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This medical PowerPoint template about ๐๐๐๐
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๐๐ก๐ ๐ญ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฏ๐๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐๐ฌ
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (๐๐๐๐) is a group of lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
COPD is more prevalent in developing countries, but it is also a growing problem in developed countries. In the United States, COPD is the third leading cause of death.
Forms of ๐๐๐๐
โข Chronic bronchitis
โข Emphysema
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
In normal lungs, air flows freely in and out of the bronchi and alveoli. However, in people with COPD, the airflow is blocked. This can be caused by inflammation of the airways, mucus production, or damage to the air sacs.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
There are several risk factors for COPD, including smoking, air pollution, and genetics. Smoking is the most common risk factor for COPD. Smoking is responsible for about 80% of COPD cases. Air pollution, particularly indoor air pollution from cooking and burning fuels, can also increase the risk of COPD. Genetics can also play a role in COPD. People with a family history of COPD are more likely to develop the disease.
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
The main causes of COPD are smoking and air pollution. Smoking damages the lungs and makes it difficult to breathe
๐๐ญ๐๐ ๐๐ฌ
โข Stage 1
โข Stage 2
โข Stage 3
.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
The most common symptoms of COPD are:
โข Shortness of breath
โข Cough
โข Wheezing
โข Chest tightness
โข Fatigue
๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
COPD can lead to several complications, including:
โข Anemia
โข Right-sided heart failure
โข Muscle weakness
โข Lung infections
โข Bone thinning
โข Collapsed lungs
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
COPD is diagnosed with a spirometry test, which measures how much air a person can exhale.
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
There is no cure for COPD, but there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options include:
โข Bronchodilators
โข Antibiotics
โข Supplemental oxygen
โข Vaccination
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
The best way to prevent COPD is to avoid smoking and air pollution. Several lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of COPD, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)- Preeti sharmaEducate with smile
ย
COPD is a type of obstructive lung disease and related conditions. it is very helpful presentation to you about information of COPD.
It includes all things that is definition, causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, types, treatment and role of nurses for COPD patient.
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition that forms part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The alveoli at the end of the bronchioles of the lung become enlarged because of the breakdown of their walls. The fewer and larger damaged sacs that result mean there is a reduced surface area for the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it.
Definition
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become stiff expands and continuously filled the air even after expiration. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease due to lack of elasticity in the lungs and alveoli surface area.
Classification
Panlobular (panacinar)
It is damage to the respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts and alveoli. All air space in the little lobes much enlarged, with little inflammatory disease. The characteristics that have chest hyperinflation, and is characterized by dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss.
CENTRILOBULAR (CENTROACINAR)
The pathological changes mainly occur in the centre of the secondary lobes, and peripheral of acini remain good. Often there is chaos-ventilation perfusion ratio, which lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the arterial blood), polycythaemia and heart failure episodes right. The condition leads to cyanosis, peripheral oedema, and respiratory failure.
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
The biggest known cause or risk factor for emphysema - and for COPD - is smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for around 90% of cases of COPD. However, COPD will develop only in smokers who are genetically susceptible - smoking does not always lead to the disease.
CHRONIC OBUSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE POWER POINT.pptxAgbaMakuochi
ย
This describes a whole lot more of what Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is with their pathophysiology and management both medical and nursing management
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), also known as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, is a prevalent lung disease characterized by restricted airflow and breathing issues, often caused by damage or clogging of the lungs. This presentation includes: COPD, its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, management, etc. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
Thank you for selecting our ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)PPT
This medical PowerPoint template about ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
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This ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
โข Chronic cardiovascular condition caused by untreated or inadequately treated group-A streptococcal infection.
Characteristics:
โข Permanent damage to heart valves.
โข Starts with pharyngitis caused by streptococcus pyogenes.
โข Affects heart valves, including pulmonary, mitral, tricuspid, and aortic.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
โข High prevalence in low-income countries, particularly among children and young adults.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Inadequate healthcare access
โข Untreated streptococcal infections
โข Unfavorable environmental conditions
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ:
โข Development of scar tissue on valves due to recurrent inflammation.
โข Commissural fusion: valves fuse and thicken.
โข Mitral stenosis: narrowing of mitral valve opening.
โข Valvular regurgitation: incomplete closure of valves, causing blood flow reversal.
โข Valvular stenosis: narrowing of valve opening, restricting blood flow.
๐๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
โข Cause: Damage to the aortic valve leaflets or supporting structures prevents proper closure during diastole, leading to blood flow back into the left ventricle.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, and heart failure in severe cases.
๐๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ:
โข Cause: Calcification and narrowing of the aortic valve opening restricts blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope (fainting), and angina (chest pain due to heart muscle ischemia).
๐๐ข๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ญ๐๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ:
โข Cause: Thickening and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets restrict blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, especially on exertion, chest pain, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood) in severe cases.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:
โข Chest pain
โข Swollen joints
โข Fever
โข Weariness
โข Heart palpitation
โข Skin nodules
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
โข X-ray
โข Electrocardiogram (ECG)
โข Echocardiogram
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Surgery
โข Antibiotics
โข Lifelong prophylaxis
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ:
โข Healthy lifestyle
โข Benzathine benzylpenicillin injections
โข Improved healthcare services
โข Preventing rheumatic fever
๐ต๐๐๐ฝ๐://๐๐๐.๐ฟ๐ ๐๐น๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐.๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)- Preeti sharmaEducate with smile
ย
COPD is a type of obstructive lung disease and related conditions. it is very helpful presentation to you about information of COPD.
It includes all things that is definition, causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, types, treatment and role of nurses for COPD patient.
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition that forms part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The alveoli at the end of the bronchioles of the lung become enlarged because of the breakdown of their walls. The fewer and larger damaged sacs that result mean there is a reduced surface area for the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it.
Definition
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become stiff expands and continuously filled the air even after expiration. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease due to lack of elasticity in the lungs and alveoli surface area.
Classification
Panlobular (panacinar)
It is damage to the respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts and alveoli. All air space in the little lobes much enlarged, with little inflammatory disease. The characteristics that have chest hyperinflation, and is characterized by dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss.
