Case presentation on bronchial asthma, respiratory disorder, Introduction-Definition-History collection-Physical examination-lab diagnosis- nursing diagnosis of asthma, treatment of asthma
A 48-year old female patient presented with breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough with expectoration for one day. Her medical history noted these symptoms for 7 days. On examination, she had an elevated pulse, respiratory rate, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and eosinophils. A spirometry test found her FEV1 to be 62% of expected. She was diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of asthma and prescribed bronchodilators, antibiotics, leukotriene inhibitors, and vitamins supplements over 5 days.
This document discusses three cases of tuberculosis (TB). The first case involves a 52-year-old Hispanic female presenting with cough, sputum, fatigue, and blood in her sputum. Examination finds lymph nodes and rales in her left lung. Tests show a positive PPD test and cavitary lesions on her chest X-ray, confirming active pulmonary TB. The second case is about a man referred for cough and fever, with bilateral pneumonia and apical involvement on chest X-ray. Sputum smear confirms acid-fast bacilli, and TB is diagnosed. He refuses admission and treatment. The third case discusses a woman diagnosed with sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB who stops treatment and attending follow
acute gastroenteritis, case presentation < sabrina >Sabrina AD
This document provides information about a 6 year and 4 month old male Chinese patient named Jackson Tea Jia Sheng who was admitted to the hospital due to vomiting and diarrhea for the past 2 days. The patient's medical history including past illness, family history, birth details, development, and immunization status are documented. The physical examination findings show the patient is alert and interacting well without signs of dehydration, and vital signs are normal. The system examinations including respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems are unremarkable.
This document presents the clinical case of a 22-year-old male patient admitted with right-sided pleural effusion. The patient presented with 14 days of high fever, right chest pain, and cough with white sputum. Examination found decreased breath sounds and dullness on the right chest. Tests showed an exudative pleural effusion. The patient was empirically treated with analgesics, PPIs, antibiotics including amoxicillin, azithromycin and levofloxacin, and antitussives following treatment guidelines. The treatment provided symptomatic relief and no adverse drug reactions occurred.
An 8-year-old male child presented with a 1-month history of cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. He had been previously diagnosed with asthma 2 years prior. His physical exam and tests showed signs consistent with an asthma exacerbation. He was started on medications including inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and oral steroids to treat his symptoms and prevent future attacks. Nursing care focused on teaching the family about asthma management, medication administration, and when to seek emergency help.
This case presentation describes a 26-year old female patient admitted with jaundice. Her symptoms included yellowish discoloration of skin and nails for 7 days, yellowish urine for 3 days, and cough for 4 days. Physical examination revealed yellowish discoloration of skin. Laboratory tests showed elevated bilirubin levels. She was diagnosed with jaundice and treated with antibiotics, IV fluids, antacids, and medications to reduce bile and support blood clotting. She was discharged with medications including analgesics, antacids, vitamins, and an expectorant. The patient was advised to take medications regularly and follow a proper diet.
A 3.5 year old female child was admitted to the hospital with a 1 week history of high grade fever, headache, myalgia, and cough/sore throat for 4 weeks. She had also been vomiting for 4 days after eating and had diarrhea for 2 days. Laboratory tests found low hemoglobin and increased white blood cell count. A widal test was positive at 1:160, leading to a diagnosis of typhoid fever. She was started on IV fluids, antibiotics, antiemetics, and other medications to treat her symptoms and the underlying typhoid infection.
This document presents the case of a 10-year-old boy who was admitted to the hospital with recurrent illnesses over the past few months. His symptoms included fever, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, weight loss, loss of appetite, loss of taste, and tingling/numbness. His medical history revealed previous episodes of bleeding and fits. Laboratory tests found macrocytic anemia with low vitamin B12 levels. Based on his strict vegetarian diet and symptoms, he was diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Treatment with vitamin B12 injections led to improvement of his symptoms and normalization of red blood cell levels on follow up testing.
A 48-year old female patient presented with breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough with expectoration for one day. Her medical history noted these symptoms for 7 days. On examination, she had an elevated pulse, respiratory rate, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and eosinophils. A spirometry test found her FEV1 to be 62% of expected. She was diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of asthma and prescribed bronchodilators, antibiotics, leukotriene inhibitors, and vitamins supplements over 5 days.
This document discusses three cases of tuberculosis (TB). The first case involves a 52-year-old Hispanic female presenting with cough, sputum, fatigue, and blood in her sputum. Examination finds lymph nodes and rales in her left lung. Tests show a positive PPD test and cavitary lesions on her chest X-ray, confirming active pulmonary TB. The second case is about a man referred for cough and fever, with bilateral pneumonia and apical involvement on chest X-ray. Sputum smear confirms acid-fast bacilli, and TB is diagnosed. He refuses admission and treatment. The third case discusses a woman diagnosed with sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB who stops treatment and attending follow
acute gastroenteritis, case presentation < sabrina >Sabrina AD
This document provides information about a 6 year and 4 month old male Chinese patient named Jackson Tea Jia Sheng who was admitted to the hospital due to vomiting and diarrhea for the past 2 days. The patient's medical history including past illness, family history, birth details, development, and immunization status are documented. The physical examination findings show the patient is alert and interacting well without signs of dehydration, and vital signs are normal. The system examinations including respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems are unremarkable.
This document presents the clinical case of a 22-year-old male patient admitted with right-sided pleural effusion. The patient presented with 14 days of high fever, right chest pain, and cough with white sputum. Examination found decreased breath sounds and dullness on the right chest. Tests showed an exudative pleural effusion. The patient was empirically treated with analgesics, PPIs, antibiotics including amoxicillin, azithromycin and levofloxacin, and antitussives following treatment guidelines. The treatment provided symptomatic relief and no adverse drug reactions occurred.
An 8-year-old male child presented with a 1-month history of cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. He had been previously diagnosed with asthma 2 years prior. His physical exam and tests showed signs consistent with an asthma exacerbation. He was started on medications including inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and oral steroids to treat his symptoms and prevent future attacks. Nursing care focused on teaching the family about asthma management, medication administration, and when to seek emergency help.
This case presentation describes a 26-year old female patient admitted with jaundice. Her symptoms included yellowish discoloration of skin and nails for 7 days, yellowish urine for 3 days, and cough for 4 days. Physical examination revealed yellowish discoloration of skin. Laboratory tests showed elevated bilirubin levels. She was diagnosed with jaundice and treated with antibiotics, IV fluids, antacids, and medications to reduce bile and support blood clotting. She was discharged with medications including analgesics, antacids, vitamins, and an expectorant. The patient was advised to take medications regularly and follow a proper diet.
