35857.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/35857/species-diversity-of-mangroves-in-catarman-northern-samar/beberlie-l-medranodangkeo
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Aspects of life-history strategy of Marcusenius senegalensis (Pisces: Osteogl...AI Publications
Marcusenius senegalensis (Steindachner, 1870) is the dominant mormyrid in Niger River in Northern-Benin where this fish species constitutes an important component of artisanal fisheries. The current study documented the reproductive biology of M. senegalensis in order to contribute to management and sustainable exploitation. Monthly samplings were conducted between February 2015 and July 2016 using gillnets, cast net, and seine. Males dominated the population with a sex ratio of 1:0.96 in favor of males. Sizes at first sexual maturity were 167.89 mm-TL for males and 163.81 mm-TL for females. Monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) averaged 0.12 ± 0.09 for males and 1.32 ± 1.56 for female and peaks recorded indicated that spawning occured from June to September. Fecundity were moderate to low (844 – 12,643 eggs) and significantly (p < 0.05) increased with total length and body weight. Thespecies showed egg diameters varying between 0.21 and to 1.77 mm and ovaries comprised oocytes at all stages of maturation indicating that M. senegalensis displayed a multi-spawning behavior. Marcuseniussenegalensis exhibited a demographic strategy between r and K, yet more inclined towards K-selected strategy. In Niger River, reproduction grounds were being severely degraded affecting recruitment and stocks. The current findings are valuable data to design a species management scheme that should includes spawning ground protection, species conservation and valorization and fisheries/aquaculture development.
ABSTRACT- Survey conducted in two summer season. 24 coccoidean species were recorded. They are belonging to the family Pseudococidae (5 species) and Monophlebidae (19 species). Among these Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae were three root mealybug species recorded. Associate incidence was found among certain species range i.e., Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Icerya seychellarum and Coccidohystrix insolita from different spots of the district. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ants observed with different mealybugs colony.
Key-words- Season, Mealybug, Polyphagous, Floral diversity, Thrissur district
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
Diversity of monogenean (Platyhelminthes) parasites in freshwater fishes of K...paperpublications3
Abstract: Monogeneans are ectoparasites of fishes that can cause serious damage in the aquaculture industry. Twenty five species of freshwater fishes collected from different freshwater habitats of the Kannur district of Kerala were analysed for monogenean infection. A total of seven species of monogeneans were recovered from six species of fishes and overall prevalence was 7.81%.The parasites recovered include Gyrodactylus recurvensis, Dactylogyrus daniconi, Bifurcohaptor indicus, Dactylogyroides tripathii, Scleirocleidoides etropli, Diplozoon indicum and Neodiplozoon barbi. Among the fish hosts, Cyprinidae was found to be most suitable host for monogeneans. Dactylogyridae was the most diverse family. Four new host records were reported and all the seven species are new to the locality.
Manta Rays are now protected by the United Nations Conservation Convention. This will make a large step towards many nations adopting policies regarding this amazing creature!
The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.
MAB-IHP Regional Symposium: Managing Water Resources in Biosphere Reserves in...UNESCO Venice Office
Michalis Probonas, Asterousia Mountain Range: MAB & NewLife4Drylands Project, Greece
Venice, 16-17 December 2021
Overall responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the slides is taken by the authors
Incidence and Severity of Common Grapevine Moth, Lobesia Botrana, on Native G...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Cultivation of grape in Albania has an ancient tradition and it is advantaged by suitable pedoclimatic conditions for a quality grape production. This fact is testified by its extension over whole territory of the country, as well as, by the existence of a great number of autochthon cultivars, which are distinguished for quantitative productivity and they are well accepted by market. Lobesia botrana is the main pest which attack native grape cultivars, causing a considerable damage. To find a proper time of intervention is the crucial moment for realizing the treatments. For that reason, attending of flying curve of Lobesia botrana, four pheromone traps were located in the non treated plots. The counting of the adults caught in pheromone traps is done weekly. According to climatic conditions of Albania, Lobesia botrana gives three generations per year. The most harmful generations are second and third one. Using Bt varieties for controlling of L. botrana provide biological effectiveness, so it is an alternative for controlling of the pest in native cultivars. During the experiment is shown a difference between incidence and severity in treated plots and non treated plots.
