Chemical coordination in multicellular organisms involves the release of specific chemicals by groups of cells to regulate other cells' activities, primarily governed by the endocrine system and its glands. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, each secreting hormones with distinct functions critical to metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Hormones like insulin and glucagon from the pancreas regulate blood sugar levels, while thyroid hormones influence overall metabolic processes, and disorders in hormone levels can lead to various health issues.

1. CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND
INTEGRATION ?
© All Right Reserved By Gurleen Jaura

2. WHAT IS CHEMICAL COORDINATION ?
• It is the type of coordination present between the cells
or different organs within the body of multicellular
organisms. In this kind of coordination a group of cells
releases specific chemicals, which regulates the
activities of other cell of the body.

3. HOW IS CHEMICAL COORDINATION
REGULATED?
• Chemical Coordination is regulated by endocrine
glands.
WHAT ARE ENDOCRINE GLANDS ?
•Endocrine glands are organs in the body that produce
hormones which are released directly into the blood
stream. Together these glands make up the endocrine
system.

4. WHAT IS IT’S FUNCTION ?
• It performs essential functions like regulating metabolism, growth and
reproduction.
WHAT ARE HORMONES?
Hormones are non-nutrient chemical which act as
intercellular messengers and are produced in trace
amount.

5. HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ?

6. TYPES OF GLAND OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM :-

7. HYPOTHALAMUS:-
• Location:- It’s located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland.
• It contain several group of neurosecretory cell which produced
hormones which are called nuclei.
• These hormones regulate the synthesis and secretion of pituitary
glands.

8. HYPOTHALAMUS PRODUCE TWO TYPES OF
HORMONES:-
• Which stimulates the secretion of
pituitary hormones
• For e.g. gonadotrophin releasing
hormone stimulates the pituitary
synthesis and secrete gonadotrophin.
The
releasing
hormones
• Which inhibit the secretions of
pituitary hormones
• For e.g. somatostatin from
hypothalamus inhibit the release of
growth hormone from the pituitary.
The
inhibiting
hormones

9. • The hormone are originated in hypothalamic neurons pass through axon and are
released from nerve endings.
• These hormones reach the pituitary gland through a portal circulatory system and
regulates the function of the anterior pituitary.

10. PITUITARY GLAND:-
• Location:- The pituitary gland is located in bony cavity called Sella turcica and is attached to
hypothalamus by a stalk.

11. It is anatomically divide into:-
Pituitary gland
adenohypophysis neurohypophysis

12. Adenohypophysis
Consist of two portion’s
Pars distalis region
Also know as anterior pituitary.
Pars intermedia
It is almost merged with pars distalis

13. Hormones
produced by
anterior pituitary
Growth Hormone
prolactin
Thyroid stimulating
hormone
Luteinizing
hormone
Adrenocortico -
trohics
hormones

14. • Pars Intermedia secretes only one hormone called melanocyte stimulating
hormone.
• Neurohypophysis is also know as posterior pituitary.
Posterior
pituitary secrete
Oxytocin vasopressin
These hormones are actually
synthesised by the hypothalamus
and
Are transported to
neurohypophysis

15. DISORDERS OF GROWTH HORMONE:-
Growth
hormone
disorders
Gigantism
Due to over
secretion of
growth hormone
Dwarfism
Due to less
secretion of
growth hormone

16. FUNCTION OF HORMONES SECRETED
BY THE PITUITARY GLAND

17. ACTHTSHProlactin
Prolacti
n
It regulates
the growth
of the
mammary
glands and
formation
of milk
Thyroid
stimulating
Hormone
It stimulates the
synthesis and
secretion of
thyroid
hormones from
the thyroid
gland.
Adrenocortic
ot- rophic
hormones
It stimulates the
synthesis and
secretion of
hormones called
gonadotrophins
from adrenal cortex.

18. MALE
It stimulate the
synthesis and secretion
of hormone called
androgens from testis.
FEMALE
It stimulates the ovaries to
produce estrogen and
progesterone.
It promotes the development
of the corpus luteum.
Role of Luteinizing
hormones.

19. MALE
It regulate
spermatogenesis. In
males
FEMALE
It stimulates the growth
and development of the
ovarian follicles in female.
Role of Follicle
stimulating hormones.

20. Vasopressi
n
OXYTOCINMSH
Melanocyte
stimulating
hormone
It regulates
pigmentati
on of the
skin.
It stimulates the
contraction of
muscles. In
Females it
stimulates a
vigorous
contraction of
uterus at the
time of child
birth and milk
ejection from the
mammary gland.
It acts mainly at the
kidney and
stimulates
reabsorption of
water and
electrolytes by the
distal tubules and
reduce the loss of
water through urine.
It is also called as
anti-diuretic
hormone

21. -
Location:-
These glands are located in
dorsal side of for brain
Pineal secretes a hormone called
Melatonin
Hormone
Secreted:-
Examples:-
Rhythm Of sleep-wake
cycle,
Body temperature
The Pineal Gland:-
Role of Pineal
Gland:-
It helps in maintaining
The normal body
rhythms.

