forecasting is the first step for IPM. forecasting reduce the protection cost.various models and software are now known to present days ,Which are useful in control the pest.
forecasting is the first step for IPM. forecasting reduce the protection cost.various models and software are now known to present days ,Which are useful in control the pest.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
Biological Control to Maintain Natural Densities of Insects and Mites by Fiel...Premier Publishers
In the present study, the biological control of insects and mites to maintain their natural densities by field releases of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is analyzed. Female lady beetles may lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs over a one to three month period, near prey such as aphids in protected sites on leaves and stems. Lady beetles have hefty appetites and one tiny alligator like larva can eat over two dozen aphids a day, and single adult can eat over twice of that much. In other words, one larva will eat about 400 medium-size aphids during its development to pupal stage and an adult lady beetle may eat over 5,000 aphids during its lifetime (about a year). Usually, reddish-orange lady beetles eat aphids, and darker ones more often eat spider mites, whiteflies and scale insects. The best time to release lady beetles into garden is late in afternoon or at sundown, which can encourage them to stay for night and find suitable food and protection. Dampen the ground or plants before releasing of lady beetles, can encourage them to stay and drink water. About 1000 lady beetles can rid an acre of ground from most of soft-bodied pests and release beetles at base of plants at 20 feet apart or more so that they can hunt for food. Ability of collected lady beetles to reproduce is suspended (reproductive diapause), so eggs are not produced for several weeks after release. Pre-fed lady beetles prior to release can allow some eggs maturation, but few researchers or companies also provide such pre-conditioned lady beetles. The trends of prey devouring demonstrate profound effects that lady beetle may have on target and non-target pests, and highlight their importance for initiating of biological control programs.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
Similar to Current status of Desert Locust and future strategies for the management (20)
Hamdard Laboratories (India), is a Unani pharmaceutical company in India (following the independence of India from Britain, "Hamdard" Unani branches were established in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) and Pakistan). It was established in 1906 by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed in Delhi, and became
a waqf (non-profitable trust) in 1948. It is associated with Hamdard Foundation, a charitable educational trust.
Hamdard' is a compound word derived from Persian, which combines the words 'hum' (used in the sense of 'companion') and 'dard' (meaning 'pain'). 'Hamdard' thus means 'a companion in pain' and 'sympathizer in suffering'.
The goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him.
They had always maintained that working in old, traditional ways would not be entirely fruitful. A broader outlook was essential for a continued and meaningful existence. their effective team at Hamdard helped the system gain its pride of place and thus they made an entry into an expansive world of discovery and research.
Hamdard Laboratories was founded in 1906 in Delhi by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed and Ansarullah Tabani, a Unani practitioner. The name Hamdard means "companion in suffering" in Urdu language.(itself borrowed from Persian) Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed was born in Pilibhit City UP, India in 1883 to Sheikh Rahim Bakhsh. He is said to have learnt the complete Quran Sharif by heart. He also studied the origin of Urdu and Persian languages. Subsequently, he acquired the highest degree in the unani system of medicine.
Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed got in touch with Hakim Zamal Khan, who had a keen interest in herbs and was famous for identifying medicinal plants. Having consulted with his wife, Abdul Majeed set up a herbal shop at Hauz Qazi in Delhi in 1906 and started to produce herbal medicine there. In 1920 the small herbal shop turned into a full-fledged production house.
Hamdard Foundation was created in 1964 to disburse the profits of the company to promote the interests of the society. All the profits of the company go to the foundation.
After Abdul Majeed's death, his son Hakeem Abdul Hameed took over the administration of Hamdard Laboratories at the age of fourteen.
Even with humble beginnings, the goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him. Unfortunately, he passed away quite early but his wife, Rabia Begum, with the support of her son, Hakeem Abdul Hameed, not only kept the institution in existence but also expanded it. As he grew up, Hakeem Abdul Hameed took on all responsibilities. After helping with his younger brother's upbringing and education, he included him in running the institution. Both brothers Hakeem Abdul Hameed and Hakim Mohammed
Vietnam Mushroom Market Growth, Demand and Challenges of the Key Industry Pla...IMARC Group
The Vietnam mushroom market size is projected to exhibit a growth rate (CAGR) of 6.52% during 2024-2032.
