Transactional analysis (TA) is a theory of communication that views interactions between people in terms of ego states and transactions. TA was developed in the 1960s to understand behavior. It analyzes exchanges between two or more individuals (transactions) and examines personality structure (ego states). The ego consists of three parts - parent, adult, and child - that influence transactions. TA is used to understand behaviors, improve communication, and address dysfunctional relationship patterns like "games." While popular in therapy, TA lacks scientific evidence proving some of its key concepts.

1. Transactional Analysis

2. About TA
• Proposed by Dr.
Eric Berne in mid
1960’s in his book
“Games People
Play”
• Popularized by
Thomas A. Harris,
author of the book
I'm OK - You're
OK

3. A unit of social intercourse is called a
transaction
A relationship established between two or
more persons who come in contact with
each other is a transaction.
Study or Analysis of such social
transactions is known as Transactional
Analysis.
It is used to study and analyze
interpersonal communication

4. TA
Different methods to understand & predict
human behaviour
• Structural analysis – within the person
• Transactional analysis – 2 or more people
• Game analysis – understanding transactions
that lead to bad feelings
• Script analysis – understand a person’s life
plan
• Strokes

5. Ego States:
Each of our personalities is made up of various parts:

6. Kinds of Transactions:
Complementary Transaction

7. Crossed/ Blocked Transaction

8. Ulterior Transaction

9. Ego States
Parent :- Set of thoughts, feelings &
behaviour that are learned, borrowed
from our parents or parent figures.
• Gives advice Makes rules &
regulations
• Criticise
• Discipline
• Moralise
• Nurture & Protect
• Teach
• Judge

10. Ego States
• Nurturing parent - soft,loving,
comforting praises,helps &
permission giving
• Critical parent – finds faults,
displays prejudices, disapproves and
prevents others from feeling good
about themselves

11. Ego States
Adult Ego State is a data processing center.
It processes the data accurately to come
up with solution to problems based on
solid facts, reasons & logic
• Use the stored information
• Plan
• Check alternatives
• Reasoning
• Evaluate
• Estimate Probability
• Set limits

12. Ego States
• The Child ego state is the part of our personality
that is the seat of emotions, thoughts, feelings
,memories, experiences that we have of ourselves
from childhood.
• Showing Anger
• Fear
• Rebelliousness
• Curiosity
• Love
• Excitement
• Aggressiveness

13. Natural child :spontaneous, impulsive, playful, authentic,
emotional & pleasure loving
Adapted Child: That part of our personality that has
learned to comply with parental messages. Compliant,
conforms to the wishes & demands of parental figures
Little Professor: Curious and exploring Child who is always
trying out new stuff
Together with the Natural Child they make up the
Free Child.
Ego States

14. Ego States

15. Strokes:
Fundamental unit of social action .
A stroke is a unit of recognition, when one
person recognizes another person.
 Verbal or non verbal
 Positive or negative
 Conditonal or Unconditional

16. Script
• A life script is an unconscious life
plan based on decisions made in early
childhood about ourselves, others,
and our lives.
• We all receive many messages from
our parents and other caretakers as
we are growing up.

17. Life Positions:
• Based on messages received &
decisions made,we develop the basic
life position
• Existential positions as it influences
our own and others existence.
• I'm OK, You're OK
• I'm OK, You're Not OK
• I'm Not OK, You're OK
• I'm Not OK, You're Not OK

18. Existential positions

19. Blame model
When emotions are triggered, people
adopt one of three attitudes relating
to blame, which each correlate to a
position on the Okay Corral:
• I'm to blame
• You are to blame
• We are both to blame
• It's no-one's fault, blame isn't the
issue - what matters is how we go
forward and sort things out.

20. Games
A game is a familiar pattern of behaviour
with a predictable outcome
Games are played outside Adult awareness
and they are our best attempt to get our
needs met - although of course we don't.
Games are learned patterns of behaviour,
and most people play a small number of
games with a range of different people
and in varying intensities.

21. Games
• First Degree games are played in
social circles generally lead to mild
upsets not major traumas.
• Second Degree games occur when the
stakes may be higher. This ends up
with an even greater negative payoff.

22. Games
• Third Degree games involve tissue
damage and may end up in the jail,
hospital or morgue.
• World politics can involve as fourth
degree games - where the outcomes
involve whole communities, countries
or even the world

23. Games:

24. Advantages of TA:
Improves interpersonal communication
Applicable in Motivation
Helps in Organizational Development
Can be used at home as well as in office

25. Disadvantages of TA:
Few scientific facts to prove
Ego states are difficult to define.

26. Thank You 