The ear develops from three parts - the external, middle, and inner ear. The inner ear develops from thickenings in the ectoderm called otic placodes around 22 days. These placodes invaginate to form the otic vesicles which divide into dorsal and ventral components forming the structures of the inner ear. The middle ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft, giving rise to the tympanic cavity and auditory tube. The ossicles develop from the surrounding cartilage. The external ear develops from swellings near the pharyngeal arches which fuse to form the auricle and the external auditory meatus develops from the dorsal cleft.
Ear is the anatomical unit serving both hearing and equilibrium. Understanding of the developmental of ear and its clinical anatomy is fundamental in the learning of embryology.
Ear is the anatomical unit serving both hearing and equilibrium. Understanding of the developmental of ear and its clinical anatomy is fundamental in the learning of embryology.
I have tried my level best to complete this one. Basics & subjective details as much possible, are included here with understandable diagrams, CT-scans & charts. Clinical associations with possible anatomical structures are also touched . Frequent questions based on the topic discussed, will be there at the middle & end of presentation.
If you find it helpful then please like it & if any query regarding this ppt or upcoming ppts then mail me
drsuraj1997@gmail.com
Development of the middle ear is not covered in this presentation. If you are interested then please mail me. I will try to upload it as a separate one.
I have tried my level best to complete this one. Basics & subjective details as much possible, are included here with understandable diagrams, CT-scans & charts. Clinical associations with possible anatomical structures are also touched . Frequent questions based on the topic discussed, will be there at the middle & end of presentation.
If you find it helpful then please like it & if any query regarding this ppt or upcoming ppts then mail me
drsuraj1997@gmail.com
Development of the middle ear is not covered in this presentation. If you are interested then please mail me. I will try to upload it as a separate one.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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3. Ear In the adult, the ear forms one anatomical unit serving both hearing and equilibrium. In the embryo it develops from three distinctly different parts: Theexternal ear, the sound collecting organ; Themiddle ear, a sound conductor from the external to the internal ear; Theinternal ear, which converts sound waves into nerve impulses and registers changes in equilibrium.
4. Scanning electron micrograph of a mouse embryo equivalent to approximately 28 days of human development. The otic placodes, as shown in B, are invaginating to form the otic pits (arrows). Arrowhead, second arch; H, heart; star, mandibular prominence. Region of the rhombencephalon showing the otic placodes in a 22-day embryo.
5. Internal Ear In embryos 22 days a thickening of the surface ectoderm on each side of the rhombencephalon, is the first indication of the developing ear. These thickenings, the otic placodes, invaginate rapidly and form the oticor auditory vesicles (otocysts). Each vesicle divides into; Ventral component that gives rise to thesaccule and cochlear duct . Dorsal component that forms the utricle, semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct (Figs. 16.3– 16.6). Together these epithelial structures form the membranous labyrinth.
6. 24 days 4.5 weeks 27 days Transverse sections through the region of the rhombencephalon showing formation of the otic vesicles. Note the statoacoustic ganglia.
7. C to E. Cochlear duct at 6, 7, and 8 weeks, respectively. Note formation of the ductus reuniens and the utriculosaccular duct. A and B. Development of the otocyst showing a dorsal utricular portion with the endolymphatic duct and a ventral saccular portion.
8. SACCULE, COCHLEA, AND ORGAN OF CORTI 1/3 In the sixth week of development, the saccule forms a tubular outpocketingat its lower pole. This outgrowth, the cochlear duct, penetrates the surrounding mesenchyme in a spiral fashion until at the end of the eighth week it has completed 2.5 turns. The ductus reuniens connects the remaining portion of the saccule with utricle.
9. Development of the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. A. The cochlear duct is surrounded by a cartilaginous shell. B. During the 10th week large vacuoles appear in the cartilaginous shell. C. The cochlear duct (scala media) is separated from the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli by the basilar and vestibular membranes, respectively. Note the auditory nerve fibers and the spiral (cochlear) ganglion.
10. Mesenchyme surrounding the cochlear duct soon differentiates into cartilage. In the 10th week, this cartilaginous shell undergoes vacuolization, and two perilymphatic spaces, the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. The vestibular membrane separates cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli. The basilar membrane separates cochlear duct from the scala tympani by. The spiral ligament attaches lateral wall of the cochlear duct to the surrounding cartilage. The median angle of the cochlea angle is connected to and partly supported by a long cartilaginous process, the modiolus, the future axis of the bony cochlea. SACCULE, COCHLEA, AND ORGAN OF CORTI 2/3
11.
12. The sensory cells and tectorial membrane together constitute the organ of Corti.
13. Impulses received by this organ are transmitted to the spiral ganglion and then to the nervous system by the auditory fibers of cranial nerve VIII.SACCULE, COCHLEA, AND ORGAN OF CORTI 3/3
14. Development of the organ of Corti. A. 10 weeks. B. Approximately 5 months. C. Full-term infant. Note the appearance of the spiral tunnels in the organ of Corti.
15. UTRICLE AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS 1/2 During the sixth week of development, semicircular canals appear as flattened outpocketings of the utricular part of the otic vesicle. Central portions of the walls of these outpocketings eventually appose each other and disappear, giving rise to three semicircular canals. Whereas one end of each canal dilates to form the crus ampullare, the other, the crus nonampullare, does not widen. Five crura enter the utricle, three with an ampulla and two without. Cells in the ampullae form a crest, the crista ampullaris, containing sensory cells for maintenance of equilibrium. Similar sensory areas, the maculae acusticae, develop in the walls of the utricle and saccule. Impulses generated in sensory cells of the cristae and maculae as a result of a change in position of the body are carried to the brain by vestibular fibers of cranial nerve VIII.