A 3.5 year old female child was admitted to the hospital with a 1 week history of high grade fever, headache, myalgia, and cough/sore throat for 4 weeks. She had also been vomiting for 4 days after eating and had diarrhea for 2 days. Laboratory tests found low hemoglobin and increased white blood cell count. A widal test was positive at 1:160, leading to a diagnosis of typhoid fever. She was started on IV fluids, antibiotics, antiemetics, and other medications to treat her symptoms and the underlying typhoid infection.
This document presents the case of a 10-year-old boy who was admitted to the hospital with recurrent illnesses over the past few months. His symptoms included fever, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, weight loss, loss of appetite, loss of taste, and tingling/numbness. His medical history revealed previous episodes of bleeding and fits. Laboratory tests found macrocytic anemia with low vitamin B12 levels. Based on his strict vegetarian diet and symptoms, he was diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Treatment with vitamin B12 injections led to improvement of his symptoms and normalization of red blood cell levels on follow up testing.
A 56-year-old male patient presented with a 2-month history of cough with whitish sputum, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. Examination found decreased liver enzymes and cavities on chest x-ray. Sputum tests were positive for acid-fast bacilli. He was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Treatment included Paracetamol, Ceftriaxone, AKT4 (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol), and Amikacin.
Turki Ali Ahmed, a 37-year old Saudi male, presented to the emergency room with sharp right lower quadrant pain for two days. On examination, he had tenderness in the right lower quadrant with rebound and other signs positive for acute appendicitis. Laboratory tests showed elevated white blood cell count. The differential diagnosis included appendicitis, testicular torsion, urinary tract infection, kidney stones, and inflammatory bowel disease. Given the clinical findings, appendicitis was considered provisional. The patient was admitted for IV fluids, NPO status, and pre-op management. He then underwent an open appendectomy and was started on IV antibiotics and pain medications post-surgery.
MH, a 6-year-old Malay boy with a history of asthma and G6PD deficiency, presented with fever, cough, and vomiting for one day followed by shortness of breath and rapid breathing. On examination, he had a barrel-shaped chest with suprasternal and subcostal recession, prolonged expiratory breath sounds, and rhonchi bilaterally. He was given a provisional diagnosis of an asthma exacerbation based on his history of asthma and current respiratory symptoms and signs. Differential diagnoses and further investigations were pending.
This document describes a case of pneumonia in a 68-year-old male smoker who presented with cough, fever, and chest pain. On examination, he appeared tired and underweight with decreased breath sounds on the right lung. A chest x-ray showed right middle lobe pneumonia. He was treated as an outpatient with antibiotics, but a follow-up x-ray found a right hilar mass and sputum testing demonstrated atypical cells, indicating a more serious condition. The document provides answers to questions about identifying problems in the history, significant physical findings, likely causative organisms, how the specific diagnosis is established, appropriate treatment, and expected duration of treatment.
This document summarizes information about a 2-year-old male patient named Master Sahitya who was admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. It includes his medical history, physical exam findings, lab results, treatment including antibiotics, and nursing care plan. The patient had a fever, cough and breathing difficulties and was diagnosed with pneumonia likely caused by a previous viral infection. He received antibiotics and other treatments during his hospital stay.
chronic kidney disease case presentationKamal Sharma
This document presents a case study of a 59-year-old female patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who was treated with Ayurvedic therapies including udwarthana, takradhara, and triphaladi lekhana basti. The patient had a history of hypertension, CKD, and urinary symptoms like burning sensation and frequency. Laboratory tests showed elevated creatinine and BUN levels. She was treated with various internal Ayurvedic medications and external therapies over a period of time, which resulted in reductions in her symptoms, fatigue, creatinine and BUN levels. The case study evaluates the effectiveness of the Ayurvedic treatment approach for managing this patient's CKD.
This document presents a case study of a 23-year-old male patient presenting with bleeding per rectum and general body weakness for 2 years. The patient was admitted to the hospital and underwent various examinations and investigations. He was diagnosed with internal hemorrhoids grade 3. He received treatment including medications, blood transfusions, and hemorrhoidectomy. His condition improved and he was discharged on the 20th day with medications for follow up.
This document summarizes a case presentation of a 4-year-old boy named MSR who was admitted to the hospital due to severe diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. He developed diarrhea 2 days prior along with a fever and vomiting on the day of admission. Upon examination at the hospital, his vital signs and physical examination were normal except for gastrointestinal findings. His condition and symptoms are presented in detail.
Mr. X, a 31-year-old male, presented with radiating pain towards his back and front side since September. His medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination found no abnormalities. Ultrasound revealed a dilated left kidney and microliths in the right kidney, leading to a diagnosis of right renal calculi. He was prescribed diclofenac, norfloxacin, ranitidine, and vitamin B1 to treat his condition over three days. The patient was counseled to drink more water, follow a low calcium diet, avoid high oxalate foods if his uric acid was elevated, and exercise daily.
The document discusses a case study of a 24-year-old female patient named Kalpana Pandit who was admitted to the hospital for cholelithiasis (gallstones). It provides details of her medical history, symptoms, physical examination findings, diagnosis, and treatment plan. The causes and risk factors for cholelithiasis are also briefly explained.
A 31-year-old female presented with painful urination, dysuria, urgency, and frequency. Her history was notable for a previous urinary tract infection. On examination, she was afebrile with no abdominal tenderness. A urinalysis showed bacteria and red blood cells. She was diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection and prescribed levofloxacin and etoricoxib. Patients with uncomplicated infections typically improve with short-term antibiotic treatment, while those with recurrent infections may require long-term prophylaxis.
A 14-year-old female patient presented with complaints of persistent headache, fever, cough, and eye redness and discharge. Examination revealed fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Laboratory tests showed increased white blood cell count and CSF analysis was consistent with meningitis. MRI showed leptomeningeal enhancement suggestive of meningitis. She was diagnosed with acute meningitis and conjunctivitis. Her treatment included antibiotics, antipyretics, eye drops, and supportive care. Her symptoms gradually improved and she was discharged after 30 days with oral medications.
A 22-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of intermittent fever, night sweats, weight loss, and a productive cough over the past month. Examinations found the patient to be febrile with dullness and rales in the chest, and laboratory tests showed an increased white blood cell count with lymphocyte predominance. A chest radiograph showed patchy infiltrates in the left lung apex, and a positive tuberculin skin test and sputum smear confirmed a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient was prescribed a daily multidrug regimen including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and pyridoxine for 6
Mr. X, a 25-year-old male, presented with a high fever for one week and one episode of vomiting. His medical history included diabetes and hypertension. On examination, his temperature was 104 F, pulse was 102 beats/min, and blood pressure was 110/80 mm Hg. Laboratory tests confirmed paratyphoid A fever. He was diagnosed with paratyphoid A fever and treated intravenously with cefoperazone, sulbactam, pantoprazole, ondansetron, and ofloxacin. Upon discharge, he was advised to take paracetamol and pantoprazole tablets.
