The document summarizes the key components of the endocrine system. It discusses that the endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. It then provides details on the major endocrine glands - the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, thymus gland, and pineal gland. For each gland, it identifies the hormones produced and their roles in maintaining homeostasis and other physiological processes in the body.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
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Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
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1. Endocrine System
A JOURNEY TO CHEMICAL FACTORY.
By Ashish Sengar
(B pharm 2nd year )
DONT WATSE YOUR TIME IN THINKING ABOUT RESULT .
JUST GIVE YOUR EXCELLENT HARDWORK 😊
Reference– Tortora,Ross and Wilson
Learn with fun
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2. INTRODUCTION
1-Endocrine glands are
ductless glands which secrets
hormone direct into
bloodstream
2-It is consists of number of glands all over the
body .
The endocrine system is a system in the body
that play important role in hormone
production
3. Function of endocrine system
It is responsible for the growth and development of the human body
It plays most important role in homeostatis
It is helpful in regulating metabolism of our body
It place important role in reproduction also
It also place an important role in respond to the stimuli in nervous system
It also place important role in maintenance of carcadian Rhythm and blood
pressure
4. Hormones
Hormones are chemicals that essentially function as
messenger of the body
The Chemicals released by endocrine glands are
known as hormone
Harmons control many physiological functions as well
as psychological helps
These Chemicals combinely work for the homeostatis
of the body
These hormones are synthesized in our glands and
travels to a specific location inside the body to work.
5. Glands
Endocrine system is
consists of
following glands
Pitutary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Thymus Gland
Pancreas
6. Pitutary Gland
Anterior pitutary
TSH– (Thyroid stimulating hormone) =
It help in synthesis of T3 and T4.
FSH-(Follicle stimulating hormone) =
1. It initiate the development of ovaries.
2. It stimulate the cell to secrete estrogen
LH-(Lutenizing hormone)=
1. It Triggers ovulation .
Posterior pitutary
It does not synthesize but it only Store
hormones
Oxytocin=it functions in mother uterus
and breast.
Anti-Direutic/Vasopressin=it controls the
urine production
1. It is also known as master gland of our body,because it controls other glands
2. It is classified into two types one is interior and another is posterior
3. The hormone secreted by them are described as
7. • Prolactin =
• it helps in milk production
• In excess amount it can
cause skin darkning
. HGH-(human growth
hormone) =
• help in growth and body
development
8. Pineal Gland
This is the smallest endocrine gland ,which is located
with behind the third ventricle of the brain
It releases two hormones ---
• Melanin- it is responsible for maintaining the
crarcadian rhythm (sleep awake cycle)
• Serotonin- It is responsible for mood, sleep, digestion,
nausea, wound healing, bone health, blood clotting and
sexual desires of an individual.
9. Thyroid Gland
• The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland of butterfly shaped. It plays a major
role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body
• It releases hormones like T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetraiodothyronine) and
Calcitonin
• These hormones play an important role in regulation of your weight, energy
levels, internal temperature, skin, hair, nail growth, metabolism while
calcitonin maintains the calcium level
10. Parathyroid Gland
It is located just behind thyroid gland and are about the size of grain and 4
in number.
Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which plays a key role
in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood. Precise calcium levels are
important in the human body, b/c small changes can cause muscle and
nerve problems.
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are small,
triangularshaped glands located on top of both kidneys.
Adrenal glands produce hormones that help to regulate your metabolism,
immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential
functions.
11. Hormones Of Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands make the hormones---
Cortisol- it regulates blood sugar level muscle strength and blood
pressure.
Adrenaline- adrenaline release into the body during times of stress
or danger.
Aldosterone-it is responsible for maintaining the salt and water
balance in the body.
Norepinephrine-It is helpful in nerve signaling and also k/a
noradrenaline.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-DHEA helps produce other
hormones, including testosterone. and estrogen. Natural DHEA
levels peak in early adulthood and then slowly fall as your age.
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12. Thymus Gland
• The thymus is located in the upper front
part of the chest, behind the sternum, and
in front of the heart.
• It is made up of two lobes, each consisting
of a central medulla and an outer cortex,
surrounded by a capsule.
• This only gland has both immune and
endocrine functions.
• It starts decreasing it’s function and size
after an age in older adults.
13. Thymus Hormones
The thymus produces several hormones. Most notably, it produces thymosin,
which stimulates T cell (CD4) production.
thymus also synthesizes hormones such as insulin and melatonin.
Some researcher says that T lymphocytes are matured in thymus to fight from
foreign body but actually synthesized in bone marrow.
PANCREAS=
It act as both endocrine and exocrine gland .
It is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach.
pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break
down sugars, fats, and starches.
Insulin and glucagon are to major hormones produced by them
14. Pancreas Hormones
Pancreatic islets of langerhans-(It is a group of cells inside
pancreas including α,β,Δ and F-cells )
It releases many hormones like
Glucagon- It is released by α cell and increase the
glucose level in blood
Insulin- it is released by β cell and controls random blood
sugar
Somatostatis- It is secreted by Δ (delta) cell and inhibits
the secretion
Pancreatic polypeptide - (by F-cell) main function as an
important feedback inhibitor of pancreatic secretion after
a meal
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ME
Reference Book - TORTORA AND ROSS AND WILSON
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