The document summarizes the key endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the locations and functions of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, and thymus gland. The endocrine system regulates important bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream from these glands.
This is our powerpoint presentation about the Hypothalamus, its function, what hormones it secretes and its main role in our body. This also has info about the Pituitary Gland, the hormones it releases and its function in our body.
Structure and Function of
I. Pituitary Gland
II. Thyroid Gland
III. Parathyroid Gland
IV. Adrenal Glands
V. Pancreas
VI. Sex Glands
VII. Thymus
VIII. Pineal Gland
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
This is our powerpoint presentation about the Hypothalamus, its function, what hormones it secretes and its main role in our body. This also has info about the Pituitary Gland, the hormones it releases and its function in our body.
Structure and Function of
I. Pituitary Gland
II. Thyroid Gland
III. Parathyroid Gland
IV. Adrenal Glands
V. Pancreas
VI. Sex Glands
VII. Thymus
VIII. Pineal Gland
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
anatomy and physiology of adrenal cortex . detail of artery and venous supply along with histological differences of adrenal cortex . detail of biosynthesis of adrenocorticosteroids. reaction of biosynthesis of cortisol , androgen and aldosterone in different region ie. zona fasciculata, zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa respectively. biochemical function of cortisol and aldosterone along with structures. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
anatomy and physiology of adrenal cortex . detail of artery and venous supply along with histological differences of adrenal cortex . detail of biosynthesis of adrenocorticosteroids. reaction of biosynthesis of cortisol , androgen and aldosterone in different region ie. zona fasciculata, zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa respectively. biochemical function of cortisol and aldosterone along with structures. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Endocrine System Anatomy and Physiology by Vikas Chouhanvikaschouhan17
The endocrine system is the collection of gland that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
In This Presentation i have added all the content of biology chapter
Chemical Coordination and integration from Class 11 NCERT Biology....
Hope this will help you ...
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY ASHISH SENGAR (PPT).pptxAshishsengar16
AN OVERVIEW ABOUT ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY ME (ASHISH SENGAR)
I am from KANPUR (Naraina Group Of Institutions ,Faculty Of Pharmacy,panki gangagunj )
IF ANY ERROR FOUND PLEASE CONTACT ME ..
ashishsengar024@gmail.com
Credit to = ANJALI MAM
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Endocrine system- Introduction
The endocrine system comprises of all the endocrine
glands of the body like-
Pituitary gland gonads( testis and ovary)
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
pancreas gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus gland
Endocrine system consist of gland secreting hormones
essential for manitenance of homeostasis throughout
the body.
HORMONES-
These are the chemical messengers that act to control
and coordinate different functions of tissue and organs.
Various body activities like growth and development and
metabolism are also regulated by hormones.
Endocrine glands are ductless glands, thus they release their product directly into the bloodstream, and are carried to their
target cells.
Exocrine glands are duct gland they secrete their product into the duct, which are then transported to the bloodstream.
2
3. Positions of endocrine
glands in human body
These glands work in conjugation
with the nervous system and
therefore this complex of two
system is referred as the
neuroendocrine system
3
4. 1. Classification of hormones
a) lipid- soluble hormone b) water- soluble hormone
steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide amine, peptides, protein and eicosanoid hormones
5. Mechanism of action of hormones-
✔ Action of lipid soluble
hormones-
Free hormone
Reaches to the target cell
Binds to the receptors
Alteration in gene expression
New messenger RNA
Synthesis of new protein
Changes the cell activity
5
6. Mechanism of action of hormones-
✔ Action of water soluble
hormone-
Free hormone
Bind to Receptor (first messenger)
Activation of G- protein
Activation of adenylate cyclase
Convert ATP into CAMP
Activated protein kinase
Activated protein kinase phosphorylate cellular proteins
Physiological response
Phosphodiesterase inactivates CAMP 6
7. Hypothalamus-
✔ Hypothalamus is the part of brain, placed inferiorly to the thalamus.
✔ It is almond sized in human.
✔ It comprises of several groups of neuroscretory cells called nuclei, which produce hormone.
