The document discusses the major endocrine glands of the human body, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads and pineal gland. It provides details on the location, function and hormones secreted by each gland. It also discusses hormones of the hypothalamus and how it regulates the pituitary gland. Conditions related to imbalances of certain hormones are mentioned, as well as feedback mechanisms involved in regulating blood glucose, calcium and other electrolyte levels. Diagrams illustrate the anatomy and cellular structure of each endocrine gland.
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BIOLOGY CLASS 11TH DHARUN MUGHILAN
It has every topic covered with highlighted and italicized text.
more images than in the textbook. Easy wording. Brief explanation. Catchy sentences. New diagrams.
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BIOLOGY CLASS 11TH DHARUN MUGHILAN
It has every topic covered with highlighted and italicized text.
more images than in the textbook. Easy wording. Brief explanation. Catchy sentences. New diagrams.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY ASHISH SENGAR (PPT).pptxAshishsengar16
AN OVERVIEW ABOUT ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY ME (ASHISH SENGAR)
I am from KANPUR (Naraina Group Of Institutions ,Faculty Of Pharmacy,panki gangagunj )
IF ANY ERROR FOUND PLEASE CONTACT ME ..
ashishsengar024@gmail.com
Credit to = ANJALI MAM
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY ASHISH SENGAR (PPT).pptxAshishsengar16
AN OVERVIEW ABOUT ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY ME (ASHISH SENGAR)
I am from KANPUR (Naraina Group Of Institutions ,Faculty Of Pharmacy,panki gangagunj )
IF ANY ERROR FOUND PLEASE CONTACT ME ..
ashishsengar024@gmail.com
Credit to = ANJALI MAM
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
5. PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)
A small bean-shaped gland
at the base of the brain,
located in a bony cavity
in the base of the skull
– the sella turcica.
- secretions control the other
endocrine glands and influence
growth, metabolism, and
maturation
-the gland is divided into:
a) anterior pituitary
- adenohypophysis
b) posterior pituitary
- neurohypophysis
or pars nervosa
6.
7. Parts of Anterior pituitary ( Adenohypophysis)
Thin zone of
basophilic cells
Consist of
basophilic
secretory cells.
Consist of secretory cells called
chromophils (include acidophils and
basophils) and chromophobes
The pars intermedia is a thin cell
layer between the pars distalis and
the neurohypophysis.
The pars distalis is the largest part
of the hypophysis.
The pars tuberalis
surrounds the neural
stalk.
8. Parts of Posterior pituitary ( Neurohypophysis )
The median eminence is located at the
base of the hypothalamus from which
extends the pituitary stalk or
infundibulum, in which are located the
unmyelinated axons that extend from the
neurons in the hypothalamus. The large
portion of the neurohypophysis is the pars
nervosa that contains the unmyelinated
axons of secretory hypothalamic neurons,
their endings with hormones, and the
supportive cells, called pituicytes.
10. Hypothalamus
• The hypothalamus’ main role is to keep the body in homeostasis as much as possible.
• The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormone
production.
• The hypothalamus acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems
to achieve this. It plays a part in many essential functions of the body such as:
• body temperature , thirst, appetite and weight control
• Emotions ,sleep cycles, sex drive, childbirth, blood pressure and heart rate, production of
digestive juices balancing bodily fluids.
• As different systems and parts of the body send signals to the brain, they alert the
hypothalamus to any unbalanced factors that need addressing. The hypothalamus then
responds by releasing the right hormones into the bloodstream to balance the body. Ex: If the
hypothalamus receives a signal that the internal temperature is too high, it will tell the body to
sweat. If it receives the signal that the temperature is too cold, the body will create its own
heat by shivering.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312628#hormones-of-the-hypothalamus
11.
12. Hormones of the Hypothalamus
• The hypothalamus is highly involved in pituitary gland function. When it receives a signal from the nervous system, the
hypothalamus secretes substances known as neurohormones that start and stop the secretion of pituitary hormones.
Primary hormones secreted by the hypothalamus include:
• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): This hormone increases water absorption into the blood by the kidneys.