Species Diversity of Mangroves in Catarman, Northern Samarijtsrd
This study identified mangrove species in Catarman, Northern Samar which was categorized into families, genera and species. The researcher utilized transect line plot to determine the species composition of mangroves. A 10m x 10m plot was laid along calibrated rope were mangrove species were located. The mangroves were identified and classified taxonomically up to the species level using the Field Guide Manual to Philippine Mangroves. The researcher able to sampled nine true mangrove species and eight mangrove associates from the study area. Beberlie L. Medrano-Dangkeo "Species Diversity of Mangroves in Catarman, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35857.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/35857/species-diversity-of-mangroves-in-catarman-northern-samar/beberlie-l-medranodangkeo
دراسة تنوع نباتات العائلة المركبةAsteraceae و علاقتها بمكونات التربة و تعتبر انواع العائلة المركبة اكبر عوائل النباتية عددا فى الانواع و خاصة فى المناطق الصحراوية.
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON THE DESIGNATION OF THE IRAQI MARSHLANDS AS A UNESCO...UNEPIETC
Within the UNEP UNESCO joint project “World Heritage inscription process as a tool to enhance natural and cultural management of Iraqi Marshlands Phase II”, UNESCO Iraq Office organized the first of a series of three workshops for members of the two national drafting teams, cultural and natural, for
Defining the OUVs of the site
Identifying existing documentation gaps
Identifying issues facing the integrity and authenticity of the values.
Trends in Macrophyte Diversity in Anthropogenic Perturbed Lentic Ecosystems w...Premier Publishers
Aquatic macrophytes hold several niches within the ecosystem, including inter alia water purification, carbon sequestration and serve as microhabitats for aquatic insects. These dynamic roles make macrophytes good indicators of current environmental conditions. Hence assessing their abundance in line with wetland ecosystem dynamics and function is essential. Frequency of occurrence and density values were estimated, using twenty (20) 2 m x 2 m quadrats for each macrophyte encountered. The results of the study revealed twenty-one (21) macrophytes belonging to 16 families. These ponds varied markedly in terms of species composition and in numerical strength such that Polygonum lanigerum (1143+175st/ha), Setaria verticillata (337.5+ 32.8st/ha), Azolla pinnata (337.7+ 16.4 st/ha) recorded high density values while Lagenaria breviflora (18.7±2.19), Sida acuta (18.75±5.30), Ludwigia erecta (18.7±0.15) and Milletia aboensis (18.7±0.03) were the least abundant species. Pond A and D with 11 taxa each had the higher Shannon-Wiener (2.192, 2.214) and Simpson (0.8699, 0.8787) diversity indices respectively when compared to the other ponds. On the contrary, pond C with four taxa had the least Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices (1.253, 0.6782) respectively. Equitability and evenness ranged between 0.914 - 0. 952 and 0.814 - 0.900 respectively. Bray and Curtis cluster analysis showed that pond B was the most dissimilar compared to other ponds in terms of the taxa composition.
Butterfly on the Island Bacan North Mollucas Province; How DensityIJERD Editor
Bacan Island is an island in the administrative region of South Halmahera, North Mollucas Province. One of the biological richness of the region, it is Diorama butterfly. Potential diversity of butterfly in Bacan Island and surrounding areas, requiring require ecologically and molecular studies as a database in the preservation and conservation of the species and its habitat. The purpose of this study is to assess the density and distribution of species of butterfly in Bacan island. This research method is done in several stages, including: a survey to know the various species of butterflies in Bacan island based on morphological characters, sampling (identification and manufacture insectarium), as well as measuring the density and distribution of species of butterflies were observed. The results showed that there are 34 species of butterflies and 424 individuals / ha were collected in 4 Family in Bacan island. Density of butterfly species in the study area, respectively from highest to lowest is Catopsillia pomona species (IVI = 14.97%) of the Family Pieridae, Hypolimnas misippus species (IVI = 12.87%) of the Family Nymphalidae, species Appias albina (IVI = 12.40%) of the Family Pieridae, and Eurema candida (IVI = 11.45) of the Family Pieridae.
