The ear develops from three parts - the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The external ear develops from swellings around the first pharyngeal cleft. The middle ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch. The inner ear develops from thickenings of surface ectoderm that invaginate to form the otic vesicles. These vesicles give rise to the membranous labyrinth containing the saccule, utricle, semicircular canals and cochlear duct. The ossicles of the middle ear develop from cartilage of the pharyngeal arches. Congenital deafness and abnormalities of the external ear can result from abnormal development and are often associated with other malformations
The external ear, middle ear, and internal ear all develop from thickenings and pouches of ectoderm and mesoderm that form early in embryonic development. The external ear develops from six hillocks that fuse to form the auricle, while the external auditory meatus develops from the first pharyngeal cleft. The middle ear forms from the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft, and contains the tympanic cavity and three ossicles that develop from cartilage. The internal ear forms from the otic placode and vesicle, which give rise to the membranous labyrinth and its sensory structures for hearing and balance.
The inner ear begins developing between 3-16 weeks of gestation, forming otic discs, pits, and cysts from ectoderm thickening over the hindbrain. Each otocyst divides into ventral and dorsal parts, forming the saccule, cochlear duct, utricle, semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct. The cochlear duct coils from base to apex, reaching 2.5 coils by 25 weeks. Sensory cells in the maculae, cristae, and organ of Corti develop between 11-16 weeks.
The inner ear first appears as auditory placodes that form hollow otocysts on the 24th day of embryo formation. By the 7th week, the otocyst has developed into the membranous labyrinth containing the semicircular canals and a single turn cochlea. By the 12th week, the adult form of the inner ear is nearly complete, with the membranous labyrinth suspended in perilymph within the developing bony labyrinth. A full understanding of inner ear embryology is important for treating hearing issues that result from prenatal development problems or cochlear damage in adulthood.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external and internal structures of the nose, including bones, cartilages, walls and openings. It also details the paranasal sinuses, blood supply, drainage and innervation. Special emphasis is given to the functions of the nose in respiration, air conditioning, protection and olfaction. Assessment of olfactory function is discussed.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the external and middle ear. It describes how the external ear develops from the first and second pharyngeal arches. It then details the anatomy of the auricle, external acoustic canal, and tympanic membrane. For the middle ear, it discusses the embryological development and describes the structures of the middle ear cleft, tympanic cavity, ossicles, muscles, nerves and blood supply.
The document discusses the development of the ear. It begins with the formation of the otic placode which develops into the otic pit and then the otic vesicle. The otic vesicle then forms the endolymphatic duct and sac as well as the utricular and saccular portions. The cochlea also develops from the otic vesicle. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which forms the tympanic cavity and Eustachian tube. The auditory ossicles also develop in the tympanic cavity. The external ear develops from the first branchial groove which forms the external acoustic meatus. Congenital anomalies that can result include deafness and end
The document discusses the development of the ear, including the external, middle, and internal ear structures. It describes how the otic placode invaginates to form the otic vesicle, which then develops into the membranous labyrinth. The ventral part forms the saccule and cochlear duct, while the dorsal part forms the semicircular ducts and utricle. The first pharyngeal pouch develops into the middle ear cavity and auditory tube, while the first pharyngeal cleft forms the external acoustic meatus. Various congenital deformities of the external ear are also mentioned.
The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth contained within it. The bony labyrinth includes the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, three semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct within the bony structures. The organ of Corti located within the cochlear duct contains hair cells that detect sound vibrations and transmit signals to the cochlear nerve. Perilymph fluid fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths while endolymph fluid fills the membranous
The external ear, middle ear, and internal ear all develop from thickenings and pouches of ectoderm and mesoderm that form early in embryonic development. The external ear develops from six hillocks that fuse to form the auricle, while the external auditory meatus develops from the first pharyngeal cleft. The middle ear forms from the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft, and contains the tympanic cavity and three ossicles that develop from cartilage. The internal ear forms from the otic placode and vesicle, which give rise to the membranous labyrinth and its sensory structures for hearing and balance.
The inner ear begins developing between 3-16 weeks of gestation, forming otic discs, pits, and cysts from ectoderm thickening over the hindbrain. Each otocyst divides into ventral and dorsal parts, forming the saccule, cochlear duct, utricle, semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct. The cochlear duct coils from base to apex, reaching 2.5 coils by 25 weeks. Sensory cells in the maculae, cristae, and organ of Corti develop between 11-16 weeks.
