The document discusses two invasive alien species: Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leaf miner) and Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly). L. trifolii originated in North America and has a wide host range of over 29 plant families. It can develop up to 32 generations per year in tropical areas. C. capitata is native to sub-Saharan Africa and has spread globally through the transport of infested fruits. As a highly polyphagous species, its larvae develop in many fruits including citrus, mangoes, and coffee. Standard control methods for both pests include the use of insecticides and sterile insect techniques.
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
Classification of insecticide based on mode of action.pdfAsbinKatwal
Pesticides are chemicals used to control and eliminate pests that can cause damage to crops, human health, and the environment. There are various types of pesticides available in the market, and they are classified based on their mode of action, which refers to how the pesticide affects the target pest. Understanding the mode of action of pesticides is essential in choosing the right pesticide for a particular pest problem.
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Trade transport and invasion of alien speciesAmrita Daripa
The ppt is about invasive alien species and how it is being invaded and displacing the native species. The mode of its transport from one place to the other. Its international and national quarantine measures.
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
Classification of insecticide based on mode of action.pdfAsbinKatwal
Pesticides are chemicals used to control and eliminate pests that can cause damage to crops, human health, and the environment. There are various types of pesticides available in the market, and they are classified based on their mode of action, which refers to how the pesticide affects the target pest. Understanding the mode of action of pesticides is essential in choosing the right pesticide for a particular pest problem.
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Trade transport and invasion of alien speciesAmrita Daripa
The ppt is about invasive alien species and how it is being invaded and displacing the native species. The mode of its transport from one place to the other. Its international and national quarantine measures.
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
Here i would like to inform you on the global scenario on whitefly management i hope it will increase your understanding of the management of the whiteflies,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Screening of Guava genotypes to natural infestation of fruit flies (Diptera:T...IJEAB
The infesting species and their infestation indices of fruit flies were determined for guava genotypes (Psidium guajava L.),grown in River Nile, Sennar and North Kordofan States during the period from June to August 2010 .Twenty genotypes were selected from each state to be evaluated ,where ten mature fruits from each genotypes were harvested randomly from insecticide unsprayed trees. Fruits were brought to the laboratory and placed in individual plastic vials containing sand at the bottom to obtain the pupae. Infestation indices were estimated by means of total number of pupae/fruit. Pupal viability was then calculated based on the percentage of pupae resulted in fly emergence. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test for mean separations. Results showed that Guava fruits were infested by four fruit fly species Ceratitis cosyra, C.quinaira, C capitata and Bactrocera dorsalis constitute (82.2), (0.8), (16.7), (0.3% ) and 28.35 ,0.01 ,10.1 and 61.56% in River Nile and Sennar States respectively. While in North Kordofan State guava fruits were infested by C.cosyra, C.capitat and B.dorsalis 98.4,0.4 and 1.2% respectively. All the evaluated genotypes in River Nile and Sennar States were infested by the fruit fly with varying degrees only two genotypes 15 red flesh fruit and 19 white flesh fruit in Kordofan state were found free from fruit fly infestation. Infestation was much higher in Sennar and River Nile states (32 and 29 pupae/fruit) respectively compared to North Kordofan (1.6 pupae/fruit).The higher infestation rate occurred in ripe guava fruits (33) compared to 18 and 6 pupae/fruit in mature green and immature green fruit respectively.
Mycoviruses of filamentous fungi and their relevance to plant pathologyNageshb11
Myco-viruses of filamentous fungus its relevance in plant pathology
different class of virus by ICTV classification act as obligate parasitic nature for fungal disease management
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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4. Hosts
Liriomyza trifolii has been recorded from 29 families with preference for
Asteraceae including Aster spp., Chrysanthemum spp., Gerbera spp., Dahlia
spp., lettuce, celery, cabbages, spinach, beetroot, cucumbers, pumpkins, soybean,
alfalfa, bean, pea, onion, garlic, peppers, potato and tomato.
Detection and identification
Symptoms of the American serpentine leafminer, L. trifolii:
(A) adult stippling damage on spinach and (B) larvae infestation and mining damage on tomato
4
5. (C) on Bean white speckles 0.13–0.15
mm in diameter
(D) on pea leaves. stippled appearance on
foliage, especially at the leaf tip and
along the leaf margins
5
6. Morphology :
The immature developmental stages of the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii:
(A)egg inside a puncture on the leaf,
(B) larvae inside a leaf, behind is a trail of mines, while the dark areas are the waste products,
(C) pupa attached to the upper surface of a leaf
(D) adult dorsal view.