CENTRILOBULAR (CENTROACINAR)
The pathological changes mainly occur in the centre of the secondary lobes, and peripheral of acini remain good. Often there is chaos-ventilation perfusion ratio, which lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the arterial blood), polycythaemia and heart failure episodes right. The condition leads to cyanosis, peripheral oedema, and respiratory failure.
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
The biggest known cause or risk factor for emphysema - and for COPD - is smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for around 90% of cases of COPD. However, COPD will develop only in smokers who are genetically susceptible - smoking does not always lead to the disease.
CHRONIC OBUSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE POWER POINT.pptxAgbaMakuochi
ย
This describes a whole lot more of what Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is with their pathophysiology and management both medical and nursing management
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), also known as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, is a prevalent lung disease characterized by restricted airflow and breathing issues, often caused by damage or clogging of the lungs. This presentation includes: COPD, its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, management, etc. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
Thank you for selecting our ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)PPT
This medical PowerPoint template about ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
You can download our template by visiting our website:
https://www.rxslides.com/product/rheumatic-heart-disease-presentation-template
copy and paste this URL into the browser and download the full editable template.
This ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
โข Chronic cardiovascular condition caused by untreated or inadequately treated group-A streptococcal infection.
Characteristics:
โข Permanent damage to heart valves.
โข Starts with pharyngitis caused by streptococcus pyogenes.
โข Affects heart valves, including pulmonary, mitral, tricuspid, and aortic.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
โข High prevalence in low-income countries, particularly among children and young adults.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Inadequate healthcare access
โข Untreated streptococcal infections
โข Unfavorable environmental conditions
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ:
โข Development of scar tissue on valves due to recurrent inflammation.
โข Commissural fusion: valves fuse and thicken.
โข Mitral stenosis: narrowing of mitral valve opening.
โข Valvular regurgitation: incomplete closure of valves, causing blood flow reversal.
โข Valvular stenosis: narrowing of valve opening, restricting blood flow.
๐๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
โข Cause: Damage to the aortic valve leaflets or supporting structures prevents proper closure during diastole, leading to blood flow back into the left ventricle.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, and heart failure in severe cases.
๐๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ:
โข Cause: Calcification and narrowing of the aortic valve opening restricts blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope (fainting), and angina (chest pain due to heart muscle ischemia).
๐๐ข๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ญ๐๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ:
โข Cause: Thickening and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets restrict blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, especially on exertion, chest pain, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood) in severe cases.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:
โข Chest pain
โข Swollen joints
โข Fever
โข Weariness
โข Heart palpitation
โข Skin nodules
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
โข X-ray
โข Electrocardiogram (ECG)
โข Echocardiogram
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Surgery
โข Antibiotics
โข Lifelong prophylaxis
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ:
โข Healthy lifestyle
โข Benzathine benzylpenicillin injections
โข Improved healthcare services
โข Preventing rheumatic fever
๐ต๐๐๐ฝ๐://๐๐๐.๐ฟ๐ ๐๐น๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐.๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ
Thank you for selecting our ๐๐๐๐ PPT
This medical PowerPoint template about ๐๐๐๐
You can download our template by visiting our website:
https://www.rxslides.com/product/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd-powerpoint-template:
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This ๐๐๐๐ animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐๐๐
โข ๐๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฌ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐๐ ๐๐๐ฅ ๐ซ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฑ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐๐):
โข ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
A chronic condition characterized by the pathologic reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus.
โข ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐๐๐ฆ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
Global prevalence: 15% to 25%, with significant regional variations.
โข ๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐๐๐ก ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ:
o Location: Left upper abdomen, below the diaphragm.
o Shape: J-shaped, with five distinct regions: cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus.
o Musculature: Three layers: outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique.
o Mucosa: Highly folded lining containing specialized cells for secretion of hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus, and hormones.
โข ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
o Incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
o Hiatal hernia
o Delayed gastric emptying
o Increased gastric acid production
o Lifestyle factors (obesity, smoking, diet, pregnancy, medications)
โข ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ:
o Loss of anti-reflux barrier
o Esophageal mucosal damage
o Impaired esophageal clearance mechanisms
o Visceral hypersensitivity
o Acid and non-acid reflux
โข ๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:
o Heartburn
o Regurgitation
o Chest pain
o Dysphagia
o Respiratory symptoms
o Dental erosions
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
o Personal history (prior GERD, obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatal hernia)
o Medications (aspirin, NSAIDs, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, bisphosphonates)
o Dietary habits (fatty, spicy, acidic foods, large meals, late-night eating, carbonated beverages, alcohol)
o Lifestyle factors (stress, anxiety, lack of physical activity, tight clothing)
o Genetic predisposition
โข ๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ:
o Upper endoscopy (EGD)
o Biopsy
o pH monitoring
โข ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ:
o Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - first-line
o H2 blockers - second-line
o Lifestyle modifications
โข ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐จ๐ง ๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฉ ๐๐ง๐ก๐ข๐๐ข๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ (๐๐๐๐ฌ)
โข Mechanism of Action: Inhibit H+/K+-ATPase enzyme in gastric parietal cells, leading to a significant and sustained reduction in acid production.
โข Indications:
o Erosive esophagitis and Barret's esophagus
o Moderate to severe GERD symptoms
o Prophylaxis for NSAID-induced ulcers
โข Dosage and Duration:
o Varied based on severity and response
o Typically, 4-8 weeks for healing esophagitis
o Long-term maintenance therapy may be necessary
Other information:
โข Normal digestion process
โข Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function
โข GERD complications (e.g., Barrett's esophagus)
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This ๐๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐ง๐ณ๐ animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐ง๐ณ๐
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Influenza viruses cause the flu, a contagious respiratory tract infection.
โข Segmented, negative-strand RNA genome
โข Eight segments encoding 11 proteins
โข Enveloped virus with two major surface glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)
๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ:
โข Influenza A: Can cause pandemics.
โข Influenza B: Responsible for seasonal flu (September-April).
โข Influenza C: Mild illness, not linked to epidemics.
๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
โข Droplets and aerosols from the respiratory tract.
โข Contact with contaminated surfaces.