The inner ear first appears as auditory placodes that form hollow otocysts on the 24th day of embryo formation. By the 7th week, the otocyst has developed into the membranous labyrinth containing the semicircular canals and a single turn cochlea. By the 12th week, the adult form of the inner ear is nearly complete, with the membranous labyrinth suspended in perilymph within the developing bony labyrinth. A full understanding of inner ear embryology is important for treating hearing issues that result from prenatal development problems or cochlear damage in adulthood.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external and internal structures of the nose, including bones, cartilages, walls and openings. It also details the paranasal sinuses, blood supply, drainage and innervation. Special emphasis is given to the functions of the nose in respiration, air conditioning, protection and olfaction. Assessment of olfactory function is discussed.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the external and middle ear. It describes how the external ear develops from the first and second pharyngeal arches. It then details the anatomy of the auricle, external acoustic canal, and tympanic membrane. For the middle ear, it discusses the embryological development and describes the structures of the middle ear cleft, tympanic cavity, ossicles, muscles, nerves and blood supply.
The document discusses the development of the ear. It begins with the formation of the otic placode which develops into the otic pit and then the otic vesicle. The otic vesicle then forms the endolymphatic duct and sac as well as the utricular and saccular portions. The cochlea also develops from the otic vesicle. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which forms the tympanic cavity and Eustachian tube. The auditory ossicles also develop in the tympanic cavity. The external ear develops from the first branchial groove which forms the external acoustic meatus. Congenital anomalies that can result include deafness and end
The document discusses the development of the ear, including the external, middle, and internal ear structures. It describes how the otic placode invaginates to form the otic vesicle, which then develops into the membranous labyrinth. The ventral part forms the saccule and cochlear duct, while the dorsal part forms the semicircular ducts and utricle. The first pharyngeal pouch develops into the middle ear cavity and auditory tube, while the first pharyngeal cleft forms the external acoustic meatus. Various congenital deformities of the external ear are also mentioned.
The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth contained within it. The bony labyrinth includes the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, three semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct within the bony structures. The organ of Corti located within the cochlear duct contains hair cells that detect sound vibrations and transmit signals to the cochlear nerve. Perilymph fluid fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths while endolymph fluid fills the membranous
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. It describes the four main paranasal sinuses - maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. For each sinus, it details their location, drainage pathways, surrounding structures, timing of development, and other key anatomical features. The maxillary sinus is the largest sinus, located within the cheekbones. The ethmoid sinus is a complex bony labyrinth near the skull. The sphenoid sinus is positioned at the base of the skull. The frontal sinus is situated within the frontal bones and has significant anatomical variability between individuals.
The ear develops from three germ layers into three main structures - the inner, middle, and outer ear. The outer ear develops from hillocks in the mandibular and hyoid arches, which fuse to form the pinna. The external auditory canal develops from the first branchial groove. The middle ear cavities develop from outpouchings of the first and second pharyngeal pouches. Ossicles develop from the first and second branchial arches. The inner ear develops from the otic placode, forming the fluid-filled cochlea and vestibular system. The facial and acoustic nerves also develop during this period to innervate the ear structures.
The document discusses congenital anomalies of the external ear. It begins by describing the normal development of the ear in utero from weeks 6 to month 5. It then discusses various types of anomalies including microtia (underdeveloped ear), macrotia (overly large ear), and anomalies of the external acoustic meatus such as atresia (blockage of the ear canal). It provides details on the classification, causes, and reconstructive options for microtia. It also discusses other rare anomalies such as anotia (complete absence of the ear), dysplastic ears, low-set ears, ear tags, and ear canal anomalies. Syndromes commonly associated with ear anomalies like Treacher Collins and Goldenhar syndrome are
Micro anatomy of cochlea humans and animalsravi9164
The document summarizes the microanatomy of the inner ear, specifically the cochlea, in the chinchilla. It describes the various microstructures that make up the cochlea, including the osseous spiral lamina, Reissner's membrane, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, organ of Corti, hair cells, spiral ganglion, and stria vascularis. It provides details on the composition, structure, and function of these various microstructures that are essential for hearing.
Stroboscopy is a technique used to visualize vocal fold vibration during phonation using synchronized flashing light. It allows observation of vibration in slow motion, providing real-time information about vibration and detection of vocal pathology. The flashing light is synchronized to the frequency of vocal fold vibration, producing a clear still image of the same portion of the vibratory cycle using the principles of persistence of vision and correspondence. Stroboscopy is essential for planning surgery and improving subtle laryngeal diagnoses. Key diagnostic findings include asymmetry of vibration with lesions like polyps and compromised glottic closure with nodules.
The ear develops from three main embryonic structures:
1. The external ear develops from swellings around the first and second pharyngeal arches.
2. The middle ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch which forms the auditory tube and tympanic cavity. The ossicles develop from the first and second pharyngeal arches.
3. The inner ear develops from the otic placode which invaginates to form the otic vesicle. The vesicle then divides to form the structures of the inner ear including the cochlea, utricle and saccule.
