The document discusses different methods of encoding, including binary encoding, which represents data as strings of 1s and 0s. It also mentions encoding techniques like octal encoding, hexadecimal encoding, and permutation encoding. Genetic algorithms are commonly used to solve optimization problems, with chromosomes represented as binary-coded strings. The length of these strings determines the solution accuracy. Encoding translates information into a format that can be processed or transmitted, while decoding translates it back to the original format.

2.  A digital circuit that produces a binary output
code depending on which of its inputs are
activated.
 There are many ways of representing individual
genes.
 Holland(1975)worked with string bits but we can
use arrays ,trees, lists or any other objects.

3.  The inverse operation of a decoder
 Has 2n input lines and N input lines the output
lines generate the binary equivalent of the input
line whose value is 1.
4-2 binary
encoder
z1
z2
10
11
12
13

4.  Binary Encoding
 Octal Encoding
 Hexadecimal Encoding
 Permutation Encoding
 Value Encoding
 Tree Encoding

5.  Each bit says if the thing in knapsack or not.
 Binary encoding in order to use GA to solve the
maximization or minimization problem.
 Binary-coded strings having 1s and 0s are mostly
used.
 the length of the string is usually determined
according to the desired solution accuracy.
Chromosome A 101101100011
Chromosome B 010011001100

6.  If we want to code a two variable function
assuming four bits are used for each variable we
represent the two variables X1,X2 as(1011 0110)
 A four bit string can represent the integers from
0-15(0000 0000) and(1111 1111) represent the
x1,x2.

7. 1 0 0 1
1*2^0=1
0*2^1=0
0*2^2=0
1*2^=8
9total

8. example:
 A four bit string(0111)has a decoded value equal to
To find what value of 4bit string of x(i)=(1010)
 Hence the accuracy that can be obtained with a four
bit code 1/16th of search space.
 For continuous design variable the precision required
then string length ‘S’ Should be equal to
2^3*0+2^2*1+2^1*1+2^0*1=7
S=log2(x^u-x^l)

9.  Encoding the translation of a local internet
format.
 Encoding individual components
 Allocating send buffer as a necessary
 Writing the transfer value into the send buffer.

10.  Error correction vs compression the simplest
parity control error deletion encoding.
 AUTOMATIC PROCESSING:
The information about space time and frequency
that occurs without thinking.
ENCODE
R2N
INPUT
N
OUTPUT

11. Encoding
source message
channel
receive
s
effect
decode
feedback

12. FRAMEWORKS OF KNOWLEDGE
RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION
TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

13. RELATION OF PRODUCTION:
Is a concept frequently used by karlmarx and
friendrich engles in their theory of historical
materiallism and in a das kapital.
TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE:
The entire collection of
hardware,software,network,data centers develop
test,operate,monitor,manage and support IT
services.

14.  We started with an overview of the major types
of writing systems and the languages that they
are used with then you learned how the character
representing human languages are stored at the
machine level you have seen that a wide range of
encodings evolved before the concept to
approach overcome the babel of codes.

15.  The encoding of a message is the protection of
the message …… the decoding of a message is
how an audience member is able to understand.
FRAMEWORKS OF KNOWLEDGE:
The knowledge framework is a powerful
organization tool that improves organization tool
that improves students ability and organize the
material.