✔ Hypothalamus serves a very important role as it connects the nervous system to the endocrie
system by means of the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
7
8. Hypothalamus-
8
Structure
Anterior posterior
Involved in memory ,
learning, pupil
dilation, release ADH
Control B.P, heart
rate, release growth
hormone
middle
Thermoregulations,
anti-diuretics,
control sleep-wake
cycle,gonadotropins-
releasing hormone
9. Releasing hormone-
Stimulate pituitary gland to
secrete hormone.
Eg. Gonadotropins releasing
hormone, stimulate production and
secreation of gonadotropins.
Hypothalamus- (hormone)
Inhibiting hormone-
Inhibit the secretion of pituitary
hormone.
Eg- somatostatin inhibit the
release of growth hormone.
9
13. Pituitary gland- structure
✔ Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Pars distalis pars tuberalis pars intermedia
a) somatotrops-
Secrete G.H hormone MSH located between pars
b) lactotrophs distalis and tuberalis
Secrete Prolectin melanocyte stimulating
Formation of milk hormone
c) Corticotrophs
Secrete ACTH (glucocorticoids and steriod hormone)
d) Thyrotrophs- secrete TSH
e) gonadotrophs- LH and FSH
✔ Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Pars nervosa infendibulam
Supraoptic nucleus pars ventricular nucleus
ADH oxytosin
Mainly act on kidney stimulate uterin contraction
Reabsorption of water and milk ejection
Reduces loss of water through urine
13
14. Functions-
✔ Water reabsorption in kidney
✔ Change in skin color
✔ Uterine contraction and milk ejection
✔ Growth of tissues
✔ Production of hormone from adrenal
cortex
✔ Production of thyroid hormones
✔ Production of primary and secondary
sexual hormones 14
15. Pineal gland-
Location-
Pineal gland located in
dorsal side of forebrain
And it is known as-
biological clock
Hormone
Melatonin-
Regulate 24 hours
diurnal rhythms of body
Sleep- wake cycle and
body temperature
Functions-
It play an important role
In sleep-wake cycle,
menstrual cycle and
defense capability
15
16. Thyroid gland
✔ Location-
✔ Largest endocrine gland
✔ Located both side of
trachea
✔ Bilobed gland, thin flap
like tissue called
isthumus and calcitonin
✔ Hormone-
✔ It release T3 and T4
(thyroxine- iodine
contaning amine) and
calcitonin hormone
✔ Function-
✔ Regulate BMR
✔ Control urine output
by regulating the
working of renal
tubules
✔ Increase action of
adrenaline and nor-
adrenaline hormone 16
17. “✔ Calcitonin
Lower the level of calcium in
blood..
deposition of calcium ion
in bone
excretion of calcium ion
in urine
17
18. Parathyroid gland-
✔ Location-
✔ These are 4 in
number
✔ Located back side of
thyroid gland
✔ Also known as
collip’s hormone
✔ hormone
parathyroid hormone
or collip’s hormone
✔ Functions-
level of calcium in
blood, metabolism
of calcium ion and
other minerals in
blood plasma
18
19. Adrenal gland-
✔ Location-
✔ On anterior portion of
kidneys.
✔ Structure-
✔ Adrenal cortex-
✔ Adrenal medulla-
✔ Hormones-
✔ Adrenal cortex – (three
layers)
✔ Zona glomerular secrete-
mineralocorticoids
✔ Zona facicularis secrete-
glucocorticoids
✔ Zona reticularis- androgen
✔ Adrenal medulla- adrenaline
and nor-adrenaline
✔ Functions-
✔ Secrete hormone
during stress
(fight/flight
conditions)
✔ Maintain B.P
✔ Promote growth
19
20. Pancreas-
✔ Location-
✔ Pancreas is largest
gland located near the
duodenum and stomach,
it lies on the posterior
abdominal wall
Hormones-
Alpha cells ( A cells ) secrete
glucagon.
• Beta cells ( B cells ) secrete insulin
• Glucagon accelerates
glycogenolysis in the liver
• Glycogen Glucose in liver
• Increase blood glucose
• Insulin decreases blood
glucose levels.
✔ Functions-
✔ Digestion of proteins
✔ Digestion of fats
✔ Control blood glucose
level
20
21. Thymus-
✔ Location-
Small, pinkish-grey,
Lobular structure
Located in the
mediastinum of
thoracic cavity.
✔ Hormone-
thymosins
✔ Functions-
✔ Produce and process
T- cells
✔ Promote maturation
of T- cell and
immune system.
21