16. 16.6 Development of the semicircular canals. A. 5 weeks. C. 6 weeks. E. 8 weeks. B, D, and F. Apposition, fusion, and disappearance, respectively, of the central portions of the walls of the semicircular outpocketings. Note the ampullae in the semicircular canals.
17. B. Middle ear showing the cartilaginous precursors of the auditory ossicles. Thin yellow line in mesenchyme indicates future expansion of the primitive tympanic cavity. Note the meatal plug extending from the primitive auditory meatus to the tympanic cavity. 16.7 A. Transverse section of a 7-week embryo in the region of the rhombencephalon, showing the tubotympanic recess, the first pharyngeal cleft, and mesenchymal condensation, foreshadowing development of the ossicles.
18. Ear showing the external auditory meatus, the middle ear with its ossicles, and the inner ear.
19. UTRICLE AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS Statoacoustic ganglion 2/2 The statoacoustic ganglion forms during formation of the otic vesicle, . The ganglion splits into cochlear and vestibular portions, Supply sensory cells of the organ of Corti and those of the saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals, respectively.
20. Middle EarTYMPANIC CAVITY AND AUDITORY TUBE The tympanic cavity is derived from the first pharyngeal pouch. This pouch expands in a lateral direction and comes in contact with the floor of the first pharyngeal cleft. The distal part of the pouch gives rise to the tubotympanic recess. The proximal part gives rise to the auditory tube (Eustachian tube).
21. A. Derivatives of the first three pharyngeal arches. Note the malleus and incus at the dorsal tip of the first arch and the stapes at that of the second arch. B. Middle ear showing the handle of the malleus in contact with the eardrum. The stapes will establish contact with the membrane in the oval window. The wall of the tympanic cavity is lined with endodermal epithelium.
22. OSSICLES 1/2 The malleus and incus are derived from cartilage of the first pharyngeal arch, The stapes is derived from that of the second arch. The ossicles appear during the first half of fetal life, they remain embedded in mesenchyme until the eighth month. When the ossicles are entirely free of surrounding mesenchyme, the endodermal epithelium connects them in a mesentery-like fashion to the wall of the cavity. The supporting ligaments of the ossicles develop later within these mesenteries Since the malleus is derived from the first pharyngeal arch, its muscle, the tensor tympani, is innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. The stapedius muscle, which is attached to the stapes, is innervated by the facial nerve, the nerve to the second pharyngeal arch. ts of the ossicles develop later within these mesenteries.
23. During late fetal life, the tympanic cavity expands dorsally by vacuolization of surrounding tissue to form the tympanic antrum. After birth, epithelium of the tympanic cavity invades bone of the developing mastoid process, and epithelium-lined air sacs are formed (pneumatization). Later, most of the mastoid air sacs come in contact with the antrum and tympanic cavity. Expansion of inflammations of the middle ear into the antrum and mastoid air cells is a common complication of middle ear infections. OSSICLES 2/2
25. External EarEXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS The external auditory meatus develops from the dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal cleft. At the beginning of the third month, epithelial cells at the bottom of the meatus proliferate, forming a solid epithelial plate, the meatal plug. In the seventh month, this plug dissolves and the epithelial lining of the floor of the meatus participates in formation of the definitive eardrum. Occasionally the meatal plug persists until birth, resulting in congenital deafness.
26. A. Derivatives of the first three pharyngeal arches. Note the malleus and incus at the dorsal tip of the first arch and the stapes at that of the second arch. B. Middle ear showing the handle of the malleus in contact with the eardrum. The stapes will establish contact with the membrane in the oval window. The wall of the tympanic cavity is lined with endodermal epithelium.
27.
28.
29. A. Lateral view of the head of an embryo showing the six auricular hillocks surrounding the dorsal end of the first pharyngeal cleft B to D. Fusion and progressive development of the hillocks into the adult auricle
30. E. The six auricular hillocks from the first and second pharyngeal arches. H, heart; NP, nasal placode F. The hillocks becoming more defined. Note the position of the ears with respect to the mouth and eyes (e). G. External ear nearly complete. Growth of the mandible and neck region places the ears in their permanent position.
31.
32. but environmental factors may also interfere with normal development of the internal and middle ear;Rubella virus, affecting the embryo in the seventh or eighth week, may cause severe damage to the organ of Corti. It has also been suggested that poliomyelitis, Erythroblastosis fetalis, Ddiabetes, Hypothyroidism, Toxoplasmosiscan cause congenital deafness.
33.
34. Thus, they serve as clues to examine infants carefully for other abnormalities.
35. All of the frequently occurring chromosomal syndromes and most of the less common ones have ear anomalies as one of their characteristics.External Ear Defects 1/2
36. 16.11 A. Microtia with preauricular pit (arrow). B. Preauricular pits (arrows). C and D. Preauricular appendages (skin tags). Note the low position of the tag in D.
37. Preauricular appendages and pits are skin tags and shallow depressions, respectively, anterior to the ear. Pits may indicate abnormal development of the auricular hillocks, whereas appendages may be due to accessory hillocks. Like other external ear defects, both are associated with other malformations. External Ear Defects 2/2