More Info:- https://www.imarcgroup.com/vietnam-mushroom-market
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
Food and beverage service Restaurant Services notes V1.pptx
Current status of Desert Locust and future strategies for the management
1. Current status of Desert Locust and
future strategies for the
management
2. Desert locust is an international transboundary insect pest causing threat agricultural
production and livelihoods in many countries in Africa, Mid East and South West Asia.
The Ancient Egyptians carved locusts on tombs in the period 2470 to 2220 BC, and a
devastating plague is mentioned in the 'Book of Exodus' in the Bible, as taking place in
Egypt around 1446 BC.
Locusts are mentioned in Sanskrit literature in particular in the epic poem
Mahabharata. The earliest known Sanskrit text dates as early as 750 BCE.
Locusts are mentioned in the Al-Araf chapter 7 of the Koran. The magnitude of the
damage and loss caused by the locusts is very gigantic beyond imagination as they have
caused the starvation.
Locust adults can eat their own weight every day, i.e. about two grams of fresh
vegetation per day. A very small swarm eats as much in one day as about 35,000
people, posing a devastating threat to crops
It is polyphagous feeder, generally prefer new tender leaves, seeds, fruits, and growing
points
Introduction and History
3. Dr Yelseti Ramachandra Rao
•In 1930, he was assigned to study locusts
at Quetta, Baluchistan and from 1933 at
Karachi.
•He worked there until 1939 serving as the
research head for the Locust Scheme.
•He worked on a comprehensive monograph
on the desert locust which was published in
1960.
• This monumental research also led to the
establishment of a more permanent Locust
Warning Organization
4. ThDesert Locust recession area covers about 16 million km2 from West Africa to Western India.
The invasion area extends to the north, south and east of the recession area, covering some 30
million km2.
IRAN
Egypt
Western
Region
(CLCPRO)
FAO Commissionfor
Controlling the
Desert Locust in the
Western Region
10
Countries
Central
Region
(CRC)
FAO Commissionfor
Controlling the
Desert Locust in the
Central Region
16
Countries
Eastern
Region
(SWAC)
FAO Commissionfor
Controlling the
Desert Locust in
South-WestAsia
4
Countries
Iran,
Pakist
an,
India,
Afgani
stan
Distribution…
LWO
15. •Guaiacol is produced in the gut of desert locusts by the breakdown of plant material. This
process is undertaken by the gut bacterium Pantoea agglomeran. Guaiacol is one of the
main components of the pheromone that cause locust swarming (Dillon, Road et all, 2000)
•Serotinin enhances solitariness phase transition of migratory locust(Guao et al 2013)
•Gregarious adults (swarms) migrate in the direction of the wind at the wind speed and can
cover distance of up to about 150km/day. The direction and speed of the wind determine
the displacement of adults and swarms (Burrows et al., 2011)
What triggers to form swarm…
Source :LWO
16. Toxic anti-predator defense mechanism in locusts
Kang lee, 2019
A cytochrome (CYP) gene (CYP305M2) make formation of PAN and HCN
biosynthesis from phenylalanine in gregarious locusts. CYP305M2 is present
at barely detectable levels in solitary locusts
17. • The existing series of locust swarms from Iran to Pakistan and due to
dusty summer winds (Arabian flow) facilitate to enter Rajasthan.
•if good rains fall, rapidly reproduce and increase some 20-fold in three
months.
•Usually only one swarm crosses over to India from Pakistan, but this time,
multiple swarms emerged, according to experts
•North westerly winds and non- availability vegetation in Pakistan might
have brought them to Rajasthan and then wind blowing eastern side to
Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
•According to IMD, data Rajasthan has 25 districts with large excess rainfall
(more than 60 per cent excess rainfall) from March 1 to May 25 while
Madhya Pradesh has 39 districts with large excess rainfall.
