Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) consists of two main conditions - emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema causes damage to air sacs in the lungs, reducing surface area and oxygen intake. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchi, causing coughing and mucus for at least three months per year. Smoking is the primary cause of both conditions. Globally, COPD caused over 3 million deaths in 2015, with over 90% occurring in low and middle-income countries. India has seen COPD cases increase significantly in recent decades.

1. EMPHYSEMA & CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS
BY
S.S. MONIC PRIYA DHARSHINI

2. INTRODUCTION
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung
disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
 It's caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often
from cigarette smoke.
 People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and
a variety of other conditions.

3. INTRODUCTION:-
 Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two conditions that make up chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
 Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Treatment may slow the progression of COPD,
but it can't reverse the damage.

5. DEFINITION:-
 Emphysema is a lung condition that causes
shortness of breath.
 the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are
damaged.
 Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs
weaken and rupture — creating larger air
spaces instead of many small ones.
 This reduces the surface area of the lungs
and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that
reaches your bloodstream.

6. EMPHYSEMA:-
 Emphysema causes dilation of
airspaces by destruction of alveolar
wall, leading to collapse of alveoli
during expiration
Spaces in parenchyma > 1mm = Abnormal

7. TYPES OF EMPHYSEMA
There are four type:
 1. Centriacinar
 2. Panacinar
 3. Paraseptal [Distal acinar]
 4. Mixed and unclassified
[Irregular]

8. Prognosis
 Mild emphysema- 80% of
patients are alive after 4
years
 Moderate emphysema-
60-70% are alive after 4
years
 Severe emphysema- 50%
are alive after 4 years
 Very severe emphysema-
short life expectancy

9. INCIDENCE
IncidenceEmphysema is present in
approximately 50% of adults who come
to autopsy.
Pulmonary disease was considered to
be responsible for death in 6.5% of
these patients.

10. INCIDENCE
Epidemiology 1.5 million
people are diagnosed with
emphysema
Pulmonary edema afflicts 1%-
2% of the general population.
250,000 cases of pulmonary
emboli a year

11. INCIDENCE
Other etiologies like
pneumothorax and cystic
fibrosis occur also.
The intent being that they are
a common emergency that will
be seen by the Advanced EMT.

12. INTRODUCTION:- BRONCHITIS
 Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the
lungs.
 Symptoms include coughing up mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest
discomfort.
 Bronchitis is divided into two types:
 acute and chronic.

13. CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS:-
 Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that lasts
for three months or more per year for at least two years.
 Most people with chronic bronchitis have chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). Tobacco smoking is the most
common cause, with a number of other factors such as air
pollution and genetics playing a smaller role.
 Treatments include quitting smoking, vaccinations,
rehabilitation, and often inhaled bronchodilators and steroids.
 Some people may benefit from long-term oxygen therapy or
lung transplantation.

14. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS:-
 Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive
cough that lasts for three months or more per
year for at least two years.
 Most people with chronic bronchitis have
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).
 Protracted bacterial bronchitis is defined as a
chronic productive cough with a positive
bronchoalveolar lavage that resolves with
antibiotics.

16. INCIDENCE
 The Global Burden of Disease Study reports a prevalence of 251 million
cases of COPD globally in 2016.
 Globally, it is estimated that 3.17 million deaths were caused by the
disease in 2015 (that is, 5% of all deaths globally in that year).
 More than 90% of COPD deaths occur in low and middleincome countries

18. INCIDENCE
 COPD and EMPHYSEMA were responsible for 75·6% and 20·0% of the
chronic respiratory disease DALYs, respectively, in India in 2016.
 The number of cases of COPD in India increased from 28·1 million (27·0–
29·2) in 1990 to 55·3 million (53·1–57·6) in 2016, an increase in prevalence
from 3·3% (3·1–3·4) to 4·2% (4·0–4·4).

19. INCIDENCE
 The incidence of CHRONIC BRONCHITIS was
2.8 cases per 1,000 population per annum.
 Chronic cough and sputum were risk factors
for COPD independent of smoking (OR 1.85,
95% CI 1.17–2.93).
 Cape Town, South Africa, has the highest
prevalence, affecting 22.2% of men and 16.7%
of women.

21. THANK YOU