Status of seagrass ecosystem in Kauswagan, Lanao Del Norte and Laguindingan, ...Innspub Net
The study was conducted to determine the present status of seagrass resources of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental and Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte and compared this through time with secondary data. It employed the transect-quadrat methods. Perpendicular to the shoreline, three (3) 100-m transect lines at 200-m interval between each transect were laid. Seven seagrass species were recorded comprising 38.6% of the total number (19) of seagrass species found in the Philippines. The seagrass community in all sites surveyed showed that it is highly dominated by Thalassia hemprichii species. However, there were no significant differences in species richness and diversity based on single-factor ANOVA statistical analysis (p>0.5). The abundance of T. hemprichii could probably be due to the prominent characteristic of this species where it could grow well in different types of habitat with various environmental conditions. The condition of seagrass beds in both areas were fair and the low Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of seagrass in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte (H’=0.76±0.22) and in Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental respectively (H’=0.40±0.35) indicate low stability in the community, which means that the condition of the seagrass ecosystem could be under threat, both from natural and anthropogenic activities. Over time, a fluctuating trend in species composition and a notable decline in seagrass species diversity and abundance have been observed in both areas. This present status calls an immediate response from the decision makers concerned for the sustainable management and conservation of the seagrass resources.
Importance, biology, epidemiology, and management of Xanthomonas campestris p...Melkamu Fufa
Enset [Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman] is an economically, nutritionally, and industrially important
root crop in Ethiopia. However, many biotic and abiotic factors are negatively affecting and reducing the
production and productivity of the crop in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Of the various bacterial plant diseases
limiting enset productivity, bacterial wilt caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum is one of
the major cosmopolitan and destructive pathogens in all enset-growing areas. This piece of work was
undertaken to: 1) review the economic importance and ecological requirements of enset and the extent of
total yield loss due to Xcm; 2) review the biology and ecological requirements of the pathogen leading to
epidemics; and 3) compile the management options for sustainable enset production and productivity.
This review highlights various studies on the importance of the disease and the efforts employed so far in
the management of this highly destructive disease to enset production. To achieve these objectives, data
and information were gleaned from different sources of journals, theses, books, proceedings and
symposium papers, relevant compendia, internet resources and personal communications. From the
review insight, it is confirmed that there is no single best enset wilt management option available that
farmers rely on and there is a lack of resistant varieties. Cultural and sanitary measures are the only
methods most frequently used across the enset-growing areas and are found to be fruitful in community
mobilization to create awareness among the farming community. In the future, awareness creation and
regular field monitoring are vital, while the development of resistant or tolerant varieties is mandatory.
Tovacov lakes, and the whole area affected by mining, represents a very important refuge for many rare species of plants and animals that can’t find suitable living conditions in the surrounding intensively farmed landscape. Due to the high level of underground water and the presence of gravel bed, Tovacov lakes can be very important wetlands but also interesting xerotherm habitat in the future. Our aim is not only to identify this biodiversity, but also to support it in the future by targeted interventions.
In the first phase of the project large field survey of different habitats were carried out. These surveys will be focused on characteristic areas that differ in moisture, age and the way they were created. Apart from vascular plants and vegetation, we will be focused on major groups of organisms for which such habitats are essential and at the same time there isn’t enough historical data. These are mainly beetles, butterflies and spiders, but other groups of animals will not be left out.
In the second phase a comparison of diversity of locally rare species with their representation in the various habitats was completed. In this way the mapping of biologically valuable sites and habitats that create appropriate conditions for the occurrence of target species is done.
In the third part, created design principles of management for such areas that will support the best possible future existence of discovered organisms and will create suitable biotopes for other types of communities of plants and animals.