0.2–0.3 x 0.10–0.15mm Maggot measures up to 3mm 2.3 x 0.75 mm 2 mm in lenth
6
7. Geographical distribution
L. trifolii originated in North America and spread to other parts of the world in the 1960–1980s
Pest Distribution and Risk Atlas for Africa7
8. Figure 1. Global geographical distribution of the American serpentine leaf miner,
Liriomyza trifolii. Green points indicate countries with reported pest establishment;
yellow points are countries with reported occurrence in protected crops
(greenhouses); and red points are georeferenced distribution data. 8
9. Generation index (GI)
20–32 generations per year can develop in tropical countries
12–20 generations per year in most of the subtropical regions
3–12 generations per year in temperate zones
Changes in abundance
The native place of L. trifolii was reported to be Florida in United States of America and
Caribbean Islands (Spencer, 1973).
The first report of the occurrence of L. trifolii in India was in the Proceedings of the Annual
Castor Research Workers’ Group Meeting held at Hyderabad (DOR, 1991).
The wide host range, short life cycle and faster development of resistance to insecticides
make the management of L. trifolii very difficult.
40 per cent yield loss is caused by insect pests in vegetable production
(Krishnamoorthy and Gangavisalakshy, 2014).
9
10. Phytosanitary risks
L. trifolii is listed as an A2 quarantine pest by the EPPO
Risks mapping under current and future climates
Regions with an Establishment risk index (ERI)>0.95 indicate temperature conditions where a
certain proportion of L. trifolii population is expected to survive throughout the year.
America, Asia, Africa, and Oceani and Middle East (Yemen, Oman, southern Saudi Arabia)
10
11. U.S. (southern zones of California, Texas, northern Florida); northern areas of Argentina;
south of Brazil; northern and southern zones of Africa; southern China and the Middle East
(Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, some areas of Saudi Arabia)
ERI > 0.7– 0.9
11
12. U.S. (western to southern states from California to North Carolina); Central china (Sichuan
and Hubei); and Mediterranean European countries
(southern areas of Italy such as Sardinia and Sicilia, south of Portugal, Spain).
ERI of 0.6 – 0.7
12
13. Temperate regions of northern China; Canada; central and northern U.S. states
(Arkansas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa, New York); South Korea; Japan;
Russia.
ERI < 0.6 13
15. Mediterranean fruit fly
Ceratitis capitata
EPPO code : CERTCAA2 no.105.
(Ceratitis capitata)
Taxonomic Tree
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Uniramia
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Tephritidae
Genus: Ceratitis
Species: Ceratitis capitata
HOSTS
C. capitata is a highly polyphagous species whose larvae develop in a very wide range of
unrelated fruits:
Apple, Avocados, Citrus, Figs, Kiwifruits, Mango, Pear, Plum. Coffee.
15
16. Native to Sub-Saharan Africa, 1749
southern France since at least 1772
Italy in 1863
Spain in 1842
Portugal in 1898
Israel in 1900
Turkey in 1904
Greece in 1915
Gasperi et al., 2002
India (MH), 1989 16
18. Egg: Very slender curved, 1 mm long, smooth and shiny white.
Larva: Length of 1st instar larva 1 mm or less, body mostly transparent;
2nd instar body partially transparent;
fully grown 3rd instar 6.8–8.2 mm.
Pupa: Cylindrical 4–4.3 mm long, dark reddish brown.
Adult: Length 3.5–5 mm, yellowish with brown tinge,
especially on abdomen, legs, and some markings on wings
18
21. Males are attracted to Trimedlure and Terpinyl acetate, but not methyl eugenol.
Ceralure is a new potent and persistent attractant for C. capitata (Avery et al., 1994).
Detection and inspection methods
MOVEMENT AND DISPERSAL
Adult flight and the transport of infested fruits are the major means of movement and
dispersal to previously uninfested areas.
There is evidence that C. capitata can fly at 20 km (Fletcher, 1989).
Control
1. Malathion is the usual choice of insecticide for fruit fly control and this is usually
combined with protein hydrolysate to form a Bait spray.
2. The techniques of Male annihilation and Sterile insect release have been used against
some populations of C. capitata.
21
22. PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES
Consignments of fruits from countries where C. capitata occurs should be inspected for
symptoms of infestation those suspected should be cut open in order to look for larvae.
EPPO recommends (EPPO, 1990) that fruits of Citrus or Prunus should have been treated
by an appropriate method, e.g. in transit by cold treatment (e.g. 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 days at
0.0, 0.6, 1.1, 1.7 or 2.2°C, respectively,)
Certain types of fruits, by vapour heat (e.g. keeping at 44°C for 8 h) (USDA, 1994),
forced hot-air (Armstrong et al., 1995) or hot water treatment (Sharp & Picho-Martinez,
1989).
Ethylene dibromide was previously widely used as a fumigant but is now generally
withdrawn because of its carcinogenicity
A combination of Methyl bromide fumigation and cold treatment is also recommended
against C. capitata.
Wrapping fruits in shrinkwrap film has been investigated as a possible method of
disinfesting fruits (Jang, 1990).
22