This document presents a case study of a 56-year-old man with type 2 diabetes presenting with a non-healing ulcer on his right foot following toe amputation. It provides details of his medical history, examination findings, lab investigations, and discusses diabetic foot ulcers and complications. The key points are:
1) The patient had type 2 diabetes for 10 years and was non-compliant with medication, presenting with a non-healing ulcer on his right foot post amputation of toes.
2) Examination found an irregular ulcer on his right foot with signs of infection. Investigations showed renal dysfunction and hyperglycemia.
3) Diabetic foot ulcers are a major complication
This document presents a case of a 59-year-old man with COPD and a history of smoking who is experiencing increased shortness of breath. After assessing the patient according to GOLD 2017 guidelines and categorizing him as GOLD stage 2B, a pharmaceutical care plan is developed that includes stopping his current COPD medications, starting new medications, smoking cessation counseling, and patient education. Newly approved COPD medications including Bevespi Aerosphere, Stiolto Respimat, and Utibron Neohaler are also briefly summarized.
Case presentation on bronchiectasis with community acquired pneumoniaTejashreesujay
Bronchiectasis is defined as abnormal and irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles (greater than 2 mm in diameter) developing inflammatory weakening of the bronchial walls.
Surgery case presentation on anterior abdominal wall herniaAnandarup Das
This case presentation summarizes a 26-year-old male patient with a parumbilical hernia. The patient reported an abdominal swelling for 18 years that increased in size and caused pain over the past 4-5 months. On examination, a 3x4 cm oval, reducible swelling was found in the supraumbilical region. Investigations confirmed the diagnosis of a parumbilical hernia. The patient was diagnosed with a parumbilical hernia with an omentocele and divergence of the recti muscles. The management plan is primarily surgical to close the defect either primarily or with mesh placement.
The lungs are the essential organs for respiration in air-breathing animals. In humans, the trachea divides into the two main bronchi that enter the roots of the lungs, continuing to branch into bronchioles and alveolar sacs made up of clusters of alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The principal function of the lungs is to transport oxygen into the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide, with differences in lobe structure between human and pig lungs.
The lungs are essential organs for respiration that transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide back out. They are located in the chest cavity on either side of the heart. The trachea branches into the two main bronchi that enter each lung and continue dividing into smaller bronchioles and alveolar sacs where gas exchange occurs between blood in the lungs and inhaled air. Lung diseases can affect this vital function and include cancer, infections like pneumonia, and occupational illnesses caused by inhaling harmful particles.
A 56-year-old male patient presented with a 2-month history of cough with whitish sputum, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. Examination found decreased liver enzymes and cavities on chest x-ray. Sputum tests were positive for acid-fast bacilli. He was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Treatment included Paracetamol, Ceftriaxone, AKT4 (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol), and Amikacin.
Turki Ali Ahmed, a 37-year old Saudi male, presented to the emergency room with sharp right lower quadrant pain for two days. On examination, he had tenderness in the right lower quadrant with rebound and other signs positive for acute appendicitis. Laboratory tests showed elevated white blood cell count. The differential diagnosis included appendicitis, testicular torsion, urinary tract infection, kidney stones, and inflammatory bowel disease. Given the clinical findings, appendicitis was considered provisional. The patient was admitted for IV fluids, NPO status, and pre-op management. He then underwent an open appendectomy and was started on IV antibiotics and pain medications post-surgery.
MH, a 6-year-old Malay boy with a history of asthma and G6PD deficiency, presented with fever, cough, and vomiting for one day followed by shortness of breath and rapid breathing. On examination, he had a barrel-shaped chest with suprasternal and subcostal recession, prolonged expiratory breath sounds, and rhonchi bilaterally. He was given a provisional diagnosis of an asthma exacerbation based on his history of asthma and current respiratory symptoms and signs. Differential diagnoses and further investigations were pending.
This document describes a case of pneumonia in a 68-year-old male smoker who presented with cough, fever, and chest pain. On examination, he appeared tired and underweight with decreased breath sounds on the right lung. A chest x-ray showed right middle lobe pneumonia. He was treated as an outpatient with antibiotics, but a follow-up x-ray found a right hilar mass and sputum testing demonstrated atypical cells, indicating a more serious condition. The document provides answers to questions about identifying problems in the history, significant physical findings, likely causative organisms, how the specific diagnosis is established, appropriate treatment, and expected duration of treatment.
This document summarizes information about a 2-year-old male patient named Master Sahitya who was admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. It includes his medical history, physical exam findings, lab results, treatment including antibiotics, and nursing care plan. The patient had a fever, cough and breathing difficulties and was diagnosed with pneumonia likely caused by a previous viral infection. He received antibiotics and other treatments during his hospital stay.
chronic kidney disease case presentationKamal Sharma
This document presents a case study of a 59-year-old female patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who was treated with Ayurvedic therapies including udwarthana, takradhara, and triphaladi lekhana basti. The patient had a history of hypertension, CKD, and urinary symptoms like burning sensation and frequency. Laboratory tests showed elevated creatinine and BUN levels. She was treated with various internal Ayurvedic medications and external therapies over a period of time, which resulted in reductions in her symptoms, fatigue, creatinine and BUN levels. The case study evaluates the effectiveness of the Ayurvedic treatment approach for managing this patient's CKD.
This document presents a case study of a 23-year-old male patient presenting with bleeding per rectum and general body weakness for 2 years. The patient was admitted to the hospital and underwent various examinations and investigations. He was diagnosed with internal hemorrhoids grade 3. He received treatment including medications, blood transfusions, and hemorrhoidectomy. His condition improved and he was discharged on the 20th day with medications for follow up.
This document summarizes a case presentation of a 4-year-old boy named MSR who was admitted to the hospital due to severe diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. He developed diarrhea 2 days prior along with a fever and vomiting on the day of admission. Upon examination at the hospital, his vital signs and physical examination were normal except for gastrointestinal findings. His condition and symptoms are presented in detail.
Mr. X, a 31-year-old male, presented with radiating pain towards his back and front side since September. His medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination found no abnormalities. Ultrasound revealed a dilated left kidney and microliths in the right kidney, leading to a diagnosis of right renal calculi. He was prescribed diclofenac, norfloxacin, ranitidine, and vitamin B1 to treat his condition over three days. The patient was counseled to drink more water, follow a low calcium diet, avoid high oxalate foods if his uric acid was elevated, and exercise daily.
The document discusses a case study of a 24-year-old female patient named Kalpana Pandit who was admitted to the hospital for cholelithiasis (gallstones). It provides details of her medical history, symptoms, physical examination findings, diagnosis, and treatment plan. The causes and risk factors for cholelithiasis are also briefly explained.