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): CRH sends a message to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal
glands to release corticosteroids, which help regulate metabolism and immune response.
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which work together to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes.
• Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or growth hormone-inhibiting) hormone (GHIH (also known as
somatostain): GHRH prompts the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone (GH); GHIH has the opposite effect. In
children, GH is essential to maintaining a healthy body composition. In adults, it aids healthy bone and muscle mass and
affects fat distribution.
• Oxytocin: Oxytocin is involved in a variety of processes, such as orgasm, the ability to trust, body temperature, sleep cycles,
and the release of breast milk.
• Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) or prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (also known as dopamine): PRH prompts the
anterior pituitary to stimulate breast milk production through the production of prolactin. Conversely, PIH inhibits prolactin,
and thereby, milk production.
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): TRH triggers the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates
release of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy, and growth and development.
13. Adrenal Gland
• The adrenal glands are
endocrine glands located at
the top of kidneys.
• Each adrenal gland is
composed to two
structures: the adrenal
cortex and adrenal
medulla.
14. Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal
Cortex
Adrenal Cortex
ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENAL
MEDULLA
outer layer consists of cords epithelial
secretory cells, arranged in 3 different
patterns and layers:
inner layer; consists of
polyhedral cells arranged in
cords or clumps
15. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/1818_The_Adrenal_Glands.jpg
Help in the regulation of blood
pressure and electrolyte
balance.
Their functions include the
regulation of metabolism and
immune system suppression
Androgens that are converted to
fully functional sex hormones in
the gonads and other target organs
Secrete cathecholamines which
produce a rapid
response throughout the body
in stress situations.
16. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders
Medical Illustra5th Ed.
MINERALOCORTICOID
17. Helps the body adapt to stress
and repair damaged tissues
GLUCOCORTICOID
Anti-inflammatory effect, &
widely used in ointments to
relieve swelling & other signs
of inflammation
18. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders Medical Illustra5th Ed.
19. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders Medical Illustra5th Ed.
20. https://www.austincc.edu/apreview/PhysText/Endocrine.html
Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. It has a
controlling effect on salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure.
hypothalamic–
pituitary–
adrenal (HPA)
axis
21. Hormones and Stress
• any condition
that threatens
homeostasis.
• It is our bodies
response to
stress-causing
factors.
Stress GAS (General Adaptation
Syndrome)
23. 3 Stage of GAS
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and- answers/following-graphic-line-fight-flight-occur-mark-place- q44607267
24. p.229 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders Medical Illustra5th Ed.
25. Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)
- compact spherical or egg-shaped masses of endocrine
tissue embedded within the exocrine tissue of pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
26. The Endocrine Pancreas
Clusters of
endocrine cells
within the
pancreas called
Islets of
Langerhans or
pancreatic islets
27. PANCREATIC HORMONES
Clusters of endocrine cells, the
islets of Langerhans, are scattered
throughout the exocrine tissue of
the pancreas. Each islet has a
population of alpha cells, which
produce the hormone glucagon,
and a population of beta cells,
which produce the hormone
insulin. Somatostatin inhibits
secretion of (from delta cells)
insulin and glucagon.
https://www.api.simply.science/images/content/biology/human_physiology/endocri
ne_reproductive_system/conceptmap/Pancreas.html
28. PANCREATIC HORMONES
G cells- secrete gastrin which stimulates
the stomach acid secretion, motility and
emptying.
-inhibit gallbladder contraction and
secretion of pancreatic digestive
enzymes
29. Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations
https://www.atrainceu.com/content/4-regulation-blood-glucose
• Too little glucose,
hypoglycemia
• Too much
glucose
hypergLYCEmia.
• Blood sugar within the
normal range.
• Euglycemia
30. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Scanlon, Valerie and Sanders, Tina Sanders
Medical Illustra5th Ed.
32. • Located in the anterior part of the
neck;
• With butterfly-shaped organ and is
composed of two cone-like lobes or
wings, (right lobe and left lobe),
connected by isthmus.
