PSYCHOLOGY: EMOTIONS

1. Emotions
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2. Hello!
I am Dan Andrei N. Bagao RPm
I am here because I love to give presentations.
You can find me at andreibagao@gmail.com
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6. What
is
Affective
Science?

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Affective science is the scientific study
of emotion or affect. This includes the
study of emotion elicitation, emotional
experience and the recognition of
emotions in others. In particular the
nature of feeling, mood, emotionally
driven behaviour, decision making,
attention and self-regulation, as well as
the underlying physiology and
neuroscience of the emotions.

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What
is
Emotion?

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According to the book "Discovering
Psychology" by Don Hockenbury and
Sandra E. Hockenbury, an emotion is
a complex psychological state that
involves three distinct components:
a subjective experience, a
physiological response, and a
behavioral or expressive response.

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15. Etymology
of
Emotions15

16. ◉ The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it
was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which
means "to stir up".
◉ The word emotion was coined in the early 1800s
by Thomas Brown and it is around the 1830s that
the modern concept of emotion first emerged for
English Language. "No one felt emotions before
about 1830. Instead they felt other things -
"passions", "accidents of the soul", "moral
sentiments" - and explained them very
differently from how we understand emotions
today." 16

17. Classification
of
Emotions

18. As early as the 4th century B.C.,
Aristotle attempted to identify
the exact number of core emotions
in humans. Described as
Aristotle's List of Emotion, the
philosopher proposed 14 distinct
emotional expressions: fear,
confidence, anger, friendship,
calm, enmity, shame,
shamelessness, pity, kindness,
envy, indignation, emulation, and
contempt.

19. Charles Darwin wrote in his
1872 book, The Expression
of the Emotions in Man and
Animals that “facial
expressions of emotion are
universal, not learned
differently in each
culture.” There have been
arguments both in favor and
against ever since.
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20. For Darwin, emotion had an
evolutionary history that
could be traced across
cultures and species—an
unpopular view at the time.
Today, many psychologists
agree that certain emotions
are universal to all humans,
regardless of culture: anger,
fear, surprise, disgust,
happiness and sadness.
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21. William James in
1890 proposed four
basic emotions:
fear, grief, love,
and rage, based on
bodily involvement.
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22. ◉ Paul Ekman
identified six
basic emotions:
anger, disgust,
fear, happiness,
sadness and
surprise.22

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24. Eckman's Facial Action Coding System
Paul Ekman created what he called the facial
action coding system (FACS), a classification
model which measures and evaluates the
movements of facial muscles as well as those
of the eyes and head. Based on his theory,
Ekman proposed that there are seven emotional
expressions universal to people all over the
world: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear,
anger, disgust, and contempt.
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28. Wallace V. Friesen and Phoebe C.
Ellsworth worked with him on the same
basic structure.The emotions can be
linked to facial expressions. In the
1990s, Ekman proposed an expanded list of
basic emotions, including a range of
positive and negative emotions that are
not all encoded in facial muscles. The
newly included emotions are: Amusement,
Contempt, Contentment, Embarrassment,
Excitement, Guilt, Pride in achievement,
Relief, Satisfaction, Sensory pleasure,
and Shame.28

29. Richard and Bernice Lazarus in
1996 expanded the list to 15
emotions: aesthetic
experience, anger, anxiety,
compassion, depression, envy,
fright, gratitude, guilt,
happiness, hope, jealousy,
love, pride, relief, sadness,
and shame, in the book Passion
and Reason.
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31. Researchers at University of California,
Berkeley identified 34 categories of
emotion: admiration, adoration,
aesthetic appreciation, amusement,
anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness,
boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt,
craving, disgust, empathic pain,
entrancement, excitement, fear, horror,
interest, joy, nostalgia, relief,
romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual
desire and surprise.
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32. Robert Plutchik proposed
eight basic emotions—
joy, sadness, trust,
disgust, fear, anger,
surprise, and
anticipation—which he
believed overlapped and
bled into the next like
hues on a color wheel.
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34. Plutchik's wheel of emotions
In 1980, Robert Plutchik diagrammed a wheel
of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear,
surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and
anticipation, inspired by his Ten
Postulates.Plutchik also theorized twenty-
four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary"
dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).
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35. The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:
Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust
Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness +
Anger
Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear +
Disgust
Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ∉
Surprise
There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary
emotions.This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32
triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.35

36. Parrott’s Tree-Structured Theory
In his 2001 study, Emotions in Social Psychology, Parrott
proposed that theories of emotion have been built upon a
very small foundation that should be questioned. Fear,
anger, love, sadness, etc have been the emotions that
most psychologists have focused on, but he notes that
hundreds of emotions are recognized in ordinary language.
Parrott worked to build out a broader sample, where basic
emotions were branched out into different forms of
feeling. Some of these emotions were not categorized by
human expression, but rather, emotional states.
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43. Emotional equations
A book written by Chip
Conley showed how emotions
and feelings are organised
using mathematical terms.43