The project won the International contest of the Quarry Life Award 2014 in the category “Biodiversity Enhancement”
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/research-biodiversity-tovacov-lakes
Algal epiphytes were examined for 12 months at Shura El-Roweysia and several tidal levels on the shore
of South Sinai dominated by Laurencia obtusa and Cystoseira myrica. Sixty seven species of the
epiphytes were recorded (41 Bacillariophyta, 20 Cyanophyta, 3 Chlorophyta and 3 Pyrrhophyta). An
inverse relationship between percentage cover of L. obtusa and their epiphytes were observed to be
affected by desiccation stress due to frequent emersion of the intertidal flat and exposure to strong
radiation, while high cover percentage of C. myrica was associated with the high number of epiphytes.
How to face with growing problems of introduced alien plants, which became invasive? Is official control proper tool for preventing the introduction and spread?
Zdravstveno varstvo rastlin - Sistem v Republiki Sloveniji kot članici Evropske unije, 2009
Plant health - The system in Republic of Slovenia as EU
Memeber State, 2009
Gradivo je namenjeno krepitvi znanja inšpektorjev in pooblaščenih preglednikov, ki opravljajo fitosanitarne preglede oziroma nadzor zdravstvenega stanja rastlin, tako tistih prostorastočih kot gojenih.
Poseben poudarek je na poznavanju vsebin nadzora rastlin, s katerimi se ukvarjajo zavezanci za vpis v register. To so vse pravne in fizične osebe, ki se ukvarjajo s pridelavo, dodelavo, uvozom ali distribucijo oziroma s trženjem rastlinskega materiala, zlasti sadik in semena, za katere je potrebno opraviti uradni fitosanitarni pregled ob uvozu ali v pridelavi oziroma predelavi in izdati rastlinski potni list ali drugo ustrezno etiketo oziroma žig v vsaj eni fazi premeščanja znotraj Evropske unije.
An influence of newly occurred pests and diseases to production and nature in Slovenia
Preventive phytosanitary measures are the first element of sustainable production if they are implemented in consistent manner. Despite fact, that harmful organisms (HOs), listed in annexes of directive 2000/29/EC, pose known threat to the Community plant health, present regime allows for continuous introductions from risky areas aiming not to disturb trade in plants and plant products. Such setting a side of plant health in rural and natural environment only partly ensures food security and competitiveness of agriculture or safeguarding the natural environment. Hopefully review of the plant health system in EU will meet better general objectives like: Contributing to plant health protection through sustainable production; Ensuring competitiveness of producers; Ensuring food security; Safeguarding the natural environment (forests, public and private green, landscape, biodiversity). Specific objectives of phytosanitary legislation are: Providing protection against HOs that so far do not occur in the EU, Controlling HOs of still limited distribution which are so harmful that strict control on further spread is needed; Ensuring the availability and use of healthy plant material at the beginning of the plant production chain; Controlling the spread of HOs through movement of host plants/plant products. With increased trade unknown risks arise daily, which should be identified before outbreaks occur in EU. Neither EU pest risk analysis nor spread-risk and cost-benefit analysis are available for better decision making. All these are done mainly at national level at the occasion of necessity. Phytosanitary actions including mandatory surveillance of listed HO and laboratory or scientific support against some important HOs in Slovenia will be analysed in respect of cost-benefit.
Varstvo rastlin pred boleznimi in škodljivci je pomembno področje tako v kmetijski pridelavi kot pri ohranjanju gospodarnosti in biotske raznovrstnosti gozdov ter drugega naravnega rastja. Zato je velik poudarek na opisu rastlinskih bolezni in škodljivcev, ki sodijo med karantenske škodljive organizme in so pri nas manj poznani, saj se običajno ne pojavljajo.
Zbrano gradivo osvetljuje vzpostavitev sistema varovanja zdravja rastlin v Sloveniji, obvladovanje kritičnih točk pridelave in trgovine s semenom, sadikami in drugim razmnoževalnim materialom, opisuje implementacijo evropskih standardov s področja varstva rastlin in semenarstva ter sistem rastlinskega potnega lista, ki zmanjšuje ovire v trgovini z rastlinskim blagom na skupnem trgu Evropske unije.