Anatomy of pterygopalatine fossa, infra temporal spaceShweta Sharma
1) The infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa are two important anatomical spaces located in the skull.
2) The infratemporal fossa contains muscles like the temporalis and pterygoid muscles, nerves like the mandibular and maxillary nerves, and vessels like the maxillary artery.
3) The pterygopalatine fossa is a small triangular space that connects to other areas through openings and contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, and branches of the maxillary artery.
The laryngeal cavity extends from the inlet of the larynx to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. It is divided into three regions by the vestibular and vocal folds. The vestibule lies between the laryngeal inlet and vestibular folds. The ventricles are located between the vestibular and vocal folds, bulging out on each side. The infraglottic region is below the vocal folds, extending to the lower opening of the larynx. The document provides detailed anatomical descriptions of these regions and their boundaries.
This document discusses the physiology of phonation, or voice production. It defines phonation as the rapid opening and closing of the vocal cords due to the separation and apposition of the vocal folds, accompanied by breath under lung pressure, which creates vocal sound. It describes the anatomy involved in voice production including the lungs, diaphragm, larynx, throat, mouth and nose. It discusses theories of voice production and covers topics like pitch, volume, quality, vocal registers, vocal disorders, vocal injury, and video stroboscopy.
Embryology and anatomy of external and middle earAyesha Ather
The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the external, middle, and mastoid parts of the ear. Regarding embryology, it describes how the external ear, auditory canal, middle ear spaces/folds, and ossicles develop from the branchial arches and pouches during fetal life. For anatomy, it outlines the structures of the external ear including the pinna, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. It also details the walls, spaces, blood supply and contents of the middle ear, as well as the anatomy of the eustachian tube, mastoid air cells and their relationships.
The inner ear is composed of a bony labyrinth that houses the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlea, three semicircular canals, and two otolith organs (the utricle and saccule). The semicircular canals contain cristae that detect rotational head movements while the utricle and saccule contain maculae that detect linear accelerations and gravity. Endolymph fills the membranous labyrinth and perilymph fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths. The vestibular portion detects head movements and maintains balance.
The document discusses the anatomy of the skull base and temporal bone. It describes how the skull base develops from cartilage precursors and separates the brain from facial structures. It details the development of various skull base structures including the parachordal cartilage, sclerotomal cartilage, hypophyseal cartilage and others. It also discusses the anatomy of the temporal bone, including its four parts - the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic portions. Key anatomical structures and landmarks are described for surgical and pathological relevance.
The larynx contains several cartilages that provide structure, including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages. It is located in the neck and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. The larynx contains intrinsic ligaments like the vocal ligaments and extrinsic muscles that attach it to surrounding structures like the hyoid bone. It plays important roles in voice production, airway protection, and breathing.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ear, including the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. It describes the pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, middle ear structures like the auditory tube, tympanic cavity walls, and inner ear structures such as the cochlea and semicircular canals. Key structures of each section are defined along with their functions, nerve supply, layers and clinical relevance.
The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. It is around 36mm long in adults and made of bone laterally and fibrocartilage medially. It opens with swallowing to equalize pressure and ventilate the middle ear. Dysfunction can cause ear infections and pressure issues. Evaluation involves tests like Valsalva, Toynbee maneuvers and tympanometry. Conditions like patulous Eustachian tube can also occur if it does not close properly.
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by normal outer hair cell function but abnormal or absent auditory brainstem response, despite mild to profound hearing loss. A 27-year-old female presented with right-sided hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus for several years. Testing found normal outer hair cell function but abnormal auditory brainstem responses, consistent with progressive ANSD. Treatment options for ANSD are limited but may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or speech therapy depending on the severity and progression of the hearing loss.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the external, middle, and internal ear. It begins by introducing the three parts of the ear and their functions in hearing and balance. It then provides more detailed descriptions of each part, including their structures, boundaries, contents, blood supply, and relevant clinical notes. The external ear collects and conducts sound, the middle ear intensifies vibrations via the ossicles, and the internal ear converts sounds into nerve impulses for hearing and maintains balance.
This document provides an overview of cochlear implants, including:
- A cochlear implant is an electronic device that converts sound into electrical signals to stimulate the auditory nerve for people who are profoundly deaf.
- It has both external and internal components, with the external parts worn behind the ear and the internal parts surgically implanted.
- Candidates for cochlear implants include adults and children over 12 months old with severe-to-profound hearing loss who get limited benefit from hearing aids.
- The surgical procedure to implant the device involves making an incision to access the inner ear and inserting an electrode array to stimulate the auditory nerve. Extensive testing and rehabilitation is required post
Anatomy and Physiology of Oral Cavity & OropharynxPrem Davis
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the oral cavity and oropharynx. It describes the development, structures, and subsites of the oral cavity, including the lips, hard palate, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, buccal mucosa, retromolar trigone, and floor of the mouth. It then discusses the oropharynx, covering the palatine tonsils, tongue base, lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls, and soft palate. Key structures, muscles, innervation, and functions are outlined for each subsite.