A 31-year-old female presented with painful urination, dysuria, urgency, and frequency. Her history was notable for a previous urinary tract infection. On examination, she was afebrile with no abdominal tenderness. A urinalysis showed bacteria and red blood cells. She was diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection and prescribed levofloxacin and etoricoxib. Patients with uncomplicated infections typically improve with short-term antibiotic treatment, while those with recurrent infections may require long-term prophylaxis.
A 14-year-old female patient presented with complaints of persistent headache, fever, cough, and eye redness and discharge. Examination revealed fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Laboratory tests showed increased white blood cell count and CSF analysis was consistent with meningitis. MRI showed leptomeningeal enhancement suggestive of meningitis. She was diagnosed with acute meningitis and conjunctivitis. Her treatment included antibiotics, antipyretics, eye drops, and supportive care. Her symptoms gradually improved and she was discharged after 30 days with oral medications.
A 22-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of intermittent fever, night sweats, weight loss, and a productive cough over the past month. Examinations found the patient to be febrile with dullness and rales in the chest, and laboratory tests showed an increased white blood cell count with lymphocyte predominance. A chest radiograph showed patchy infiltrates in the left lung apex, and a positive tuberculin skin test and sputum smear confirmed a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient was prescribed a daily multidrug regimen including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and pyridoxine for 6
Mr. X, a 25-year-old male, presented with a high fever for one week and one episode of vomiting. His medical history included diabetes and hypertension. On examination, his temperature was 104 F, pulse was 102 beats/min, and blood pressure was 110/80 mm Hg. Laboratory tests confirmed paratyphoid A fever. He was diagnosed with paratyphoid A fever and treated intravenously with cefoperazone, sulbactam, pantoprazole, ondansetron, and ofloxacin. Upon discharge, he was advised to take paracetamol and pantoprazole tablets.
This document presents a case study of a 56-year-old man with type 2 diabetes presenting with a non-healing ulcer on his right foot following toe amputation. It provides details of his medical history, examination findings, lab investigations, and discusses diabetic foot ulcers and complications. The key points are:
1) The patient had type 2 diabetes for 10 years and was non-compliant with medication, presenting with a non-healing ulcer on his right foot post amputation of toes.
2) Examination found an irregular ulcer on his right foot with signs of infection. Investigations showed renal dysfunction and hyperglycemia.
3) Diabetic foot ulcers are a major complication
This document presents a case of a 59-year-old man with COPD and a history of smoking who is experiencing increased shortness of breath. After assessing the patient according to GOLD 2017 guidelines and categorizing him as GOLD stage 2B, a pharmaceutical care plan is developed that includes stopping his current COPD medications, starting new medications, smoking cessation counseling, and patient education. Newly approved COPD medications including Bevespi Aerosphere, Stiolto Respimat, and Utibron Neohaler are also briefly summarized.
Case presentation on bronchiectasis with community acquired pneumoniaTejashreesujay
Bronchiectasis is defined as abnormal and irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles (greater than 2 mm in diameter) developing inflammatory weakening of the bronchial walls.
Surgery case presentation on anterior abdominal wall herniaAnandarup Das
This case presentation summarizes a 26-year-old male patient with a parumbilical hernia. The patient reported an abdominal swelling for 18 years that increased in size and caused pain over the past 4-5 months. On examination, a 3x4 cm oval, reducible swelling was found in the supraumbilical region. Investigations confirmed the diagnosis of a parumbilical hernia. The patient was diagnosed with a parumbilical hernia with an omentocele and divergence of the recti muscles. The management plan is primarily surgical to close the defect either primarily or with mesh placement.
The lungs are the essential organs for respiration in air-breathing animals. In humans, the trachea divides into the two main bronchi that enter the roots of the lungs, continuing to branch into bronchioles and alveolar sacs made up of clusters of alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The principal function of the lungs is to transport oxygen into the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide, with differences in lobe structure between human and pig lungs.
The lungs are essential organs for respiration that transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide back out. They are located in the chest cavity on either side of the heart. The trachea branches into the two main bronchi that enter each lung and continue dividing into smaller bronchioles and alveolar sacs where gas exchange occurs between blood in the lungs and inhaled air. Lung diseases can affect this vital function and include cancer, infections like pneumonia, and occupational illnesses caused by inhaling harmful particles.
The respiratory system allows for the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide through a series of organs. Air enters the nose and mouth, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and into air sacs called alveoli in the lungs. In the alveoli, oxygen passes into blood vessels and carbon dioxide passes out of blood vessels, allowing for gas exchange. Breathing is driven by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib cage, inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out.
The respiratory system allows for the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli where gas exchange takes place between inhaled air and blood in capillaries. During inhalation, contraction of the diaphragm and expansion of the rib cage lower pressure in the chest cavity, drawing air into the lungs. Exhalation occurs passively as the diaphragm and rib cage relax, raising pressure and pushing air out.
This document summarizes key aspects of the respiratory system and respiratory diseases. It begins by describing the major parts of the respiratory system - the airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles. It then details each part of the airways from nose to bronchioles. It discusses diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), outlining their causes, symptoms, classifications, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches. COPD encompasses respiratory failure, bronchitis, and emphysema.
The respiratory system allows for the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide through a series of organs. Air enters the nose or mouth and passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi into tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide passes out of the bloodstream and into the air that is then exhaled. Breathing is facilitated by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib cage which expands and contracts the lungs and chest cavity, drawing air in during inhalation and pushing it out during exhalation.
Respiration involves the exchange of gases between an organism and its environment. In humans, respiration occurs through the respiratory and circulatory systems working together to transport gases to cells. There are two types of respiration - external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood, and internal respiration which is the passage of gases from the blood to tissues. The major organs of the respiratory system include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs where oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes out.
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system allows for oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through a series of major organs. Air enters through the nose or mouth and passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and into the lungs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Oxygen then passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide passes out of the bloodstream and is exhaled. Breathing is facilitated by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib cage which expands and contracts the chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and asthma. It describes:
1) The respiratory system which is responsible for gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood. It consists of the upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea) and lower respiratory tract (bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli).
2) Asthma affects the airways and results from hyperresponsiveness causing bronchospasm, inflammation, and excess mucus production. Common triggers include infections, allergens, pollution and exercise.
3) Assessment of asthma severity can be mild, moderate or severe based on symptoms and physical exam findings such as wheezing and respiratory
The document discusses the key components and functions of the respiratory system. It defines important terms like alveoli, bronchi, epiglottis, larynx, and lists the main parts of the respiratory tract including the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs. It describes gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs and identifies structures involved in breathing like the ribs and diaphragm. The document also briefly discusses common respiratory diseases like COPD, lung cancer, and pneumonia.
