The document provides an overview of endocrine glands and hormones, specifically focusing on the gonads: testes and ovaries. It details the hormones produced, including testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, and relaxin, as well as their functions in regulating reproductive processes. Additionally, it outlines disorders related to hormonal secretion, such as hypogonadism and precocious puberty.

2. CONTENT
 Endocrine Glands
 Gonads
1. Testes
o Testosterone
2. Ovary
o Estrogens
o Progesterone
o Relaxin
3. Disorders

3. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 Definition-Organs that secrete hormones.
 Also called Ductless glands.
HORMONES
 Definition-Are chemical messengers that
regulate the biological processes in
organisms.
 Types(on basis of chemical composition)-
1.Peptide hormones-ex. Insulin
2.Steroid hormones-ex. Testosterone

5. GONADS
TESTES OVARY
•Origin-From embryonic mesoderm.
•Hormones-Besides producing gametes,
they produce sex hormones on the onset of
puberty.
•Function-Develop reproductive organs
and accessory characters.

6. TESTES
 Position-Scrotal sac
 Hormones-Androgens
such as testosterone(95%),
androsterone,
epiandrosterone and
dehydroxyepiandrosterone.
 Secreted by- Leydig’s or
interstitial cells.
 Stimulated by-Luteinising
hormone.

7. TESTOSTERONE
 Nature-Steroid hormone
 Secreted by-testes in males ,ovaries in female
and by adrenal gland in small amount.
 Is the primary male sex hormone.
Functions-
1. Stimulates development of male reproductive
organs and male accessory characters.
2. Stimulates the formation of sperms
(spermatogenesis).

8. REGULATION

9. OVARY
 Position-Lower abdomen
 Hormones-1.Estrogens
such as estrone(produced
during
menopause),estediol(pred
ominant in nonpregnant
females) and estriol(in
pregnancy)
2.Progesterone(Hormones
of pregnancy)
3.Relaxin

10. ESTROGEN
 Nature-Steroid hormone
 Secreted by-Developing Follicles in ovaries,
the placenta.
 Stimulated by-Follicle stimulating
hormones
Functions-
1. Stimulates development of female
reproductive organs and female accessory
characters.
2. Stimulates the formation of ova (oogenesis).

11. PROGESTRONE
 Nature-Steroid hormone
 Secreted by-Corpus luteum and during
pregnancy, by placenta
 Stimulated by-Luteinising hormone
Function-
1. Prepares uterus for implantation.
2. Suspends ovulation during pregnancy.
3. Suppresses maternal immunity to allow
acceptance of pregnancy .
4. Inhibits lactation during pregnancy.

12. RELAXIN
 Nature-Peptide hormone
 Secreted by-Corpus luteum at the end of
the gestation period
Function-Widening of pelvic at time of
birth.

13. REGULATION

14. Disorders
Hypogonadism
(hypo secretion)
Primary
Hypogonadism
Secondary
Hypogonadism
Hyper
secretion
Precocious
Puberty