• It produces hormones
namely, triiodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4) that regulate the rate of
metabolism and affect the growth and
rate of function of many other
systems in the body and calcitonin,
which plays a role in calcium
homeostasis.
Thyroid Gland
One of the largest endocrine glands, with a
weight of approximately 20 gram.
33. Thyroid Gland
Composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.
35. Thyroid follicles
Colloid
Cuboidal Epithelial
cells
The functional unit (parenchyma) of the thyroid gland
The follicles are variable in size
and contain a homogenous colloid
Spheroidal structures composed
of a single layer of cuboidal
epithelial cells
36. Amino acid
Found in many
foods
released into the blood
stream & are transported
throughout the body control
metabolism
40. Parathyroid Gland
- small endocrine glands closely
associated with thyroid glands
- the glandular cells are of two
types:
a) chief or principal cells
b) oxyphil cells
- the glandular cells are
arranged as clusters,
ribbons or glands
41. •The parathyroid glands are four or more small
glands, in the neck about the size of a grain of rice,
located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. It
produce parathyroid hormone that act to increase
blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to
release calcium from the bone.
42. Thyroid
follicles
(Thyroid gland)
Parathyroid Gland
Chief cells
Oxyphil cells
• Chief cells– The role of this cell type is
to secrete parathyroid hormone. They
contain prominent Golgi apparatus and
endoplasmic reticulum to allow for the
synthesis and secretion of parathyroid
hormone. The chief cells are the
smaller of the two cell types, however
they are more abundant.
• Oxyphil cells– These cells are much
larger but less abundant than chief
cells. Their purpose is unknown. It is
interesting to note however that the
number of oxyphil cells increases with
age and few are seen before puberty.
Cells within the parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cells contain abundant mitochondria, do
not secrete PTH, but may differentiate into chief
cells (Histology at a glance)
45. Pineal Gland
• Contains masses of
neuroglia and
secretory cells called
pinealocytes.
• Synthesize melatonin
• Melatonin has important effects in
integrating photoperiod and affecting
circadian rhythms.
• Consequently, it has been reported to
have significant effects on
reproduction, sleep-wake cycles and
other phenomena showing circadian
rhythm.
47. The infundibulum connects the hypophysis
with the hypothalamus at the base of the
brain.
https://radiopaedia.org/images/31285207?lang=gb
Posterior Pituitary Gland
48. Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a pea-sized structure at the base of
the brain. It's sometimes known as the "cuddle hormone" or the "love hormone," because it is released when
people snuggle up or bond socially
https://www.naturalbirthandbabycare.com/will-real-oxytocin-please-stand/
Oxytocin
49. • Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter and a hormone that
is produced in the hypothalamus. From there, it is
transported to and secreted by the pituitary gland,
at the base of the brain.
• It plays a role in the female reproductive functions,
from sexual activity to childbirth and breast
feeding.
50. p.639 Copy of the Principles of Anatomy & Physiology,
59. 11. It is known as a hypoglycemic hormone
a.Thyroid hormone
b.Insulin
c. Glucagon
d.Parathyroid hormone
60. 12. A hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium in the body
fluid and excrete potassium
• A. Cortisol
• B. PTH
• C. Aldosterone
• D. Renin
61. 13. It stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
(mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex.
• A. Calcitonin
• B. GH
• C. ACTH
• D. PTH
62. • A. follicular cells
• B. chief cells
• C. alpha cells
• D. parafollicular cells
14. Calcitonin (CT), is the hormone being produced by _____ of
thyroid gland.
63. •The ____ acts as the
connector between the
endocrine and nervous .
15.
64.
65. Instruction: Identify the different types of endocrine glands of the body.
HYPOTHALAMUS
PARATHYROID GLAND
THYROID GLAND
TESTIS
OVARIES
PANCREAS
ADRENAL GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
66. ANSWERS
• 9. Alpha cells
• 10. Beta cell
• 11. B insulin
• 12. C. aldosterone
• 13. C. ACTH
• 14. D. parafollicular cells
• 15. hypothalamus