22. PINEAL GLAND:-

23. THYROID GLAND:-
• This gland is composed of follicles and stromal tissues each thyroid
follicle is composed of follicular cells, enclosing a cavity.
• These follicular cells synthesis two hormones
1.Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine.
2. Triiodothyronine.
Location:- The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front
of the neck just below the Adams apple.

24. 03
02
01
Role Of Thyroid
gland:-
This hormone
control the
metabolism of
carbohydrates,
proteins and fats.
Maintenance of water
and electrolyte balance
is influenced by thyroid
gland.
Thyroid glands also
secrete a protein
hormone called
thyrocalcitonin which
regulates the blood
calcium levels.

25. PROBLEMS CAUSED DUE TO DISORDER OF
THYROID GLAND AND WHY IS IODINE ESSENTIAL
FOR
US:-

26. Iodine is essential for the
normal rate of hormones
synthesis in the thyroid.
Deficiency of iodine in our diet
results in hypothyroidism and
enlargement of the thyroid gland
commonly called goiter
What Happen when
hypothyroidism
ocuur in pregnancy?
What happen
due to
deficiency of
iodine
Q1
Q2
Q3
If hypthyrodism occur during
pregnancy
This may cause s defective
development
and maturation of the growing
baby
Leading to stunted growth,

27. PARATHYROID GLAND:-
• In humans four parathyroid glands are present.
• Location- It is present on the back side of the thyroid gland.
• Hormone Secreted:- These glands secrete a peptide hormone called
parathyroid hormone and its secretion is regulated by the circulating levels
of calcium ions.
• Role:-
1. It increases the calcium levels in blood.
2. It stimulates reabsorption Ca2+ of by renal tubules and increase
absorption of Ca2+ from the digested food.

28. THYMUS:-
• Location:- It is located in the dorsal side of the heart and
the aorta.
• Hormone Secreted:- this gland secrete the peptide
hormones called thymosin.
• Role Of this Gland:-
1. This gland play major role in the development of the
immune system.
2. It promote production of antibodies to provide
humoral immunity.

29. ADRENAL GLAND:-
• Our body has one pair of adrenal glands.
• Location:- They are located on top of each kidney.
These gland are composed of
two types of tissues.
Adrenal
Medulla
Adrenal
Cortex

30. These are commonly called as
Catecholamines

31. • Function’s of Adrenaline And Noradrenaline:-
• These hormones are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during
emergency situation and are called as emergency hormones or hormones of fight.
• These hormones increase alertness, sweating , piloerection (raising of hairs),
pupillary dilation .
• Both these hormones increase the heart beat, the strength of heart contraction and
rate of reparations.
• These hormones also stimulates the breakdown of glycogen result in increased
concentration of glucose in blood and also stimulates the breakdown of lipids and
proteins.

32. Adrenal Cortex is divided into 3
layers :-
Zona Reticularis
(inner layer)
Zona Fasciculata
(Middle Layer)
Zona
Glomerulosa
(Outer Layer)

33. HORMONES SECRETED BY ADRENAL CORTEX AND IT TYPES :-
• Hormones:-
• The adrenal cortex secrete many hormones which are known as corticoids.
• The corticoids which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called glucocorticoids. In
our body cortisol in the main glucocorticoid.
• The corticoids which are involved in regulation of balance of water and electrolytes in our
body called mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone are the main mineralocorticoid in our body.

34. FUNCTION’S:-
• Glucocorticoids stimulate glycogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis and inhibit cellular uptake and
utilisation of amino acids.
• Cortisol is also involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system as well as the kidney
functions.
• Cortisol stimulates the RBC production.
• Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal tubule and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ and water
and excretion of K+ and phosphate ions.
• Aldosterone helps in the maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure
and blood pressure.
• Small amount of androgenic steroids are also secreted by the adrenal cortex which help in
the growth of axial hair, pubic hair and facial hair during puberty.