Uredila: Vlasta Knapič
Avtorji: Domen Bajec, Kmetijsko gozdarski zavod Novo mesto
Mirjam Bukovec, Mojca Celar, Vlasta Knapič, mag. Simona Mavsar, mag. Erika Orešek, Primož Pajk, Fitosanitarna uprava Republike Slovenije
Doc. dr. Dušan Jurc, Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije
Prof. dr. Maja Jurc, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire
Mag. Jože Miklavc, Kmetijsko gozdarski zavod Maribor
Dr. Sebastjan Radišek, dr. Magda Rak Cizej, Inštitut za hmeljarstvo in pivovarstvo Slovenije
Mag. Gabrijel Seljak, Kmetijsko gozdarski zavod Nova Gorica
Doc. dr. Stanislav Trdan, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo
Doc. dr. Gregor Urek, dr. Mojca Marn Viršček, Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije
Measurements of spray drift were performed at herbicide application in maze at growth stage 3-4 leaves with different types of nozzles and at different spray volumes by use of fluorescent tracer technique. Use of drift-reducing nozzles caused 40-55 % reduction of spray drift at all studied distances from the field edge.
Na hmelju sta poleg 9 virusnih bolezni znana še dva molekularna patogena: hmeljev stunt viroid in hmeljev latentni viroid. Zaradi majhnosti in posebnosti v zgradbi viroidov je njihovo ugotavljanje in določevanje precej zahtevno.
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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Sterilizirane zuzelke bjelis 07
1. Zbornik predavanj in referatov 8. slovenskega posvetovanja o varstvu rastlin 193
Radenci, 6. – 7. marec 2007
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF MEDFLY (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) CONTROL BY
STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE IN NERETVA RIVER VALLEY
Mario BJELIŠ
1
Institute for Plant Protection in Agriculture and Foresty of Republic of Croatia, Solin
ABSTRACT
The medfly – Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Tephritidae) invaded Neretva river valley 25 years
ago. Today the is pest spread everywhere and cause seriously fruit damage. The most
attacked fruit types are: fig– Ficus carica, peach - Prunus persicae, plum – Prunus
domestica, apricot – Prunus armeniaca, mandarine tree – Citrus reticulata and kaki –
Dyopirus lotus. The Neretva river Valley is a relatively isolated ecosystem and this
advantage provides high chance of succes for a future project, since such isolation by
mountines would strongly limit the "import" of wild medfly adults into the valley. The
Neretva Valley is devided into part of Republic of Croatia (mostly caracterized by soft
climat and citrus (mostly mandarines) production, and part of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(mostly characterised by continental climate with stone fruits production). It has been
noted that highest damage caused by medfly is along the border area and can cause up to
30 % damage on mandarins – C. reticulata B. The Neretva Valley is at the northernmost
limit of the geographic distribution of the medfly. This means that the pest is not in the
most suitable conditions for its development. Should a programme be launched, it would
largely benefit from the limitation of wild medfly population during the cold season. The
Croatian team leaded by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Watter Management will
start two years program as a part of IAEA TC project during the 2007.-2008. years. A
feasibility studdy of medfly suppresion in Neretva valley is basic point for further
activities. The medfly control by using of SIT tehnique would ecconomically benefit all
local stakeholders including growers and the public at large in view more access to fresh
fruits. Should such a program be launched and given the economic importance of the
production in the region, it would benefit from the support of the local authorities as well
as of the growers and exporters.
Key words: Ceratitis capitata, feasibility study, medfly, Neretva valley, SIT
IZVLEČEK
RAZISKAVA MOŽNOSTI ZATIRANJA BRESKOVE MUHE (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) S
TEHNIKO STERILIZIRANJA ŽUŽELK V DOLINI NERETVE
Breskova muha (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) je prodrla v dolino Neretve pred četrt stoletja.