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
1. Virus enters respiratory tract.
2. Spreads through cells, causing inflammation.
3. Potential complications: pneumonia, bacterial infections.
4. Virulence factor: Hemagglutinin binding to sialic acid on cells.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
โข Headache
โข Runny nose
โข Chills
โข Fever
โข Other possible symptoms: cough, sore throat, fatigue, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Increase immunity: vitamins, sleep, exercise, hydration.
โข Reduce alcohol intake.
โข Wash hands regularly.
โข Avoid close contact with infected individuals.
โข See a doctor if experiencing symptoms.
Characteristics:
โข Rapid evolution and significant variability.
โข Frequent mutations require vaccine updates twice a year.
โข Mutations lead to subtype drift and antigenic shift.
๐๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
โข Classified by valency: number of viruses subtypes they contain.
โข Trivalent: 2 influenza A subtypes and 1 influenza B subtype.
โข Quadrivalent: 2 influenza A subtypes and 2 influenza B subtypes.
โข Inactivated: killed virus, weaker immunity, subcutaneous injection.
โข Live attenuated: weakened virus, stronger immunity, single dose, requires cool storage.
๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐ง๐ข๐ ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐ญ
โข Gradual accumulation of mutations in the influenza virus over time.
โข Leads to slight changes in the virus's surface proteins (H and N).
โข Can result in decreased vaccine effectiveness, requiring updated vaccines each year.
๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐ง๐ข๐ ๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐๐ญ
โข Major change in the influenza virus due to the introduction of new H or N subtypes.
โข Can occur when human influenza viruses mix with animal influenza viruses.
โข Can lead to pandemics, causing widespread illness and death.
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๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
โข ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐๐ก๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฌis an inflammation of the bronchi, the large airways that carry air to the lungs.
โข It can be either acute, lasting for a short period, or chronic, persisting for several months or longer.
โข Acute bronchitis is often caused by viral infections, while chronic bronchitis is typically associated with smoking.
๐๐ฉ๐ข๐๐๐ฆ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
โข ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐๐ก๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฌis a highly prevalent respiratory condition, affecting millions worldwide annually.
โข The estimated global prevalence of acute bronchitis is around 5%, with higher rates in children and the elderly.
โข Chronic bronchitis affects approximately 5% of adults globally, with a significant burden on healthcare resources.
๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐๐ฅ ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐๐ก๐ข ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐
โข The bronchi are lined by a layer of ciliated epithelium, which helps to remove debris and mucus from the airways.
โข Beneath the epithelium lies a layer of smooth muscle, which helps to control the diameter of the airways.
โข The smooth muscle is surrounded by a layer of cartilage, which provides support and structure to the bronchi.
โข The outermost layer is the adventitia, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐๐๐ญ๐ฐ๐๐๐ง ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ง๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐๐ก๐ข
โข Differences in airflow and respiration processes between healthy and diseased bronchi.
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
o Smoking
o Pollution
o Genetics
o Age
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
o Alcohol
o Genetics
o Pollution
o Viruses
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
o Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucinous glands in the main bronchi
o Hypertrophy of goblet cells in the bronchioles
o Increased mucus leading to airway obstruction and air-trapping
o Shortened and less mobile cilia due to smoking
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
โข Cough: The most common symptom
โข Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing, caused by the narrowing of the airways.
โข Shortness of breath:
โข Chest discomfort:
โข Fatigue
โข Fever:
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
o Sputum testing
o Pulmonary function tests
o Chest X-rays
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
o Bronchodilators
o Cough suppressants
o Inhaled steroids
o Animated mechanism of bronchodilators' effect on bronchi
๐๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐๐ก๐จ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Types: Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) are commonly used.
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Includes healthy lifestyle choices such as:
o Avoiding alcohol
o Maintaining a balanced diet
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1- ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
โข An infection in the pleural space, causing pus accumulation.
โข A type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that causes airflow blockage and breathing problems.
2- ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐:
โข 4th leading cause of death in the United States
โข An estimated 16 million Americans have COPD, including ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐๐ฆ๐
โข More common in men than women
3- ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐๐ง๐ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ฏ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ข:
โข Alveoli are the tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange.
โข Emphysema damages the alveoli, reducing their surface area and impacting gas exchange.
4- ๐๐๐ฌ ๐๐ฑ๐๐ก๐๐ง๐ ๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ
โข Gas exchange occurs through the process of diffusion.
โข Oxygen from the air diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the air.
โข The rate of diffusion is determined by the concentration gradient of the gases.
โข The concentration gradient of oxygen is higher in the air than in the blood, so oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood.
โข The concentration gradient of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood than in the air, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air.
5- ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
โข Smoking
โข Pollution
โข Age
โข Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency
6- ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Asthma
โข Smoking
โข Chemical exposure
โข Pollution
โข Age
โข AAT deficiency
7- ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
โข ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐๐ฆ๐is caused by the destruction of the alveolar walls.
โข This destruction can be caused by several factors, including:
o Smoking:
o Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency:
o Exposure to air pollution:
โข Once the alveolar walls are destroyed, they cannot be repaired.
โข This leads to the formation of larger air spaces and a loss of surface area for gas exchange.
โข As a result, the lungs become less efficient at taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
8- ๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
โข Productive cough
โข Wheezing
โข Chest pain
โข Bluish fingers and lips
9- ๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ
โข Panacinar
โข Centriacinar
โข Paraseptal
10- ๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Lung function tests
โข Imaging tests
11- ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Bronchodilators
โข Oxygen therapy
โข Pulmonary rehabilitation
12- ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐๐ก๐จ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ
โข Beta-agonists: These medications work by mimicking the effects of adrenaline.
โข Anticholinergics: These medications work by blocking the effects of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that causes the airways to constrict
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๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
โข ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ซ๐๐ฑ: Collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleura causing lung collapse.