The respiratory system is made up of organs responsible for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through inhalation and exhalation. It is divided into the upper respiratory tract consisting of the nose, sinuses and larynx, and the lower respiratory tract containing the trachea, bronchi and lungs. In the lungs, oxygen passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide moves out through tiny air sacs called alveoli. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles control inhalation and exhalation, expanding and contracting the lungs and chest cavity.
The document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including its anatomy and physiology. It describes the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. It then describes the lower respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and alveoli. It discusses the mechanisms of ventilation including inspiration and expiration. It also summarizes several diagnostic tests for evaluating respiratory function such as arterial blood gases, pulmonary function tests, sputum analysis, chest imaging and biopsies.
The document provides information on anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major parts of the respiratory tract including the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It also discusses the processes of internal and external respiration, inhalation and exhalation. Furthermore, it covers the upper and lower respiratory tract and provides details on various structures like the nose, larynx, trachea, lungs and alveoli. The document also discusses some common respiratory diseases and various respiratory procedures.
The respiratory system allows oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through a series of organs. Air enters through the nose and mouth, then travels through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi into the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen passes into blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. Breathing is facilitated by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib cage, which decreases and increases the volume of the chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
The respiratory system includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nasal cavity conditions incoming air. The pharynx serves both respiratory and digestive functions. The larynx contains cartilages that allow for vocalization and protect the trachea. The trachea transports air to the bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaves in the alveoli. Common respiratory conditions include asthma, pneumonia, and COPD.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the human respiratory system. It describes the pathway of air from the nose through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and into the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The document also discusses lung volumes, the mechanics of breathing, and some common respiratory diseases like asthma, anoxia and tuberculosis.
The document provides information about asthma including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing airway hyperresponsiveness, swelling of the airway lining, and excess mucus production. This results in narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing.
- Over 300 million people worldwide have asthma, including an estimated 18 million people in India. Asthma prevalence varies globally and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
- Risk factors for asthma include family history, exposure to cigarette smoke and air pollution, and living in urban or industrial areas. The causes of asthma involve an interaction between genetic and environmental triggers.
The respiratory system works to deliver oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. It includes the mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm. Air enters through the nose or mouth and travels down the trachea to the lungs, where oxygen passes into blood vessels and carbon dioxide is removed. The lungs, trachea, and bronchi form a branching tree structure ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli that facilitate gas exchange with blood in the pulmonary circulation. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help drive breathing by expanding the lungs and lowering their pressure.
The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and muscles. The nose and mouth allow air intake and filter it. The pharynx and larynx direct air to the proper passages. The trachea and bronchi form the conducting airways to the lungs. In the lungs, gas exchange occurs between the air in alveoli and blood in capillaries, transferring oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out of blood.
Similar to Case presentation on bronchial asthma (20)
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
4. History of
Present
illness
Ms. Delilah Simon was admitted in the hospital with
chief complaints of coughing since 2 weeks, dyspnea
and wheezing since 1 week and chest tightness since 5
days. After the investigation she was diagnosed with
Bronchial Asthma
Present medical history
There is no any significant history of present surgery.
Present surgical history
5. History of
Past
illness
Ms. Delilah Simon has no significant history of
past medical
Past medical history
There is no any significant history of past surgery.
Past surgical history
6. PERSONAL History
She following a mixed dietary pattern
and she is not having any allergies
towards any kind of food items.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS
She usually sleeps for 8 hours but now she
only sleeps for 4 hours she has disturbed
sleeping pattern due to dyspnea.
SLEEPING PATTERN
Ms. Delilah dependent on others to do
the daily activities
HYGIENE
She has normal and regular elimination
pattern
ELIMINATION PATTERN
06
7. FAMLIY HISTORY
Ms. Delilah belongs to a nuclear family .
There are four members in her family.
All members are healthy except herself
8. Ms. Delilah belongs to a middle-class family. She lives
in an urban area. Mineral water is the source of
drinking. The area where she is living is neat and
clean. She maintains a good relationship with the
family members and neighbors.
Socio-economic Status
9. PULSE RATE - 110bpm
vital signs
TEMPERATURE - 98.6 F
BLOOD PRESSURE - 120/90 mmHg
RESPIRATION - 32bpm
10. Inspection: The chest was barrel shape. There was no scar on
the chest wall and no dilated veins. There were suprasternal
and subcostal recession. The chest moved symmetrically with
respiration
PHYSICAL
Percussion: Resonance bilaterally.
Palpation: The trachea was centrally located. The chest
expansion was symmetrical bilaterally. The apex beat was
palpable at 5th intercostals within midclavicular line. Vocal
fremitus was equal bilaterally.
Examination
Auscultation: Normal air entry bilaterally. Vesicular breath
sound with prolong expiratory. Ronchi during expiration on the
upper zone bilaterally.
Impression: MH was having respiratory disorders evidenced by
suprasternal and subcostal recession and presence of added
breath sound, ronchi during expiration on the upper zone of her
chest.
11. CHEST X RAY
H E R E I S I N C R E A S E D D E N S I T Y A N D
E N L A R G E M E N T O F T H E R I G H T H I L U M W I T H A
M U L T I L O B U L A R C O N T O U R
12. The lungs, which is the organ for respiration is a
paired cone shaped organs lying in the thoracic
cavity separated from each other by the heart and
other structures in the mediastinum
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY OF
LUNGS
Lungs
13. ANATOMY OF
LUNGS
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs
located on either side of the chest (thorax). The
trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs
through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The
bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches
(bronchioles)
The function of the lungs is to oxygenate blood.
They achieve this by bringing inspired air into close
contact with oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary
capillaries.
14. The lungs are roughly cone shaped, with an apex, base, three surfaces and three borders. The left
lung is slightly smaller than the right – this is due to the presence of the heart.
Each lung consists of:
Apex – The blunt superior end of the lung. It projects upwards, above the level of the 1st rib and
into the floor of the neck.
Base – The inferior surface of the lung, which sits on the diaphragm.
Lobes (two or three) – These are separated by fissures within the lung.
Surfaces (three) – These correspond to the area of the thorax that they face. They are named costal,
mediastinal and diaphragmatic.
Borders (three) – The edges of the lungs, named the anterior, inferior and posterior borders.
15. Air enters the body via the nose (preferably) or the mouth. The air enters the main windpipe, called the trachea,
and continues en route to each lung via either the right or left bronchus (plural=bronchi). The lungs are separated
into sections called lobes, two on the left and three on the right. The air passages continue to divide into ever
smaller tubes, which finally connect with tiny air sacs called alveoli. This gradually branching array of tubes is
referred to as the tracheobronchial "tree" because of the remarkable similarity to the branching pattern of a tree.