Zdaj je škodljivka razširjena povsod in povzroča resne poškodbe na sadju. Najbolj
napadeni so plodovi smokve – Ficus carica, breskve – Prunus persica, slive oz. češplje –
Prunus domestica, marelice – Prunus armeniaca, mandarine – Citrus reticulata in kakija –
Dyospirus lotus. Dolina Neretve je sorazmerno izoliran ekosistem in njegova prednost za
nadaljnje projekte je v tem, da okolna gorovja z izolacijo močno omejujejo vnos divjih
odraslih osebkov obravnavane škodljivke v to dolino. Dolina Neretve je razdeljena v del, ki
pripada Republiki Hrvaški (ki se odlikuje z blagim podnebjem in pridelavo agrumov,
večinoma mandarin) in del, ki pripada Republiki Bosni in Hercegovini (in je značilen z bolj
1
M. Sc., Zvonimirova 14 A, 21210 Solin, Croatia
2. 194 Mario BJELIŠ
celinskim podnebjem, ustreznim za pridelovanje koščičarjev). Ugotovljeno je, da breskova
muha povzroča največje škode ob robu tega območja in da lahko na mandarini povzroči
škodo tudi do 30%. Dolina Neretve je z njenim severnim delom meja za geografsko
razširjenost te škodljivke. To pomeni, da vrsta C. capitata na tem območju nima najboljših
razmer za razvoj. Če bi začeli z ustreznim programom zatiranja, bi imel ta velike prednosti
od omejitev divjih populacij škodljivke v hladnem obdobju leta. Hrvaška skupina, ki jo vodi
Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in upravljanje z vodami, namerava začeti z
dvoletnim programom kot delom IAEA projekta med letoma 2007 in 2008. Raziskava
možnosti zatiranja breskove muhe v dolini Neretve je osnovno izhodišče za nadaljnje
aktivnosti. Zatiranje omenjene škodljivke s tehniko SIT bi pomenila ekonomske koristi za
vse krajevne zasebne pridelovalce, vključno z večjimi pridelovalci in z javnostjo, ki bi
dobila več možnosti za nakup svežega sadja. Če bo ta program izveden in bo dosegel
gospodarski pomen pri pridelavi, bo to prispevek v prid lokalnih oblasti, kot tudi
pridelovalcem in izvoznikom.
1 INTRODUCTION
The medfly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. is a pest of great economic importance in the area of
Dalmacija region. It has been present in the littoral regions for over 50 years (Tominić
1959, Kovačević, 1960). In some areas, such as southern part surrounding the city of
Dubrovnik, the presence of the medfly precludes fresh fruit production, even when
chemical control measures are applied (Bjeliš and Pelicarić, 2002). To date, the medfly is
present in the whole Dalmacija and in northern part of Istria (Pelicarić and Bjeliš, 2001).
As it is often the case worldwide, optimum conditions for medfly are found in backyards
where several host plants are grown, allowing the medfly to be present from late spring
until the winter. Althow medfly was not managed in the past, some observations on
possibilities for control by using attractant were done (Šimunić 1960, Tominić, Brnetić
1960, Brnetić 1968)
The medfly has invaded the Neretva river valley, the most important mandarins, Citrus
reticulata production area of Croatia. Depending on the area considered, the main hosts of
the medfly in Croatia during the fruiting season are loquat, early fig varieties, stone fruits,
late fig varieties, mandarin and kaki.
Benefits of using SIT for the area-wide suppression of the medfly have been investigated.
The Neretva river valley (Curić, 1994), as well as some islands (Vis, Hvar, Brač and
Elaphyte archipelago), are geographically isolated or have some isolated areas of interest
and as such are highly convenient for the use of SIT (Bjeliš and Pelicarić, 2003).
The Neretva river valley seems to be to date, the best candidate for an area-wide medfly
suppression programme using the SIT. The whole valley represents 80 % of the national
citrus production. The valley has been classified as «international aquatic reserve», where
more than 300 birds types has been recorded (Rucner, 1993) and due to the presence of
some other endangered aquatic species, and it is divided between Croatia and Bosnia &
Herzegovina. For these reasons, the area-wide and transboundary use of SIT seems to be
the most suitable solution for medfly suppression. Neretva Delta region is an area with the
largest and most valuable part of old Mediterranean wet-lands in Croatia (Markovčić,
2001) and also one of few such areas preserved in Europe. This is a natural unit covering
approximately total of 20.000 ha of land, from the area of the Hutovo Blato Nature Park
(7.411 ha) in Bosnia and Herzegovina to spacious Neretva estuary (12.000 ha) in Croatia.