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
o Normal lung physiology involves the expansion and contraction of the lung during breathing.
o Air accumulation in the pleural space increases intrapleural pressure.
o Increased intrapleural pressure compresses the lung, decreasing its volume and leading to collapse
๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ
o Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: Occurs in healthy individuals due to rupture of abnormal air sacs.
o Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: Associated with underlying lung diseases like COPD, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema.
o Traumatic pneumothorax: Caused by chest injury, such as a fractured rib, gunshot wound, or blunt trauma.
o Tension pneumothorax: A life-threatening condition caused by a one-way valve mechanism allowing air entry but preventing its escape.
o Iatrogenic pneumothorax: Occurs as a complication of medical procedures like lung biopsy or central line insertion.
o Catamenial pneumothorax: Rare, occurring in women with endometriosis, where endometrial tissue bleeds into the pleural space
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
โข Medical icons representing: emphysema, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, endometriosis, collagen vascular disease, tuberculosis, asthma, and pneumonia.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
Gender, age, genetics, previous infection, smoking, deep-sea diving, drug use (inhaled), and changes in air pressure.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, fast breathing, fatigue, rapid heart rate. (Visualized)
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
X-ray, CT scan, ultrasound, auscultation, percussion.
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
Observation, chest tube drainage, supplemental oxygen, chemical pleurodesis, needle aspiration, and surgery.
๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Re-expansion pulmonary edema, treatment-related damage/infection, inability to breathe, heart failure, death. (Visualized)
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Stop smoking, avoid high-altitude activities, monitor lung conditions.
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๐๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ
1. Types of Tonsils:
โข Palatine tonsils
โข Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
โข Lingual tonsils
โข Tubal tonsils
2. ๐๐จ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ:
โข Palatine tonsils: Back of the throat, one on each side
โข Pharyngeal tonsils: Upper part of the throat, behind the nose
โข Lingual tonsils: Base of the tongue
โข Tubal tonsils: Opening of the Eustachian tube
3. ๐๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐:
โข Oval-shaped pads of tissue
โข Covered by a thin layer of tissue (epithelium)
โข Contain numerous lymphatic nodules (immune cells)
โข Deep crypts (pits) on the surface
4. ๐๐ผ๐บ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ ๐๐น๐น๐๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป::
โข Bacterial tonsillitis:
o Redness, white patches, swollen tonsils, and a grey furry tongue
โข Viral tonsillitis:
o Redness and swollen tonsils
5. ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐:
โข Varies by region and age
โข More common in children
โข Global and local prevalence can be visualized with charts and infographics
6. ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Age (more common in children)
โข Family history
โข Recurrent throat infections
7. ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
โข Viral:
o Cold viruses
o Measles
o HSV
โข Bacterial:
o Staphylococcus aureus
o Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)
o Bacterial pneumonia
8. ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
โข Infection (viral or bacterial) enters the tonsils
โข Inflammation and swelling occur
โข Exudate (pus) production increases
9. ๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
โข Sore throat
โข Bad breath
โข High temperature
โข Headache
โข Ear pain
โข Muscle pain
10. ๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Medical examination
โข Throat swab (culture)
โข Blood test
11. ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Non-surgical:
o Rest
o Pain relievers
o Gargling with salt water
o Antibiotics (for bacterial tonsillitis)
โข Surgical:
o Tonsillectomy (removal of the tonsils)
12. ๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Wash hands regularly
โข Avoid sharing drinking glasses or utensils
โข Keep living space clean
โข Avoid close contact with sick people
13. ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Peritonsillar abscess
โข Sleep apnea
โข Spread of infection
โข Rheumatic fever
Additional Information:
โข Tonsillitis is a common condition, especially in children.
โข It usually resolves on its own within a week.
โข However, in some cases, it can lead to complications.
โข Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition.
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๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
โข Respiratory illness caused by the buildup of fluid between lung and chest cavity tissue layers.
๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ง๐
โข The lung is a vital organ responsible for gas exchange.
โข It is surrounded by two thin membranes called the pleurae.
โข The visceral pleura covers the lung surface.
โข The parietal pleura lines the inner chest wall.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐:
โข ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง is a common condition, affecting millions of people worldwide.
โข The prevalence varies by region, with higher rates in developing countries
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ:
โข Illustrated anatomy of the respiratory system included.
โข Animated illustrations demonstrate fluid formation and maintenance.
โข Parietal and visceral pleura form the pleural space.
โข Fluid produced by filtration from systemic capillaries.
โข Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity causes Pleural Effusion.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Smoking
โข Heart disease
โข Liver disease
โข Alcohol
โข Lung disease
โข Asbestos exposure
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐
o Increased systemic/pulmonary capillary pressure and decreased osmotic pressure.
o Major causes: cirrhosis, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy.
๐๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐:
o Local processes leading to increased capillary permeability.
o Fluid, protein, cells, and serum constituents exude.
o Major causes: inflammation, infection, lung injury, tumors, lung cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, surgical damage, lymphatic fluid accumulation.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:
โข Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
โข Labored breathing
โข Non-productive cough
โข Chest tightness
โข Orthopnea (difficulty breathing lying down)
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Physical examination
โข Chest radiographs
โข Imaging
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ:
Thoracentesis (fluid removal)
Catheter drainage
Pleurodesis (scarring of pleural space)
Pleuroperitoneal shunt (fluid drainage to abdomen)
Pleurectomy (surgical removal of pleura)
Thoracoscopy (visual examination of pleural space)
Thoracostomy (surgical opening of chest cavity)
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๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
โข Bronchial asthma is a lung disease that causes the airways to become narrow, swollen, and filled with mucus, making breathing difficult.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
โข affects over 300 million people worldwide
โข Increasing prevalence worldwide
โข Highest prevalence in developed countries
โข significant impact on public health
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Smoking
โข Obesity
โข Family history
โข Age
๐๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐ ๐๐ซ๐ฌ:
โข Irritants
โข Outdoor allergens
โข Viruses
โข Indoor allergens
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
โข Allergens are picked up by dendritic cells and presented to TH2 cells.
โข TH2 cells produce cytokines like IL-4 and IL-5, which activate eosinophils.
โข The smooth muscle around the bronchioles spasms and secretes more mucus, narrowing the airways and making breathing harder.
โข The endothelium of the lungs is damaged, leading to edema, scarring, and fibrosis.
โข Reversible changes: Early inflammatory changes, including mucus production and smooth muscle contraction, can be reversed with treatment.
โข Irreversible changes: Chronic inflammation and remodeling lead to structural changes in the airways, such as thickening and fibrosis, which are difficult to reverse.
โข Importance of early intervention: Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent or minimize irreversible changes, improving long-term outcomes.
๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ:
โข Allergic asthma: Triggered by exposure to allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and mold.
โข Seasonal asthma: Symptoms worsen during specific seasons, often linked to pollen or airborne allergens.
โข Occupational asthma: Triggered by exposure to workplace irritants and chemicals.
โข Non-allergic asthma: Not triggered by specific allergens, but rather by irritants, weather changes, or exercise.
โข Difficult asthma: Severe and persistent asthma that requires intensive management and specialized care.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
โข Sneezing
โข Wheezing
โข Coughing
โข Shortness of breath
โข Fatigue
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Chest X-rays
โข Lung function tests
โข Allergy testing
โข Arterial blood gas analysis
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Quick-relief medicines
โข Short-acting beta-2 agonists
โข Corticosteroids
โข Animated illustrations explain how short-acting beta-2 agonists work.
โข Treatment options are updated according to the latest asthma guidelines.
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ:
โข Taking preventive medication
โข Reducing exposure to allergens
โข Avoiding triggers
โข Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
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๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐๐ง๐ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐๐ซ
The ear consists of three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.
The middle ear transmits sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
The Eustachian tube protects, aerates, and drains the middle ear.
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
๐จ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ข๐ is an infection that causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the middle ear.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
Otitis media is a common condition, affecting millions of people worldwide.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
Risk factors for otitis media include family history, smoking, pacifier use, bottle feeding, and male gender.
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
Otitis media is most commonly caused by upper respiratory tract infections, viruses, and bacteria.
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
Otitis media occurs when the Eustachian tube becomes blocked, allowing mucus to build up and bacteria or viruses to multiply.
๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ
The three main types of otitis media are:
o Acute otitis media (AOM)
o Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)
o Otitis media with effusion (OME)
๐๐๐ฎ๐ญ๐ ๐จ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ข๐ (๐๐๐)
is the most common type of otitis media, characterized by a sudden onset of inflammation and fluid buildup in the middle ear, typically within 48 hours
๐๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐ข๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐๐๐ข๐ (๐๐๐๐)
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a persistent inflammatory condition of the middle ear characterized by chronic discharge from the ear (otorrhea), perforation of the eardrum (tympanic membrane perforation), and middle ear mucosal inflammation.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
Symptoms of otitis media include:
o Loss of appetite
o Hearing impairment
o Earache
o Pus from the ear
o Headache
o Weakness
o Dizziness
o Fever
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
Otitis media is diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, otoscope exam, tympanometry, and audiometry.
๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
Complications of otitis media include:
o Spread of infection
o Hearing loss
o Speech delay
o Eardrum ruptures
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
Treatment options for otitis media include:
Antibiotics
Pain relief
Observation
Ear drainage
Managing underlying conditions
Tympanostomy
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
Stopping colds
Breastfeeding
Eliminating allergens
Managing stress
Chiropractic care
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This ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
๐๐ก๐ ๐ญ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฏ๐๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐๐ฌ
1- ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง of ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
2- ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ of the urinary system shown by animated illustrations of many organs, including the details of the Aorta, Inferior Vena Cava, Right Kidney, Left Kidney, Right Ureter, Left Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
3- ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ' most common ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ with editable medical icons include Sexual activity, the use of spermicides, Pregnancy, Enlarged prostate, Poor hygiene, and Age. filled with customizable icons
4- The ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐of urinary tract infection on global and local levels is visualized on an infographic
5- ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ examples including Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia infections. Urinary tract infection causes examples including Weakened bladder muscles, Neurological conditions, Bladder stones, Enlarged prostate, Urinary tract infections, and Constipation or bowel problems
6- ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ animations show the urinary tract infection pathogenesis in females and males as it occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder,).
7- ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐งsigns and ๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ explained with visuals of back pain, high fever, shaking and chills, nausea, vomiting, pelvic pressure, belly discomfort, painful urination, blood in urine, burning with urination, and discharge
8- ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง classification and ๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ are explained
9- upper and lower ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง examples including pyelonephritis, cystitis, and urethritis
10- ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌof urinary tract infection bladder diary, postvoid residual measurement, urinalysis, and cystoscopy
11- ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ including Medications, lifestyle changes, Bladder training, and Surgery
12- ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ include healthy lifestyle choices such as Healthy weight, Pelvic floor exercises, and Avoiding alcohol.
13- ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ซ๐๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง prevention includes healthy lifestyle choices such as Drinking plenty of fluids,
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๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and impaired functioning, affects millions of individuals worldwide, impacting their personal, professional, and social lives
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
Women are twice as likely as men to experience depression
Depression is more prevalent in older adults, with the highest rates seen in those aged 65 and over
๐ ๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐๐ฅ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค
Depression has a strong genetic component, with individuals having a family history at increased risk
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Biological: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances, hormonal disruptions
โข Environmental: Stressful life events, social isolation, trauma, physical illnesses
โข Psychological: Negative thought patterns, learned helplessness, low self-esteem
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
The Monoamine Deficiency Hypothesis
โข Depression is associated with reduced levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
โข Serotonin deficiency: Linked to obsession, compulsion, and mood regulation
โข Norepinephrine deficiency: Associated with anxiety and arousal
โข Dopamine deficiency: Implicated in fatigue, lack of motivation, and reward processing
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข DSM-V and ICD-10 Guidelines
๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ
โข Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):
โข Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD
โข Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD
โข Postpartum Depression:
โข Atypical Depression:
โข ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Non-pharmacological treatments:
Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), Lifestyle modifications: Regular exercise, healthy diet, stress management techniques
โข Pharmacological treatments:
Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง of each group is discussed
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): A highly effective treatment for severe depression
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1- ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง of ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒand the description of Epilepsy is defined as having two or more unprovoked seizures.
2- The ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ of ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ on global and local levels is visualized on an infographic, you can change the percentage and country of the prevalence according to your data
3- ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ signs and ๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ explained with visuals resembling loss of awareness, sensation disturbances, movement disturbances, cognitive disturbances, contracting and jerking of muscles, loss of consciousness, weakness, anxiety staring, confused speech, sudden falls, and strange emotions,
4- ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ mechanism resembling the increase in neuronal firing due to GABA inhibitory pathway or glutamate excitatory pathway. The explanation is in a visually appealing editable PowerPoint infographic.
5- ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ are partial and generalized seizures and their subtypes as grand mal, grand petit, tonic, clonic, absence, tonic-clonic, and myoclonic seizures.
6- ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ include:
โข newborn ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ such as lack of oxygen, low glucose, genetic predisposition, and metabolic dysfunction. causes in childhood brain tumors, fever, infection, and genetic predisposition.
โข ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ in adults such as brain tumors, alcohol abuse, and genetic predisposition.
โข ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ in seniors such as dementia, metabolic imbalance, infection, and certain prescriptions.
7- ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ with examples including family history, getting older, brain infections, seizures in childhood, and head injuries.
8- ๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ of Epilepsy including brain imaging, and electroencephalogram.
9- ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ visualized and explained medications, surgery, nerve stimulation, and ketogenic diet.
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๐ ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ผ๐ฝ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐๐ฐ๐๐๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ ๐ฒ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ ๐ฃ๐ฃ๐ง ๐๐ฒ๐บ๐ฝ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ
1- Details of cerebrospinal fluid CSF components, blood-brain barrier BBB, skull, pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater.
2- The ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด๐ฒ๐ are three layers of membranous covering around the brain and spinal cord: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
3- ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฝ๐ถ๐ฎ ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ, is the innermost of the three meningeal membranes and contains vessels. It is a thin layer of connective tissue with a lot of elastic fibers, located very close to the gyri of the brain substance.
4- ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต๐ป๐ผ๐ถ๐ฑ ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ, the middle layer of your meninges called the arachnoid mater, lies directly below your dura mater.
5- ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฑ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ, is a thick, rigid membrane that forms the outermost layer of the meninges. It lies beneath the bones of the skull and vertebral column.
6- Difference between normal, meningitis, encephalitis, and meningoencephalitis cases.
7- ๐ฅ๐ถ๐๐ธ ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐, including extremes of age, bacterial endocarditis, diabetes, under-vaccination, immunosuppression, and alcohol.
8- ๐๐ป๐ณ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐๐ฒ๐, including (direct- -hematogenous spread).
Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
9- ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐๐ต๐ผ๐ด๐ฒ๐ป๐ถ๐ฐ ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ may be viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
10- ๐น๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐๐ฒ ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฎ๐น ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด๐ถ๐๐ถ๐:
โข Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
โข Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
โข Haemophilus influenzae
โข Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus)
11- The most common causes of ๐๐ถ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ are enteroviruses and herpes simplex viruses.
12- ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ด๐ป๐ผ๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ต๐ผ๐ฑ๐, including Kernigโs test, Brudzinski sign, lumbar puncture, and PCR.
13- ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ ๐บ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐, including drinking water, physical activity, vaccination, and vitamins.
14- ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐บ๐ถ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ on global and local levels is visualized in an infographic.
15- ๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ are joint pain, nausea, headache, tachycardia, fever, rash, muscle pain, stiff neck, convulsions, vomiting, sleep, photophobia, and confusion.
16- ๐ง๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ฝ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ in including antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals,
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๐๐ก๐ ๐ญ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฏ๐๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐๐ฌ
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ก๐ฆ๐ is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough.
๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ก๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐ข๐ซ๐ฐ๐๐ฒ๐ฌ
In normal airways, the smooth muscle surrounding the airways is relaxed, allowing for unobstructed airflow.
In asthmatic airways, the smooth muscle is hyperreactive, constricting more easily in response to various stimuli.
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
โข Exposure to allergens such as dust mites, pollen, mold, and pet dander
โข Exposure to air pollutants such as cigarette smoke and secondhand smoke
โข Viral respiratory infections
โข Occupational exposure to irritants or chemicals
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
โข Wheezing
โข Shortness of breath
โข Chest tightness
โข Cough
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
. When an individual with asthma is exposed to an allergen or irritant, their immune system mounts an exaggerated inflammatory response, leading to bronchoconstriction, airway edema, and mucus plugging.
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Spirometry
โข Peak expiratory flow (PEF) monitoring
โข Allergy testing
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ T
โข Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): The mainstay of long-term asthma control
โข Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs): Provide bronchodilation for extended periods
โข Leukotriene modifiers: Block the action of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators involved in asthma
๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ
โข Allergic asthma: Triggered by exposure to specific allergens
โข Non-allergic asthma: Not triggered by specific allergens but may be exacerbated by environmental irritants, infections, or exercise
โข Occupational asthma: Caused by exposure to workplace irritants or allergens
๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Frequent asthma attacks requiring emergency care
โข Hospitalization due to severe asthma exacerbations
โข Impaired lung function and reduced quality of life
โข Increased risk of respiratory infections
โข Psychological distress and anxiety
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Identifying and avoiding personal triggers
โข Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet
โข Controlling allergies and managing environmental exposures
โข Getting regular vaccinations, especially flu and pneumonia vaccines
โข Adhering to prescribed asthma medications and treatment
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๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and impaired functioning, affects millions of individuals worldwide, impacting their personal, professional, and social lives
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
Women are twice as likely as men to experience depression
Depression is more prevalent in older adults, with the highest rates seen in those aged 65 and over
๐ ๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐๐ฅ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค
Depression has a strong genetic component, with individuals having a family history at increased risk
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Biological: Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances, hormonal disruptions
โข Environmental: Stressful life events, social isolation, trauma, physical illnesses
โข Psychological: Negative thought patterns, learned helplessness, low self-esteem
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
The Monoamine Deficiency Hypothesis
โข Depression is associated with reduced levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
โข Serotonin deficiency: Linked to obsession, compulsion, and mood regulation
โข Norepinephrine deficiency: Associated with anxiety and arousal
โข Dopamine deficiency: Implicated in fatigue, lack of motivation, and reward processing
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข DSM-V and ICD-10 Guidelines
๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ
โข Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):
โข Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD
โข Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD
โข Postpartum Depression:
โข Atypical Depression:
โข ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Non-pharmacological treatments:
Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), Lifestyle modifications: Regular exercise, healthy diet, stress management techniques
โข Pharmacological treatments:
Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง of each group is discussed
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): A highly effective treatment for severe depression
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๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐ข๐ is described as a respiratory illness characterized by inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.