The other half of the respiratory system involves blood circulation. Venous blood from the body is returned to the
right side of the heart and then pumped out via the pulmonary artery. This artery splits in two for the left and
right lungs and then continues to branch much like the tracheobronchial tree. These vessels branch into a fine
network of very tiny tubes called capillaries. The capillaries are situated adjacent to the alveoli and are so small
that only one red blood cell at a time can pass through their openings. It is during this passage that gases are
exchanged between the blood and the air in the nearby alveoli. After passing the alveoli, capillaries then join
together to begin forming the pulmonary veins, which carry the blood back to the left side of the heart.
S T R U C T U R E O F L U N G S
16. The lungs are the foundational organs of the respiratory system, whose most basic
function is to facilitate gas exchange from the environment into the bloodstream.
Oxygen gets transported through the alveoli into the capillary network, where it can
enter the arterial system, ultimately to perfuse tissue.
PHYSIOLOGY OF
LUNGS
The cells in our bodies need oxygen to stay alive. Carbon dioxide is a by-product of respiration. The
lungs and respiratory system allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body, while also letting the
body get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out.
17. When you breathe in, the diaphragm moves downward toward the abdomen, and the rib
muscles pull the ribs upward and outward. See muscles of Respiration. In exhalation, the
diaphragm moves upward and the chest wall muscles relax, which causes the chest cavity
to get smaller and push air out of the respiratory system through the nose or mouth. With
each inhalation, air fills a large portion of the millions of alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the
alveoli to the blood through the capillaries lining the alveolar walls. Once in the
bloodstream, oxygen gets picked up by the hemoglobin in red blood cells. This oxygen-rich
blood then flows back to the heart, which pumps it through the arteries to oxygen needy
tissues throughout the body.
In the capillaries of the body tissues, oxygen is freed from the hemoglobin and moves into
the cells. Carbon dioxide produced moves out of the cells into the capillaries, where most
of it dissolves in the plasma of the blood. Blood rich in carbon dioxide then returns to the
heart via the veins. From the heart, this blood is pumped to the lungs, where carbon
dioxide passes into the alveoli to be exhaled
18. F U N C T I O N O F L U N G S
It provides oxygen to the blood stream and removes carbon dioxide
It enables sound production or vocalization as expired air passes over the vocal chords.
Protection: Cilia, both in the upper airways and trachea, beat and move mucous continually
towards the mouth. Macrophage Alveolar macrophages phagocytose inhaled particulate
matter and pathogens.
It enables protective and reflexive non breathing air movements such as coughing and
sneezing, to keep the air passages clear
Thermoregulation: Heat loss from the respiratory system helps the body regulate internal
body temperature.
It assists in abdominal compression needed during micturation (urination), defecation
(passing feces) and childbirth.
The basic functions of the respiratory system are:
20. ASTHMA
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the
airways. Asthma is a reversible, obstructive airway disease in which
trachea & bronchi respond in a hyperactive way to certain stimuli. It is
an intermittent or reversible types of obstructive lung disease in which
there is narrowing of bronchial lumen characterized by wheezing &
difficulty In breathing
21. 1.When a person has asthma, the air passages are inflamed, which means that the airways are red and
swollen. In an attack, the lining of the passages swell causing the airways to narrow and reducing
the flow of air in and out of the lungs.
2.Airway hyper-responsiveness to a wide range of stimuli. Obstruction
Inflammation of the air passages makes them over extra-sensitive to a number of different things
Clinical Symptoms that can "trigger," or bring on, asthma symptoms.
3.Muscles within the breathing passages contract (bronchospasm), causing even further narrowing
of the airways. This narrowing makes it difficult for air to be breathed out (exhaled) from the lungs.
Asthma is a condition that affects the air passages of the lungs.
It is a three-step problem:
22. Allergic Asthma (Extrinsic Asthma): The term allergic or extrinsic asthma is used when the
symptoms are induced by a hyper immune response to the inhalation of specific allergens.
Allergic asthma is triggered by allergens, such as pet dander, house dust, feathers, food
preservatives, mold, or pollen. Allergic asthma is more likely to be seasonal because it often goes
hand-in-hand with allergies that are also seasonal.
asthma
Non-Allergic Asthma (Intrinsic Asthma): This type of asthma is triggered by irritants
in the air that are not related to allergies including airway irritants (air pollution,
cold, heat, weather changes, fumes), wood or cigarette smoke, room deodorants,
household cleaning products, perfumes, respiratory tract infections, change in
temperature, stress or emotional upsets/ excitement, physical exertion or exercise,
drugs such as aspirin and other NSAIDs and food preservatives.
Types of
23. Mixed Asthma: Mixed asthma has characteristics of both allergic and non allergic
asthma. It is most common form of the asthma.
asthma
Cough-Variant Asthma (CV A): Cough-variant asthma does not have the classic symptoms
of asthma — such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Instead, CVA is characterized by
one symptom, a persistent dry cough. Cough-variant asthma can lead to full-blown asthma
that shows other asthma symptoms.
Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA): Exercise-induced asthma affects people during or
after physical activity. EIA can occur in people who are not sensitive to classic
asthma triggers such as dust, pollen, or pet dander.
Types of
24. Nocturnal Asthma: This type of asthma is characterized by asthma symptoms that worsen
at night. Those who suffer from nocturnal asthma can also experience symptoms anytime
of the day. However, certain triggers — such as heartburn, pet dander, and dust mites —
can cause those symptoms to worsen at night while sleeping.
asthma
Occupational Asthma: It is induced by triggers that exist in a person's workplace.
Irritants and allergens include dusts, dyes, gases, fumes, animal proteins, and
rubber latex that are common in a wide range of industries—including
manufacturing, textiles, farming, and woodworking.
Types of
25. CAUSES OF
Infections like sinusitis, colds, and the flu
Allergens such as pollens, mold, pet dander, and dust mites
Irritants like strong odors from perfumes or cleaning solutions
Air pollution
Tobacco smoke
Exercise
Cold air or changes in the weather
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Strong emotions such as anxiety, laughter, sadness,
or stress
Medications such as aspirin
Asthma
26. Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites
Respiratory infections, such as the common cold
Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air
Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke
Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin and other NSAIDS drugs
Strong emotions and stress
Sulfites, preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Menstrual cycle in some women
Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Low birth weight
Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) and other allergies
Eczema: another type of allergy affecting the skin; and Genetic predisposition
Asthma risk factors include:
Weather, especially extreme changes in temperature
Asthma
risk factors of
27. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DUE TO ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
REVERSIBLE AND DIFFUSE AIRWAY INFLAMMATION
HYPER RESPONSIVENESS OF AIRWAY
SWELLING OF THE MEMBRANE THAT LINE THE AIRWAY ( MUCOSAL EDEMA )
CONTRACTION OF BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLES ( BRONCHOSPASM )
BRONCHIAL MUSCLES AND MUCUS GLANDS ENLARGES
PRODUCTION OF THICK, TENACIOUS SPUTUM
ALVEOLI HYPERINFLATE
ASTHMA
28. manifestation
Clinical
Coughing: A persistent cough is one of the most common asthma symptoms.
