This document discusses emphysema in a 65-year-old female nurse who smokes heavily. It provides an introduction to emphysema, noting that damage to alveoli reduces lung surface area and oxygen exchange. It describes expected abnormalities in flow-volume curves for this patient and factors contributing to weight loss, including anorexia and increased work of breathing. Finally, it outlines pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and antibiotics, as well as non-pharmacological options such as smoking cessation, education and lifestyle changes for emphysema management.

1. Emphysema

2. Case summary
֍ 65 single female
֍ Shortness of breath on exercise, cough
, fatigue, poor appetite and gradual
weight loss.
֍ She was a nurse and a heavy smoker.

3. Learning Objectives:
1. Introduction to emphysema.
2. How flow volume curve is expected to be in this case.
3. What cause weight loss in this case.
4. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

4. Learning Objectives:
Introduction to emphysema.
How flow volume curve is expected to be in this case.
What cause weight loss in this case.
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

5. Introduction
Emphysema
• Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath.
• The air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged.
• Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture
creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones.

6. Introduction cont
Emphysema
• This reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount
of oxygen that reaches the bloodstream.
• During exhalation, the damaged alveoli don't work properly and old
air becomes trapped, leaving no room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to
enter.

7. Introduction cont

8. Learning Objectives:
1. Introduction to emphysema.
2. How flow volume curve is expected to be in this case.
3. What cause weight loss in this case.
4. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

9. Flow volume loops
Peak Expiratory
Flow Rate
(PEFR)

10. Flow volume loops cont

11. Learning Objectives:
1. Introduction to emphysema.
2. How flow volume curve is expected to be in this case.
3. What cause weight loss in this case.
4. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

12. Reasons of weight loss in emphysema patient cont

13. Learning Objectives:
1. Introduction to emphysema.
2. How flow volume curve is expected to be in this case.
3. What cause weight loss in this case.
4. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

14. Non- Pharmacological Treatment
Patient
Education
Smoking
Cessation
Healthy
Lifestyle
Changes

15. Pharmacological Treatment
Bronchodilators
 B-adrenergic agonists
 Anti-muscarinic
 Thephyllines
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Antibiotics
Corticosteroids

16. Other therapeutic measures

17. Summary
 Anorexia, dyspnea and protein breakdown are factors
participate in the weight lost in case of emphysema.

18. References:

19. Questions?

20. Thank you 