๐๐ฉ๐ข๐๐๐ฆ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
The prevalence at global and local levels is apparent in the infographic. Medical infographics visualize death rates and prevalence in adults, children, and neonates.
Pneumonia is considered the first infectious disease killer in children
๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ
Types identification is essential for treatment plans; three illustrations describe bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia.
๐๐ฅ๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
Other classifications of types are essential to limit the infection, including community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia.
Dynamic gas exchange in alveoli is explained.
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
Pathogenesis compared to normal cases is discussed.
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
include bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
include smoking, being hospitalized, a weakened immune system, and chronic disease.
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
The ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐ข๐ pathogenesis explanation starts by demonstrating bacterial invasion in the alveoli, Then, secrete pneumolysineumolysin, which helps in bacterial multiplication and charge of blood vessels.
Then, macrophages secrete TNF-alpha, which makes pores and leakage of albumin and complement protein H, leading to secretion of mucus or exudate.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
Signs are explained with visuals of chest pain, headache, fever, and bale skin.
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
include blood tests, sputum tests, physical exams, and CT scans.
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
include antibiotics, oxygen therapy, hydration, and a healthy lifestyle.
The presentation explained ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง of the antibiotic works on bacterial cell walls.
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
include vaccines, smoking, and alcohol.
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1- ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ง๐ as a disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands that become clogged leading to pimples and cysts.
2- ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ of the Skin The skin is made up of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
3- ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ง๐ on global and local levels is visualized with infographic
4- Location ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ง๐ includes face, back, neck, and chest
5- ๐๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ง๐ There are six main types of acne: comedian acne, inflammatory acne, nodular acne, cystic acne, acne conglobate, and acne fulminans.
6- ๐๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ such as Hormonal changes, Genetics, Stress, Diet, Certain medications, and Bacteria are all explained in editable icons
7- ๐๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ explains how acne different types are formed; pores become clogged turning into white heads. Those whiteheads can turn into blackheads with open pores. When clogged pores become infected, they turn into papules. When fighting the infection, they turn into pustules
8- ๐๐๐ง๐ signs and ๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ were explained with visuals of Blackheads, Whiteheads, Papules, Pustules, and Nodules
9- Grades of ๐๐๐ง๐ Severity from mild to severe are (Blackheads, Whiteheads, Papules and pustules, and Cysts and nodules)
10- ๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ง๐, including medical history, Skin biopsy, and Physical examination
11- ๐๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ visualized and explained, including Cleansing, Antibiotics, Benzoyl peroxide, Mask, and Diet
12- ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง of Benzoyl peroxide is explained
13- ๐๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ are also mentioned including Avoiding washing, keeping your skin clean, managing stress, using non-comedogenic products, donโt smoking, and watching your diet.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganongโs Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowmanโs Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: Whatโs the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Are you curious about whatโs new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Womenโs Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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3. COPD
is a group of lung
diseases that cause
airflow blockage and
breathing-related
problems. It is a
progressive disease,
meaning it gets
worse over time.
5. COPD
COPD is a
major cause of
death
worldwide, and
it is estimated
that 328 million
people have
COPD.
6. COPD forms
The two main forms of COPD
are chronic bronchitis and
emphysema
7. COPD
The lungs are the
primary organs
responsible for
respiration, the process
of taking in oxygen and
releasing carbon
dioxide. Respiration
involves inhalation
(inspiration), where the
diaphragm contracts,
expanding the chest
cavity and drawing air
into the lungs through
the trachea, bronchi,
and bronchioles to the
alveoli. Exhalation
(expiration) is primarily
passive, with the chest
cavity recoiling and
forcing air out of the
lungs. Gas exchange
occurs in the alveoli,
where oxygen diffuses
from air into the blood
and carbon dioxide
diffuses from blood into
air. The lungs also
regulate blood pH,
protect against
infection, and produce
surfactant to prevent
alveoli from collapsing.
8. COPD pathophysiology
COPD is a complex
disease with a
pathophysiology
characterized by
airway
inflammation, air
sac destruction,
and small airway
remodeling. These
changes lead to
airflow obstruction,
chronic cough,
dyspnea, gas
exchange
abnormalities, and,
in advanced cases,
right-sided heart
failure
9. COPD Risk factors
Smoking
Exposure to
secondhand smoke
Exposure to air
pollution
Occupational
exposure to dusts
and fumes
History of childhood
respiratory
infections
Genetic
predisposition
Alpha-1 antitrypsin
deficiency (AATD)
Aging
Low socioeconomic
statusdust
11. Smoking
Smoking is the leading
cause of COPD,
accounting for about
80% of cases
worldwide. Smoking
damages the lungs and
airways in multiple
ways, leading to the
development of chronic
inflammation, air sac
destruction, and small
airway remodeling, the
key pathophysiological
features of COPD.
12. COPD causes
Smoking triggers
inflammation in the
airways, leading to
thickening of the
walls, narrowing of
the lumen, and
increased mucus
production.
Smoking also
generates
excessive reactive
oxygen species
(ROS) that damage
the elastin fibers in
the airways, leading
to airway collapse.
Additionally,
smoking disrupts
the balance
between proteases
and antiproteases,
leading to
excessive protease
activity that
damages the
alveolar walls,
causing
emphysema. These
mechanisms
contribute to the
development and
progression of
COPD.
13. AAT deficiency
AAT is a protease
inhibitor, meaning it
blocks the activity of
proteases, enzymes
that break down
proteins. In the
lungs, proteases
play a role in the
inflammatory
response, and
excessive protease
activity can damage
lung tissue. AAT
helps to regulate
protease activity
and protect the
lungs from damage.