2020 outbreak and trigger factors to swarm
29. This is the second round of
locust attack in India, the first
one having occurred during Dec-
Feb
In Jan 2020, the biggest locust
swarm to hit Gujarat in over
quarter of century resulted in
more than 25000 hectares of
wheat, rapeseed, cumin and
potatoes being attacked at least
1/3rd the crops damaged in 75%
of affected areas, according
state directorate of agriculture
NDTV
Source: LWO
30. Integrated Desert Locust Management
Economic threshold level (ETL) which is 10,000 adults/ha. and -6 hoppers/bush
1.Cultivable land must be deep ploughing by exposing eggs
sun or eaten by birds
2. Farmers should go to their cropped field and make loud
sound by beating empty tins/metal plates, drum or radio
or through other electronic sound system to prevent
locust swarm landing in the crop.
3. Smoking the field in as these locusts won’t be active
during night hours
4.Collecting hoppers with catching machines , Killing them
with flame-throwers &Crushing them with rollers
31. 5. Spray Neem based formulation (0.15 % EC) @ 45 ml/ 15 liter water
on standing crop as feeding deterrent.
OR
6.Dust the crop with Quinalphos 1.5 % DP OR chlorpyriphos 1.5 % DP
or Methyl Parathion 2 % DP @ 25 kg/ha on standing crop.
7. If oviposition holes are found in the uncultivated fields, first dust
any insecticide (Quinalphos 1.5 % DP OR chlorpyriphos 1.5 % DP or
Methyl Parathion 2 % DP @ 25 kg/ha) and then plough the field to kill
the eggs and emerging nymphs.
8. If hatching of eggs started and nymphs observed, spray bio-
pesticide —Metarrhizium anisopliae var. acridum/ Paranosema
locustae(Africa and China) @ 75 gram/15 lit water or dust any
insecticide :Quinalphos 1.5 % DP OR chlorpyriphos 1.5 % DP or Methyl
Parathion 2 % DP @ 25 kg/ha to kill the emerging nymphs.
Cont…
32. Cont…
9. If hopper band is formed and observed marching, ignite dry grass or
any trash in front of the marching hopper band to kill the nymphs.
OR
10. Dig a trench 2 feet deep and 2 feet wide in front of marching
hopper band and then apply Quinalphos 1.5 % DP OR chlorpyriphos 1.5
% DP @ 25 kg/ha in the trench or if water is available, pour water in
the trench.
11. If the Hopper band is roosting, either go for dusting Quinalphos 1.5
% DP OR chlorpyriphos 1.5 % DP or spray malathion 96 % ULV @ 1.0
lit./ha with the help of ULV spray
12. If the adult locust swarm has settled on the ground in uncultivated
field, either go for dusting Quinalphos 1.5 % DP OR chlorpyriphos 1.5 %
DP @ 25 kg/ha or spray malathion 96 % ULV @ 1.0 lit./ha with the help
of ULV sprayer directly on the hopper band provided it is in small area.
33. 13.If it is on large uncultivated land, apply same dust of ULV
formulations using vehicle mounted dusters/ULV(ultra low volume)
sprayers as the case may be.
14.If a locust swarm is spotted invading a cropped area, the State
Agriculture Department should arrange Aerial spraying of ULV
formulation of insecticide like malathion 96 % ULV @ 1.0 lit./ha with
the help of ULV nozzles fitted on a Helicopter/Drones.
15.If the Locust swarm is spotted settled in non scheduled cropped or
non-cropped area, the State Agriculture Department should arrange
Aerial spraying of ULV formulation of insecticide like malathion 96 %
ULV @ 1.0 lit./ha or fenitrothion 96 % ULV @ 0.5 lit./ha with the help
of ULV nozzles fitted on a Helicopter/drones.
Cont…
34. 16.The desert locust has natural enemies such as predatory wasps
and flies, parasitoid wasps(Flesh flies, Tachinid flies and tangled
veined flies are nymph and adult parasitoids) predatory Blister beetle,
Ground beetle and Crickets are eggs predators larvae, birds(Rose-
coloured and common stralings (Pastor roseus and Sturnus
vulgaris)) and reptiles.
These may be effective at keeping solitary populations in check but
are of limited effects against gregarious desert locusts because of the
enormous numbers of insects in the swarms and hopper bands.
Cont…
35. The locusts killed by the drone in Samode, Jaipur district on Sunday(31/5/2020)
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