Wheezing: Wheezing is a whistling noise heard during breathing.
Chest tightness: This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on chest.
Shortness of breath: the feeling that a breath is barely finished before another is needed.
Restlessness
Irritable or A rehensive
Fever of 100 degrees or higher
Chest & abdominal pain, Vomiting
Increased respiratory rate
Dry, hacking & non-productive cough
Headache
Hypoxemia
Mental confusion
Other Clinical Manifestations
30. Mild Intermittent: This includes attacks no more than twice a week and night-time attacks no more
than twice a month. Attacks last no more than a few hours to days. Severity of attacks varies, but there
are no symptoms between attacks.
Mild Persistent: This includes attacks more than twice a week, but not every day, and night-time
symptoms more than twice a month. Attacks are sometimes severe enough to interrupt regular
activities.
Moderate Persistent: This includes daily attacks and night-time symptoms more than once a week.
More severe attacks occur at least twice a week and may last for days. Attacks require daily use of
quick-relief (rescue) medication and changes in daily activities.
Severe Persistent: This includes frequent severe attacks, continual daytime symptoms, and frequent
nighttime symptoms. Symptoms require limits on daily activities.
CURRENT GUIDELINES FOR THE CARE OF PEOPLE WITH ASTHMA INCLUDE CLASSIFYING
THE SEVERITY OF ASTHMA SYMPTOMS, AS FOLLOWS:
31. HISTORY COLLECTION
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
SPIROMETRY
PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW
PULSE OXIMETRY
METHACHOLINE CHALLENGE
NITRIC OXIDE TEST
CHEST X RAY
ALLERGY BLOOD TESTING
LABORATORY TESTS
BLOOD GASES
CBC
SPUTUM CULTURE
SPUTUM CYTOLOGY
DIAGNOSTIC
Evaluation
32. This device measures how much air you can exhale
and how forcefully you can breathe out.
Measures the ability to push air out of the lungs or
how fast air can be exhaled.
It is a non-invasive way to continuously monitor 02
saturation.
SPIROMETER
PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW
PULSE OXIMETRY
METHACHOLINE CHALLENGE
NITRIC OXIDE TEST
CHEST X RAY
LABORATORY TESTS
Inhaling a known asthma trigger called methacholine
will cause mild constriction of airways.
It used to diagnose and monitor asthma. It measures
the amount of a gas called nitric oxide in breath.
It will help to find out whether a foreign object or
other disease may be causing symptoms.
Help to rule out conditions that cause symptoms
similar to asthma, to identify patient allergies.
34. ASTHMA
Showing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing,
or shortness of breath.
Waking at night due to asthma symptoms.
Extremely short of breath
Unable to perform normal activities
Yellow Zone symptoms same or worse for 24 hours
Action Plan
Asthma experts, including those at the National
Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
recommend developing an asthma action plan
with your doctor to help control your asthma.
The plan will document important information
such as your daily medications (what kind and
when you should take them), how to handle
asthma attacks, and how to control your asthma
symptoms long term.
Asthma Zones
A. Green Zone - "Doing Well"
B. Yellow Zone - "Asthma is getting worse"
No asthma symptoms during the day or night
Able to perform casual activities
C. Red Zone -"Medical Alert"
35. Promote bronchodilation
Reduce inflammation (Mucosal Edema)
Remove Secretions
Prevent ongoing and bothersome symptoms
Prevent asthma attacks
Maintain normal or near-normal lung function
Have as few side effects of medication as possible
MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT -
Goals
36. PHARMACOLOGIC
THERAPY
Most people who have asthma need to take long-term control medicines daily to help prevent
symptoms. The most effective long-term medicines reduce airway inflammation. These medicines
are taken over the long term to prevent symptoms from starting. They don't give quick relief from
symptoms.
Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-
term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quick-
relief, or "rescue," medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up.
LONG- TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS
Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an
asthma attack — or before exercise if doctor recommends it.
QUICK- RELIEF MEDICATIONS
37. Types of long-term control medications include:
Inhaled Corticosteroids:
Leukotriene Modifiers:
Long-acting beta agonists (LABAs):
Methylxanthines:
Combination inhalers:
Cromolyn Sodium:
Omalizumab:
Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred medicines for longterm control of asthma.
Leukotriene inhibitors are another group of controller medications.
This class of drugs is chemically related to adrenaline, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
Methylxanthines are another group of controller medications useful in the treatment of asthma.
Combination inhalers such as fluticasone and salmeterol and budesonide and formoterol.
Cromolyn sodium is another medication that can prevent the release of chemicals that cause asthma-related
inflammation.
Omalizumab belongs to a newer class of agents that works with the body's immune system.
38. Types of quick relief medications include:
Short-acting Beta Agonists:
Anticholinergics:
Oral and Intravenous Corticosteroids:
Short-acting beta-agonists are the most commonly used rescue medications.
Anticholinergics are another class of drugs useful as rescue medications during asthma attacks.
These medications relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma.
Bronchial Thermoplasty:
For severe asthma that doesn't respond to medications, bronchial thermoplasty is a treatment option.
This treatment, administered on an outpatient basis in three sessions, is used to limit how much the
airway can constrict. A small flexible tube, called a bronchoscope, is inserted into the lungs, via the
nose or mouth, where it uses heat to singe and thin the smooth muscle in the airways. During an
asthma flare-up, the thinner muscles can't narrow as much when triggered.
39. Trade Name: FLUTICASONE
Mechanism on action:
Albuterol acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to relax the bronchial smooth muscle. It also inhibits the release of
immediate hypersensitivity mediators from cells, especially mast cells.
Dosage :
Tablet and syrup: 2-4 mg orally every 6-8 hours; not to exceed 32 mg/day
Indication:
An indication for the treatment and prevention of bronchospasm (acute or severe) in patients with reversible obstructive
airway disease, including exercise-induced bronchospasm.
ALBUTEROL
Drug Study
Nervousness or shakiness
Headache, throat or nasal irritation
Muscle aches.
Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
Feelings of fluttering
Side effects:
Overactive thyroid gland.
Diabetes.
Ketoacidosis.
Excess body acid.
Low amount of potassium in the blood.
Contraindications:
40. Trade Name: ASCOVENT
Mechanism on action:
Acebrophylline inhibits intracellular phosphodiesterase and facilitates bronchial muscles relaxation by increasing cAMP
levels.
Dosage :
Consider administration of 100 mg of Acebrophylline, twice daily.