People with
AATD have lower
levels of AAT in
their blood,
making them
more susceptible
to lung damage
from proteases
15. COPD- stage 1
Mild COPD:
People with mild
COPD may have
no symptoms or
only mild
symptoms, such
as shortness of
breath after
exertion
16. COPD โ stage 2
People with
moderate COPD
may have more
frequent shortness
of breath,
especially during
exertion. They may
also have a chronic
cough or wheezing,
increased phlegm
17. COPD - Stage 3
People with severe
COPD may have
frequent shortness
of breath, even at
rest. They may also
have wheezing,
chest tightness, and
fatigue, patient may
need supplemental
oxygen
18. COPD
โข Shortness of
breath
โข Cough
โข Wheezing
โข Chest tightness
โข Fatigue
โข Mucous
production
โข Heart failure at
later stages
27. spirometry
his is the most common
test used to diagnose
COPD. It measures how
much air you can blow
out of your lungs and
how fast you can blow it
out.
28. Pulse oximetry
Pulse oximetry is a
non-invasive
method for
measuring the
oxygen saturation
of your blood,
which is the
percentage of
hemoglobin in your
blood that is
carrying oxygen. It
is a quick,
painless, and easy-
to-use test that
can be done in a
doctor's office,
hospital, or even at
home.
29. ABGs
This test measures
the amount of
oxygen and carbon
dioxide in your
blood. It can help
to determine how
severe your COPD
is and whether you
need oxygen
therapy.
30. Electrocardiogram
In COPD, ECG
changes can
occur due to the
long-term effects
of hypoxic
pulmonary
vasoconstriction
(HPVC) upon the
right side of the
heart. HPVC is a
narrowing of the
blood vessels in
the lungs, which
can lead to
pulmonary
hypertension
(high blood
pressure in the
lungs).
Pulmonary
hypertension can
cause the right
side of the heart
to enlarge and
weaken, which
can lead to right
ventricular
hypertrophy
(RVH).
31. Chest x ray
This test can show
if you have
emphysema,
which is one of the
main causes of
COPD. It can also
rule out other lung
problems, such as
pneumonia.
32. COPD treatment
โข Bronchodilators:
These medications
open up the
airways and make
it easier to breathe.
โข Antibiotics: These
medications are
used to treat lung
infections.
โข Supplemental
oxygen: This can
help people with
low levels of
oxygen in the
blood.
โข Vaccination:
People with COPD
should get a flu
vaccine every year
and a pneumonia
vaccine once a
year.
34. Bronchodilators
Bronchodilators form
the cornerstone of
COPD treatment,
working by relaxing
the muscles
surrounding the
airways, allowing for
easier airflow. Short-
acting bronchodilators,
such as albuterol
(ProAir HFA, Ventolin
HFA) and ipratropium
(Atrovent HFA),
provide rapid relief
from acute symptoms,
while long-acting
bronchodilators, such
as salmeterol (Advair
HFA, Serevent HFA)
and tiotropium
(Spiriva), offer
sustained symptom
control over an
extended period.
35. Anti inflammatory
Inhaled
corticosteroids,
such as
fluticasone and
budesonide
(Symbicort HFA),
combat the
chronic
inflammation that
underlies COPD.
By reducing
inflammation,
these medications
help alleviate
symptoms,
improve lung
function, and
minimize the risk of
exacerbations.
40. Anti cholinergic
Anticholinergics
work by blocking
muscarinic
receptors, which are
receptors for
acetylcholine. By
blocking these
receptors,
anticholinergics
prevent
acetylcholine from
binding to them and
exerting its
bronchoconstrictor
effects. This leads to
relaxation of the
muscles in the
airways, allowing for
easier airflow.
41. Leukotriene modifiers
LTRAs work by binding to
leukotriene receptors on
immune cells and
smooth muscle cells in
the airways. By blocking
these receptors, LTRAs
prevent leukotrienes
from exerting their
inflammatory and
broncho constrictive
effects. This leads to
reduced airway
inflammation, mucus
production, and airway
constriction, which can
help improve lung
function and reduce
symptoms in people with
COPD.broncho-
constrictive
42. expectorants
Expectorants are
thought to work by
stimulating the
production of mucus
in the airways. They
may do this by
increasing the activity
of the cilia, which are
tiny hairs that line the
airways and help to
move mucus.
Expectorants may
also make mucus
thinner by increasing
the amount of water in
it.
45. COPD preventive methods
The best way to
prevent COPD is to
avoid smoking and
air pollution. Several
lifestyle changes can
help reduce the risk
of COPD, such as
eating a healthy diet
and exercising
regularly
47. Chronic bronchitis
is a progressive lung
disease characterized
by persistent
inflammation of the
bronchial airways,
leading to excessive
mucus production and
persistent cough. It is a
major component of
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
(COPD), a broader term
encompassing
obstructive lung
diseases.
50. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis
- Shortness of breath
- Chest tightness
- Wheezing
- Fatigue
- Recurrent
respiratory infections
51. Pathophysiology
Chronic bronchitis
arises from chronic
inflammation of the
airways, primarily due
to exposure to
irritants like cigarette
smoke, air pollution,
and occupational
dusts. This
inflammation
damages the cilia,
tiny hair-like
structures
responsible for
clearing mucus from
the airways.
Consequently, mucus
accumulates, leading
to cough and
increased
susceptibility to
infections.
58. Emphysema
- Emphysema is a
type of chronic
obstructive
pulmonary disease
(COPD), where the
air sacs in the lungs
(alveoli) become
damaged and lose
their elasticity.
- The loss of
elasticity causes the
airways to collapse
during exhalation,
leading to difficulty
in expelling air from
the lungs.
59. causes
Primary cause:
Smoking is the
leading cause of
emphysema, with
long-term exposure
to tobacco smoke
being the primary risk
factor.
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin
deficiency: Genetic
factors can
contribute to the
development of
emphysema,
especially in
individuals with a
deficiency of the
alpha-1 antitrypsin
enzyme.
60. Pathophysiology
Smoking-induced
inflammation: Chronic
exposure to cigarette
smoke triggers
inflammation in the
airways, leading to the
release of enzymes that
break down elastin in the
lungs.
- Destruction of alveoli:
Elastin breakdown
results in the destruction
of alveoli, reducing the
surface area available for
gas exchange.
61. Pathophysiology
- Loss of lung
elasticity:
Reduced
elasticity
impairs the
ability of the
lungs to recoil
during
exhalation,
causing air
trapping.
62. symptoms
- Shortness of breath,
especially during
physical exertion.
- Persistent cough.
- Wheezing.
- Fatigue.
- Weight loss.