Whittaker (1972)
Alpha, Beta and gamma diversity
Status of Global Biodiversity
Ecological Diversity
Species Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Global Food Security
Medicinal Resources
Gene Resources
Supporting Services
Soil formation &
protection
Nutrient cycling
Primary production
Regulating Services
Water regulation
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water purification
Pollination
Biodiversity represent the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria and multicellular organisms such as plants, fishes and mammals at various biological levels.
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Whittaker (1972)
Alpha, Beta and gamma diversity
Status of Global Biodiversity
Ecological Diversity
Species Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Global Food Security
Medicinal Resources
Gene Resources
Supporting Services
Soil formation &
protection
Nutrient cycling
Primary production
Regulating Services
Water regulation
Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Water purification
Pollination
Biodiversity represent the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria and multicellular organisms such as plants, fishes and mammals at various biological levels.
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Ecosystem and Stability - Population Dynamics, Population density, Spatial Distribution patter, Population range, reproduction pattern,
Limiting population Growth - Dependent and independent Factor
Population Growth Rate
Ecosystem Stability - Resistance and Resilliance
Reference : Exploring Life Through Science 10
The roles of botanic gardens in biodiversity conservationMarco Pautasso
Biodiversity conservation in botanic gardens, arboreta, living collections, biogeography, natural history, species richness, sustainable energy, National Botanic Garden of Wales, University of Cambridge Botanic Garden, Species richness as a function of year of establishment
Lecture about Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices, with linkage to on-going CBD programs, and a special focus on species monitoring.Many examples, needs some formatting, hope still useful!
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Diversity of Soil Fauna and Ecosystem Function tariqulmasud12
Soils are natural resources of utmost. Importance for a number of ecosystem and biosphere processes such as plant production, cycling of organic matter and nutrients, storage of C and water, and release of nitrous oxides, CO2 and methane. Soil degradation, through various processes, is a matter of great concern, since their integrity is absolutely critical to increasing food production (FAO, 1995), and regulating atmospheric fluxes of greenhouse gases (Jenkinson, 199 1 ; Wallace, 1994).
Ecosystem and Stability - Population Dynamics, Population density, Spatial Distribution patter, Population range, reproduction pattern,
Limiting population Growth - Dependent and independent Factor
Population Growth Rate
Ecosystem Stability - Resistance and Resilliance
Reference : Exploring Life Through Science 10
The roles of botanic gardens in biodiversity conservationMarco Pautasso
Biodiversity conservation in botanic gardens, arboreta, living collections, biogeography, natural history, species richness, sustainable energy, National Botanic Garden of Wales, University of Cambridge Botanic Garden, Species richness as a function of year of establishment
Lecture about Monitoring and Biodiversity Indices, with linkage to on-going CBD programs, and a special focus on species monitoring.Many examples, needs some formatting, hope still useful!
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Diversity of Soil Fauna and Ecosystem Function tariqulmasud12
Soils are natural resources of utmost. Importance for a number of ecosystem and biosphere processes such as plant production, cycling of organic matter and nutrients, storage of C and water, and release of nitrous oxides, CO2 and methane. Soil degradation, through various processes, is a matter of great concern, since their integrity is absolutely critical to increasing food production (FAO, 1995), and regulating atmospheric fluxes of greenhouse gases (Jenkinson, 199 1 ; Wallace, 1994).
It has been observed that anthropogenic activities namely, farming, tree harvesting, seasonal fire regimes, introduction of exotic tree species like Eucalyptus and Greviella, and collection of herbs for medicinal use are going on and form a major threat for the orchid Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. This study determined the relative abundance and distribution of the species Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. in the Manga range ecosystem of Kisii, Western Kenya during two flowering seasons. Other results of the present study were analyzed with SPSS version 17 for paired sample correlations, OriginPro7 t-Test and ANOVA, Minitab 16 chi-square test. From the analysis there is a significant correlation between altitude and number of orchid population clusters with a p-value of 0.008 in the distribution of Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. which led to rejection of the null hypothesis. The Levene’s test for equal variance shows that at α 0.05 there is a significant difference between altitude and number of clusters as indicated by the P value of 0.00004. Of the 88 sites sampled, only 41sites had orchid clusters. Principal component analysis using Unscrambler 9.7 indicated that many of the orchid population clusters fell within the range of one or two orchid population clusters. The score plots from the two Hoteling’s outputs show how well data is distributed including sample patterns, groupings, similarities and differences during the study. The two analyses illustrated how fire affects the orchid population on fire prone sites of the range. Orchid population clusters progressively increased with increase with altitude range (from 1800m to 1850m) above sea level, but number of orchid population clusters decreased towards 1950m. Sites with minimal anthropogenic disturbances (1796m, 1830m, 1854m, 1886m, and 1890m) had a higher number of orchid population clusters.
Invasive impact of prosopis juliflora on wildlife conservation and livelihoodsGlidayyuka
Impact of Prosopis julifora on Conservation of Biodiversity and Livelihoods.
Invasive species are flora and fauna whose introduction into a habitat disrupts the native eco-system. P. juliflora is a shrub or small tree native to Mexico, Central and northern South America. It has shown itself to be a very competitive invader, notably in frost-free arid and semi-arid natural grasslands, both in its native country and in particular, where it is introduced. Prosopis as a genus is treated as one of the world's most detrimental invasive plant species, and P. juliflora is by far the common invasive species. This has led to the proclamation of P. juliflora as an invasive and/or deleterious weed in many African countries notably Ethiopia and Sudan, Pakistan and other Asian countries, Australia and also in South Africa. In further sub-tropical regions such as in Australia and southern Africa, however, it is much less prevalent than additional invasive Prosopis species such as P. glandulosa and P. velutina (the Invasive Species Compendium, also P. pallida with which P. juliflora is often confused). P. juliflora was extensively introduced and planted as a fuel and fodder species, particular during fuelwood programmes in the 1980s, and the seed is spread widely by grazing, wild animals and humans too.