Indication:
Acebrophylline is prescribed to reduce the irritation, swelling, and narrowing of the bronchial tubes in patients with
asthma, severe or chronic bronchitis, COPDand tightness of the chest.
ACEBROPHYLLINE
Drug Study
Gastrointestinal Bleeding (Major)
Breathing Difficulties (Major)
Fever with cold (Major)
Increase in the speed of heartbeats
A headache
Sleeplessness
Side effects:
Hypotension
Acute myocardial infarction
Impaired hemodynamics
Hepatic or/and renal disorders
Ambroxol allergy
GI disorders
Contraindications:
41. Oxygen therapy
Postural drainage and chest physiotherapy
Coughing and deep breathing exercises
Avoidance of known allergens
Breathing techniques
Relaxation techniques
Acupuncture
NON-PHARMACOLOGIC
INTERVENTIONS
42. Assess respirations: note quality, rate, pattern, depth, and breathing effort. Both rapid, shallow breathing patterns and
hypoventilation affect gas exchange.
Assess lung sounds, noting areas of decreased ventilation & presence of adventitious sounds.
Assess for signs and symptoms of hypoxemia: tachycardia, restlessness, diaphoresis, headache, lethargy, and confusion.
Assess for signs and symptoms of atelectasis: diminished chest excursion, limited
diaphragm excursion, bronchial or tubular breath sounds, rales, tracheal shift to affected side
Assess for signs or symptoms of pulmonary infarction: cough, hemoptysis, pleuritic pain, consolidation, pleural effusion,
bronchial breathing, pleural friction rub, and fever.
Assess changes in vital signs and temperature. Tachycardia and hypertension may be related to increased work of
breathing.
Monitor ABCs and note changes. Increasing PaC02 and decreasing Pa02 are signs of respiratory failure.
Use pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation and pulse rate. Pulse oximetry is a useful tool to detect changes in
oxygenation. Oxygen saturation should be maintained at 90% or greater.
Assess patient's ability to cough effectively to clear secretions. Note quantity, color, and consistency of sputum. Retained
secretions impair gas exchange.
NURSING
MANAGEMENT
43. NURSING
Impaired gas exchange r/ t altered oxygen supply, obstruction of airways, bronchospasm and air-trapping
alveoli destruction as evidenced by dyspnea, tachypnea and tachycardia.
Ineffective airway clearance r/ t bronchospasm, obstruction from narrowed lumen, increased mucus
production and respiratory infection as evidenced by wheezing, dyspnea and cough.
Ineffective breathing pattern related to presence of secretions & bronchospasm as evidenced by productive
cough and dyspnea.
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements related to dyspnea, sputum production, anorexia, nausea
or vomiting as evidenced by weight loss.
Fatigue related to physical exertion to maintain adequate ventilation and use of accessory muscles to
breathe.
Fear and anxiety may be related to perceived threat of death, possibly evidenced by apprehension, fearful
expression, and extraneous movements.
Activity Intolerance may be related to imbalance between 02 supply and demand, possibly evidenced by fatigue
and exertional dyspnea.
Diagnosis
44. Improving gas exchange
Assess the patient for presence of cyanosis, quality of inspiration breath sounds & cerebral function
Monitor vital signs and skin &mucous membrane color.
Monitor &graph serial ABGs and pulse oximetry.
Encourage adequate rest and limit activities to within client tolerance.
Encourage deep breathing, coughing exercise, using incentive spirometer as indicated.
Change patient's position every 2 hours. Assist the client into high Fowler's position.
Demonstrate diaphragmatic and pursed lip breathing for patient with chronic disease.
Administer bronchodilator medications as indicated.
Desired Outcome:
Interventions:
Impaired gas exchange r/ t altered oxygen supply, obstruction of airways, bronchospasm and
air-trapping alveoli destruction as evidenced by dyspnea, tachypnea and tachycardia.
45. Improving gas exchange Achieving Airway Clearance
Evaluate respiratory rate/ depth and breath sounds.
Assist client to maintain a comfortable position
Keep environmental free from sources of allergen such as dust, smoke, and feather pillows to a
minimum according to individual situation.
Encourage/instruct in deep breathing and directed coughing exercises
Perform postural drainage and chest physiotherapy with percussion and vibration.
Encourage practice of pursed-lip & diaphragmatic breathing exercises.
Encourage oral intake of fluids within the limits of cardiac reserve.
Desired Outcome:
Interventions:
Ineffective airway clearance r/ t bronchospasm, obstruction from narrowed lumen, increased
mucus production and respiratory infection as evidenced by wheezing, dyspnea and cough.
46. Maintain patient airway
Assess respiratory rate rhythm and patient review/monitor respiratory frequency record the ratio off
expiration /inspiration.
Teach patient diaphragmatic, pursed lip and deep breathing
Encourage to use a humidifier at night
Encourage patient to use controlled coughing to clear a secretions that might have in the lungs
during sleep
Administer low concentrations of oxygen as ordered. perform blood gas analysis
Evaluate the appropriateness of inspiratory muscle training
Desired Outcome:
Interventions:
Ineffective breathing pattern related to presence of secretions & bronchospasm as evidenced
by productive cough and dyspnea.
47. To increase the weight of the patient.
Assess the general health status of patient for baseline data.
Provide nutritional diet to the patient.
Insert the NG tube if pt is unable to take food by mouth.
Check the weight daily.
Find likes and dislikes.
Instruct for mobilization.
Encourage a rest period of 1 hr before and after meals. Provide frequent small feedings.
Administer I/N fluids with vitamins supplements.
Desired Outcome:
Interventions:
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements related to dyspnea, sputum production,
anorexia, nausea or vomiting as evidenced by weight loss.
48. SELF-CARE AT HOME
Avoid trigger-Taking steps to reduce exposure to things that trigger asthma symptoms is a key part of asthma
control.
Use air conditioner-Air conditioning reduces the amount of airborne pollen from trees, grasses and weeds that
find its way indoors.
Reduce pet dander-If you're allergic to dander, avoid pets with fur or feathers. Having
Clean regularly- Clean home at least once a week. If you're likely to stir up dust, wear a mask or have someone
else do the cleaning.
Get regular exercise- Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. Regular
exercise can strengthen heart and lungs, which helps relieve asthma symptoms.
Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight can worsen asthma symptoms, and it puts you at higher risk of
other health problems.
Eat fruits and vegetables- Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables may increase lung function and reduce asthma
symptoms. These foods are rich in protective nutrients (antioxidants) that boost the immune system.
pets regularly bathed or groomed also may reduce the amount of dander in your surroundings.
49. Summary
Ms. Delilah Simon was admitted with the chief
complaints of coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, chest
tightness. after investigation she was diagnosed with
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA and undergone the medication
i.e Tab Albuterol, Tab Acebrophylline. Her general
condition was much improved through out the treatment
procedure being hospitalized