35. PANCREAS:-
• Pancreas is a Composite Gland
which acts as both exocrine and
endocrine gland.
• Location:- it is located behind
the stomach

36. • The endocrine pancreas consists of Islets of Langerhans. These are about 1-2 million
Islets of Langerhans in a normal human pancreas representing only 1-2 % of the
pancreatic tissues.
Islets of
Langerhans consist
of two main cells:-
α cells Β cells

37. Function of
α cell
Secrete
hormone called
Glucagon.
β cell
Secrete
hormone called
insuline

38. • Glucagon is a peptide hormone, and plays an important role in
maintaining the normal blood glucose levels.
• Glucagon acts mainly on the liver cells and stimulates
glycogenolysis resulting in an increased blood sugar.
• Glucagon reduces the cellular glucose uptake and utilisation
• Glucagon is a hyperglycaemic ( condition in which an excessive amount
of glucose circulates in the blood plasma) hormone.
Glucagon :-

39. INSULIN:-
• Insulin is a peptide hormone, and plays a major role in the regulation of glucose
homeostasis. ( the process by which the levels of blood sugar, primarily glucose, are
maintained by the body within a narrow range)
• Insulin acts mainly on hepatocytes (a liver cell) and adipocytes (cells of adipose
tissue) and enhance cellular glucose uptake and utilisation as a result, there is a rapid
movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in
decreased blood glucose level.
• Prolonged hyperglycaemia leads to complex disorder called diabetes mellitus which
is associated with loss of glucose through urine and formation of harmful compounds
known as ketone bodies.
• Diabetic patients are successfully treated with insulin therapy.

40. TESTIS:-
• Location:- A pair of testis is present in
the scrotal sac in males.
• Testis performs dual function as a
primary sex organ as well as an
endocrine gland.

41. Testis is
composed of :-
Seminiferous
tubules
Interstitial
tissues/stromal

42. • The Leydig cell or interstitial cells which are present in the intertubular spaces
produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone.
• Function of Androgens:-
1. 1. it regulate the development, maturation and function of the male
accessory sex organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesical, prostate
glands, urethra etc.
2. These hormones stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary
hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc.
3. These glands play a major role in stimulating the process of
spermatogenesis (formation of spermatozoa).
4. Androgens act on the CNS and influence the male sexual behaviour (libido).
5. These hormones produce anabolic (synthetic) effects on protein and
carbohydrate metabolism.

43. OVARY:-
• Location:- Females have pair of
ovaries located in the abdomen.
• Ovary is the primary female sex
organ which produce ovum during
menstrual cycle.

44. Ovary is
composed of :-
Ovarian
follicles
Stromal tissue

45. Hormones
secreted by
ovary:-
Estrogon
progesterone

46. • The estrogen is synthesised and secreted mainly by the growing
ovarian follicles after ovulation, the ruptured follicle is
converted to a structure called corpus luteum, which secretes
mainly progesterone.
• Functions of estrogen :-
1. Estrogen produce wide ranging action such as stimulation of
growth and activities of female secondary sex organs,
development of growing ovarian follicles, appearance of
female secondary sex character, mammary gland
development.
2. Estrogen also regulate female sexual behaviour.

47. FUNCTION OF PROGESTERONE:-
1. It supports pregnancy.
2. Progesterone also act on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation
of alveoli (sac like structure which store milk) and milk secretion.

48. HORMONES OF HEART, KIDNEY AND
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:-
1. Heart:- The atrial walls of our heart secretes a very important peptide
hormone called atrial natriuretic factor which decreases blood pressure.
When blood pressure increased atrial natriuretic factor is secreted which
causes dilation of the blood vessels and reduce blood pressure.
2. Kidney:- The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormones
called erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of RBC).

49. Endocrine cells present in different parts of gastro intestinal tract
secrete four major peptide hormones:-
Gastrointestinal
tract:-
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory
peptide

50. FUNCTION OF HORMONES SECRETED BY GASTROINTESTINAL-
TRACT:-
1. Gastrin:- It acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric
acid and pepsinogen.
2. Secretin:- it acts on exocrine pancreas and stimulates secretion of water
and bicarbonate ions.
3. Cholecystokinin:- It acts on both enzymes and bile juice, respectively.
4. Gastric inhibitory Peptides:- It inhibits gastric secretion and motility.
• Several other non-endocrine tissues secrete hormones called growth factors these
factors are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their repairing/regeneration.

51. MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION:-
• Hormones produce their effect on target tissue by binding to specific protein
called hormone receptor located in the target tissue only.
• Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are
called membrane bound receptors and the receptors present inside the target
cell are called intracellular receptors, mostly nuclear receptors (present in the
nucleus).
• Binding of a hormone to its receptors leads to the formation of a hormone
receptor complex.

52. ON THE BASIS OF THEIR CHEMICAL NATURE,
HORMONES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO GROUPS:-
Hormones
Peptide,
polypeptide, protein
hormones.
Steroids. iodothyronines
Amino-acid
derivatives
Eg:- insulin, glucagon,
pituitary gland
Eg:- cortisol,
testosterone
Eg:- thyroid
hormones
Eg:- epinephrine

53. • Hormones which interact with membrane bound receptors normally do not
enter the target cell, but generate second messengers which in turn regulate
cellular metabolism.
• Hormones which interact with intracellular receptor mostly regulates gene
expression or chromosome function by the interaction of hormone- receptor
complex with genome.