Croatian part of the lower Neretva valley contains 7 protected localities covering 1,624 ha.
The possibilities for organic farming practice exsist in small areas near the mountines that
surround the valley, where water is not yet contaminated, such as Desne and Pojezerje
areas in Croatia, as well as areas bordering Hutovo Blato Nature Park in Bosnia and
3. Feasibility study of medfly control by sterile insect technique… 195
Herzegovina.The cultures that can be cultivated by using principles of ecological
agriculture in both parts are traditionally grown mediterranean and sub-mediterannean
cultures such as citrus, japanese apple, kiwi, artichoke, figs, peaches, almost all represent
host plants for medfly.
Since the medfly infestation still raise, the number of insecticide sprayings will increase
and only envinromental friendly methods such well developed SIT technique should be
used together with other organic methods which would not disrupt the present natural
balance (Bjeliš and Pelicarić, 2003). Baseline data collection on medfly biology is
currently undergoing, and a study is planned with the support of the IAEA TC project for
the period 2007-2008. year, to assess the technical and economic feasibility of an area-
wide SIT-based medfly suppression program in the Neretva Valley.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
All tasks were chosen in the direction of collection main elementary data about medfly
biology, behavior, host preferable, seasonal occurrence etc. All this data are necessary for
further observations which will be used for the preparing the study of the sterile insect
program by using sterile males to control medfly in the selected area, the Neretva river
valley, as the most important economic citrus and environment endangered area.
Screening of the host plants in the area was done during the season, starting from spring
till autumn. Inspections of the surrounding area were repeated every month and hosts
plants were notice. Traps and atractants: Chromotrap-type traps were used (Isagro, Italy).
These traps are yellow three-side glue-covered traps with parapheremone trimedlure
added in tampon form in the amount of 1 ml per trap. Beside this, food atractant amonium-
bycarbonate was added in capsula form (Isagro, Italy). Traps were changed twice during
the season while the both attractants were changed once a month. Traps were put in the
southern part of the tree canopy, about 2 meters above the ground. Traps density was
about 5 per hectar. Data collection were repeated weekly.
3 RESULTS
3.1 Area description
Generally, two main areas can be defined. The lower part of the valley with mostly
mandarin crop and low medfly capture and higher part of the valley with numerous host
plants and very high capture datas. In total, the treatment area in SIT suppression program
could be estimated to up to 25-30.000 ha of join Croatian and BiH sides. The hypsometric
map of the Croatian part of the river Neretva valley, shows great geographic isolation of
whole area. It should be expressed that very limited vegetation of non-host plants has been
recorded over 200-250 meter high. In lower parts, special in first 100-150 meter following
medfly host plants was recorded: wild fig – Ficus carica var. caprificus, wild berry –
Prunus mahaleb and wild brier (dog-rose berry) – Punica spp. Also some weeds such as
Solanum nigrum were recorded. Higher areas of surrounding hills are almost only stone.
However, hilly areas should be taken into calculation of SIT releasing treatment. The
temperature data collected for Neterva and surrounding areas were collected from different
sources, but still represent average monthly temperature as an minimum one decade data.
Numerous medfly host plants witch grows in whole region of Dalmacija shows
possibilities that medfly can easily reproduce from May when first possible hosts are
having fruits like loquats – Eryobotria japonica and apricots – Prunus armeniaca. Later,
more preferable hosts are available, such as peaches – Prunus persicae, nectarine – P.p.var
nectarine and special important and area wide present numerous fig – Ficus carica and
wild fig – Ficus carica var caprificus. The period starting from September gives more
4. 196 Mario BJELIŠ
preferable hosts such as Japanese apple – Dyospiros kaki, mandarins – Citrus reticulata
etc.
3.2 Pest trapping data
Trapping data shows that the period of captures varies from earliest beginning of July until
end of December. Trapping data from the Neretva river valley are shown in figure 1.