44. ”
Theories
of
Emotion
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46. James–Lange theory
William James Carl Lange46

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51. Proposed independently by psychologist
William James and physiologist Carl
Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion
suggests that emotions occur as a result
of physiological reactions to events. In
other words, this theory proposes that
people have a physiological response to
environmental stimuli and that their
interpretation of that physical response
then results in an emotional experience.51

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53. Cannon–Bard theory
Sir Walter Bradford Cannon Phillip Bard53

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56. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,
also known as the Thalamic theory of
emotion, is a physiological
explanation of emotion developed by
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. Cannon-
Bard theory states that we feel
emotions and experience physiological
reactions such as sweating, trembling,
and muscle tension simultaneously.56

57. More specifically, it is suggested that
emotions result when the thalamus sends a
message to the brain in response to a
stimulus, resulting in a physiological
reaction.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of
emotion, we react to a stimulus and
experience the associated emotion at the
same time. 57

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59. Schachter-Singer Two-Factor
Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter Jerome Everett Singer59

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63. The two-factor theory of emotion
focuses on the interaction
between physical arousal and how
we cognitively label that
arousal. In other words, simply
feeling arousal is not enough; we
also must identify the arousal in
order to feel the emotion.63

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65. Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory
Richard Lazarus65

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71. According to appraisal theories of
emotion, thinking must occur first
before experiencing emotion.
Richard Lazarus was a pioneer in
this area of emotion, and this
theory is often referred to as the
Lazarus theory of emotion.
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96. Emotionally Focused
Therapy

97. Emotionally Focused Therapy
Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is a short-
term form of therapy that focuses on adult
relationships and attachment/bonding. The
therapist and clients look at patterns in the
relationship and take steps to create a more
secure bond and develop more trust to move
the relationship in a healthier, more
positive direction. 97

98. When to Use
Couples and families in distress can benefit from EFT and learn
to improve their relationships. Often, clients are dealing with
anger, fear, loss of trust, or sense of betrayal in their
relationship. EFT has also been proven effective for couples who
are having trouble coping with their own illness or that of a
child. In addition to helping the distressed relationship, EFT
can also help reduce individual symptoms of depression or trauma.
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99. EFT for couples features a nine-step model of restructuring
the attachment bond between partners. In this approach, the
aim is to reshape the attachment bond and create more
effective co-regulation and "effective dependency",
increasing individuals' self-regulation and resilience. In
good-outcome cases, the couple is helped to respond and
thereby meet each other's unmet needs and injuries from
childhood. The newly shaped secure attachment bond may become
the best antidote to traumatic experience from within and
outside of the relationship.
Stages and steps
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100. Stage 1. Stabilization
(assessment and de-escalation phase)
● Step 1: Identify the relational conflict issues
between the partners
● Step 2: Identify the negative interaction cycle
where these issues are expressed
● Step 3: Access attachment emotions underlying the
position each partner takes in this cycle
● Step 4: Reframe the problem in terms of the cycle,
unacknowledged emotions, and attachment needs
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101. Stage 1. Stabilization
(assessment and de-escalation phase)
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During this stage the therapist creates a comfortable
and stable environment for the couple to have an open
discussion about any hesitations the couples may have
about the therapy, including the trustworthiness of the
therapist. The therapist also gets a sense of the
couple's positive and negative interactions from past
and present and is able to summarize and present the
negative patterns for them. Partners soon no longer
view themselves as victims of their negative
interaction cycle; they are now allies against it.

102. Stage 2. Restructuring the bond
(changing interactional positions phase)
● Step 5: Access disowned or implicit needs (e.g., need
for reassurance), emotions (e.g., shame), and models
of self
● Step 6: Promote each partner's acceptance of the
other's experience
● Step 7: Facilitate each partner's expression of needs
and wants to restructure the interaction based on new
understandings and create bonding events
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103. Stage 2. Restructuring the bond
(changing interactional positions phase)
This stage involves restructuring and widening
the emotional experiences of the couple. This is
done through couples recognizing their attachment
needs, and then changing their interactions based
on those needs. At first their new way of
interacting may be strange and hard to accept,
but as they become more aware and in control of
their interactions they are able to stop old
patterns of behavior from reemerging.103

104. ◉ Step 8: Facilitate the formulation of
new stories and new solutions to old
problems
◉ Step 9: Consolidate new cycles of
behavior
Stage 3.
Integration and consolidation
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105. Stage 3.
Integration and consolidation
This stage focuses on reflection of new
emotional experiences and self-concepts.
It integrates the couple's new ways of
dealing with problems within themselves
and in the relationship.
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106. Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at @username & user@mail.me
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