An analysis of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List refers to invasive species as the second most common threat associated with species that have gone completely extinct, and are the most common threat associated with extinctions of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Majority of endangered wild animals risk projected extinction in coming years through adverse effects caused by Prosopis juliflora. It is a nitrogen-fixing and very drought and salt-tolerant species, which can rapidly out-compete other vegetation. The thorniness and bushy habit of P. juliflora enable it to quickly block paths and make whole areas impenetrable. The specie poses diverse adverse effects to animals as well as endangered wildlife, and sensitization about conservation should be enacted.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Identification of Pteridophyte Species in Mt. Capistrano
1. Identification of Pteridophyte Species In Mount Capistrano
Girlee R. Aya-ay
Khemgerald C. Albacite
Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in Biological Sciences
College of Education
Abstract
Pteridophytes are one of the most abundant and diverse plant group because of their
comparatively well-known taxonomy, their small size, their high species richness, and the
wide distribution of individual species.
The study intended to identify the pteridophyte species present in Mount Capistrano
and distinguish the species richness, abundance and distribution along different elevated
gradients and different phases of the mountain. In order to generate the data for this study,
the researchers applied quadrat sampling method. The data were treated using Shannon
and Simpson’s Diversity Indices. Generally, the mountain has six (6) local pteridophyte
species with varying richness. Analysis of the data revealed that there is a significant
difference in the distributional pattern of pteridophyte species along different directions,
where greater population is present in the West. Furthermore, all the species vary in their
population along the different phase of the same elevated gradient of the mountain.
Key terms: Pteridophytes, Plant distribution, Species Richness, Elevation Gradients
Rationale
Ferns and fern allies (pteridophytes) appeared on earth more than 350 million
years ago. They were at their peak during the Carboniferous Period. Most of these taxa
became extinct, but several of them gradually evolved into our modern pteridophytes.
Currently, there are about 13,000 extant species of this plant group worldwide. There is a
more sporadic and piecemeal body of knowledge on the roles that pteridophytes play in
ecosystems. Pteridophytes are vital to many facets of human being and their present
account is based on their unique classification. They are usually characterized by the
nature of sporangia—spore-producing, the nature of gametophyte development, and the
2. 2
nature of the leaf which is classified into 3 divisions namely: Lycopodiophyta,
Equisetophyta, and Polypodiophyta (Boonkard & Pollawatn, 2000).
Pteridophyte plant groups have unique valuable features such as their large, highly
dissected and visually appealing leaves that many are sold as ornamentals. Most moist
woodlands will have several pteridophyte species blanketing the understory with their
pungent foliage. In tropical woodlands, they are often at eye level or above, providing an
aesthetic and delicate sub-canopy. Even in arid lands or on newly exposed surfaces such as
burns, clear-cuts or landslides, pteridophytes can be present and sometimes dominant.
Alongside their immediate visual appeal, pteridophyte plant species’ richness continually
grows and dominate woodlands, forests, and mountain ranges (Sharpe, 2010).
Several hundred million years ago, ferns and fern allies were the dominant
terrestrial plants. Thus, the fossils of these plants have contributed greatly to the formation
of our fossil fuels—coal, oil and natural gas. Various non-western cultures have used the
starch-rich rhizome and stems of some fern species as a food. Herbalists have ventured on
some fern species for treatment of diseases, infections, and various other ailments
(McHugh, 1992). In general, these species play a minor economic importance to humans.
There are crises in the distribution and survival of pteridophyte plant species. They
thrive between 700 and 2,000m altitude which ranges directly related to the amount of
precipitation. Therefore, these kinds of plants grow in varying kinds of habitats. However,
the threat of further deforestation tells that half of the pteridophyte species can be
regarded as vulnerable, threatened, or endangered. (Blackmore, 2014).
3. 3
The root cause of loss in species and their habitats is the growing number and
encroaching behavior of human beings and their institutions. In addition, the spread of
human settlement affects many other species in the premises of the vicinity. There are
extractive and industrial activities undertaken to support growing human populations
which directly and indirectly imperil other species and their habitat. Natural disasters also
affect not just pteridophytes but all other species especially when typhoons, earthquakes,
and floods come (McBeath & Leng, 2006).
Considering the fact that the decrease of the number and poor distribution of
pteridophyte species endangers humans as well as other living organisms, many efforts
have been taken to address this problem (Tekkaya, 2006). Conservation of this species is
very important. Our job is to harmonize the increasing kit of different tools used in daily
living and the increasing recklessness in using them which they are applied. In all aspects
of life, we are only mediators and moderators which mean that there shouldn’t be an abuse
of the things we are utilizing. They should be properly used and managed concerning about
how it will affect the nature’s life (Leopold, 1940; 1991).
Moreover, pteridophytes are most common in wet and seasonally mild tropical and
subtropical mountains. They include the highly differentiated vascular cryptogams, living
on land. They show a distinct alternation of generations in their life cycle (Ogura, 1972),
and have evolved to fill almost every ecological niche.
Tourism, unfortunately, takes the mature trees with large canopies frequently
covered with rich epiphytic pteridophytes to pave way for the mountain climbers. Hence,
we need to make the importance of the existence of these species as part of society’s
4. 4
knowledge. It is important to survey as soon as possible those areas of the mountain under
threat and to identify how many and which pteridophyte plant species are actually
distributed along the threatened elevational gradient of the mountain (Jermy, 1990).
Should you wish to read the full transcript of the journal, contact the authors through:
khemgeraldc@gmail.com
girleeroldanayaay@gmail.com