70
60
50
40
Flies / trap
30
20
10
0
P
P
P
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
T
T
T
V
V
V
G
G
G
L
L
L
L
SE
SE
SE
C
C
C
JU
JU
JU
JU
O
O
O
AU
AU
AU
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
O
O
O
N
N
N
HIGH DELTA MIDDLE DELTA LOW DELTA
Figure 1: Population dynamic of Ceratitis capitata in different parts of delta Neretva valley during
2002-2004. years.
1800
1500
TOTAL FLY NUMBE
1200
900
600
300
0
2001. 2002. 2003. 2004.
METKOVIĆ OPUZEN MODRIČ
Figure 2: Medfly captures on selected locations with different hosts availability in Neretva river
valley during September and October
5. Feasibility study of medfly control by sterile insect technique… 197
On this area first captures can start from half August like it was in 2002. , or in the first
decade of September like it was in 2003. The location in Metković shows the highest
captures during both years of observations and maximum of 269 flies per trap were
recorded in end of September / beginning of October. Much lower captures were recorded
both at Opuzen and Modrič locations.
The results shown in figure 2 shows that during four years of observation, the highest
capture were recorded at the Metković location, while much lower captures were recorded
at Opuzen and Modrič locations.
The hottest area has been defined around city of Metković, which is located on the border
with Bosnia and Herzegovina, with numerous cultivated and ornamental host plants, with
accent on loquats – E. japonica at almost all city streets and all kind of cultivated stone
fruit trees. It should be expressed that across the state border in Bosnia and Hercegovina
there are hundreds of ha of peaches – P. persica, nectarines – P. p. var nectarine and
plums – P. domestica.
At some very infested orchards almost 250 flies per trap were captured weekly. The lowest
captures, less than 10 flies per trap weekly, were recorded at the lower part of the valley,
where mostly mandarin orchards are placed. Small urban areas with higher number of host
plants around shows higher captures.
3.3 Activities
On the base of the work plan for 2007.-2008. year as a part of IAEA TC 2006001, the
following outputs are defined: Feasibility study of Medfly Suppresion by SIT in the
Neretva Valley, Preparation of an economic feasibility study including the following
scenarios: full production on site, shipping of eggs and shipping of sterile pupae.
Regarding traning courses it has been planed to traine regional grup for SIT operations
(mass rearing, preemergence operations, ground/aerial release etc.)
4 CONCLUSIONS
The results collected during the four years observation period shows that medfly can
reproduce easily due to numerous host plants available in the Neretva valley. Also, there
are no data about period when first adults emerge after winter period. Results show that the
earliest capture were recorded in early July, what can be explained by very low medfly
population before July. The results show that medfly reproduce very quickly and yearly
peak of population is very similar in all areas observed, defined during September and
October. Also, no catches were recorded after first decade of December. It seems that
medfly can create high population through the late spring and early summer, and heavily
attack citrus fruits.
This speculation can be supported through the observation data collected in Neretva river
valley. The lower part, planted mostly with mandarin monoculture was observed and low
medfly population was recorded. Also mandarin was not attacked heavily. In other side,
the upper part of the valley with different consist of host plants give to medfly possibilities
to create high population and create high damage on mandarins, witch represents small part
of total crop in the area. The density of the medfly is the highest in the upper part, specialy
by the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. This indicates to necessity of join action
program of medfly suppression in this part of the valley.
The hypsometric data show possibility even to divide the valley to two separated sectors
for treatment. It should be taken in considering that program of medfly control by SIT
6. 198 Mario BJELIŠ
technique could be feasible if only lower part, from the coastal line up to the city of
Opuzen can be treated. However, the best solution is to treat whole area as geographic
isolated system. It should be apostrophe that environment pollution aspect except only
friendly area wide methods such as SIT technique and other environmental friendly
supportive techniques.
The feasibility study of medfly suppression by means of sterile males released program is
undergoing. Some information data however need to be observed.
Implementing of the SIT technique will specialy benefits the Croatian County of the
Dubrovačko neretvanska županija and BiH County of Hercegovačko neretvanska
županija, together with their farmers, stakeholders and local communities.
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research is financially initiated and supported by Ministry of Agriculture and Foresty of
Republic of Croatia and IAEA TC Project CRO 2006001.
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