Ear is the anatomical unit serving both hearing and equilibrium. Understanding of the developmental of ear and its clinical anatomy is fundamental in the learning of embryology.
The ear develops from three parts - the external, middle, and inner ear. The inner ear develops from thickenings in the ectoderm called otic placodes around 22 days. These placodes invaginate to form the otic vesicles which divide into dorsal and ventral components forming the structures of the inner ear. The middle ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft, giving rise to the tympanic cavity and auditory tube. The ossicles develop from the surrounding cartilage. The external ear develops from swellings near the pharyngeal arches which fuse to form the auricle and the external auditory meatus develops from the dorsal cleft.
The ear and nose develop from thickenings of ectoderm that invaginate to form early structures. The ear develops from the otic placode which forms the otic vesicle containing early structures of the inner ear. Structures like the cochlea, semicircular canals, and organs develop further. The nose develops from facial prominences that grow and fuse to form the nasal cavity and structures within it like the septum. The ear structures like the ossicles, auditory tube and external ear develop from the pharyngeal arches and clefts. Congenital anomalies can occur if development of these intricate structures is disrupted.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. It describes the four main paranasal sinuses - maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. For each sinus, it details their location, drainage pathways, surrounding structures, timing of development, and other key anatomical features. The maxillary sinus is the largest sinus, located within the cheekbones. The ethmoid sinus is a complex bony labyrinth near the skull. The sphenoid sinus is positioned at the base of the skull. The frontal sinus is situated within the frontal bones and has significant anatomical variability between individuals.
The ear develops from three germ layers into three main structures - the inner, middle, and outer ear. The outer ear develops from hillocks in the mandibular and hyoid arches, which fuse to form the pinna. The external auditory canal develops from the first branchial groove. The middle ear cavities develop from outpouchings of the first and second pharyngeal pouches. Ossicles develop from the first and second branchial arches. The inner ear develops from the otic placode, forming the fluid-filled cochlea and vestibular system. The facial and acoustic nerves also develop during this period to innervate the ear structures.
The document discusses congenital anomalies of the external ear. It begins by describing the normal development of the ear in utero from weeks 6 to month 5. It then discusses various types of anomalies including microtia (underdeveloped ear), macrotia (overly large ear), and anomalies of the external acoustic meatus such as atresia (blockage of the ear canal). It provides details on the classification, causes, and reconstructive options for microtia. It also discusses other rare anomalies such as anotia (complete absence of the ear), dysplastic ears, low-set ears, ear tags, and ear canal anomalies. Syndromes commonly associated with ear anomalies like Treacher Collins and Goldenhar syndrome are
Micro anatomy of cochlea humans and animalsravi9164
The document summarizes the microanatomy of the inner ear, specifically the cochlea, in the chinchilla. It describes the various microstructures that make up the cochlea, including the osseous spiral lamina, Reissner's membrane, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, organ of Corti, hair cells, spiral ganglion, and stria vascularis. It provides details on the composition, structure, and function of these various microstructures that are essential for hearing.
Stroboscopy is a technique used to visualize vocal fold vibration during phonation using synchronized flashing light. It allows observation of vibration in slow motion, providing real-time information about vibration and detection of vocal pathology. The flashing light is synchronized to the frequency of vocal fold vibration, producing a clear still image of the same portion of the vibratory cycle using the principles of persistence of vision and correspondence. Stroboscopy is essential for planning surgery and improving subtle laryngeal diagnoses. Key diagnostic findings include asymmetry of vibration with lesions like polyps and compromised glottic closure with nodules.
The ear develops from three main embryonic structures:
1. The external ear develops from swellings around the first and second pharyngeal arches.
2. The middle ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch which forms the auditory tube and tympanic cavity. The ossicles develop from the first and second pharyngeal arches.
3. The inner ear develops from the otic placode which invaginates to form the otic vesicle. The vesicle then divides to form the structures of the inner ear including the cochlea, utricle and saccule.
Anatomy of pterygopalatine fossa, infra temporal spaceShweta Sharma
1) The infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa are two important anatomical spaces located in the skull.
2) The infratemporal fossa contains muscles like the temporalis and pterygoid muscles, nerves like the mandibular and maxillary nerves, and vessels like the maxillary artery.
3) The pterygopalatine fossa is a small triangular space that connects to other areas through openings and contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, and branches of the maxillary artery.
The laryngeal cavity extends from the inlet of the larynx to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. It is divided into three regions by the vestibular and vocal folds. The vestibule lies between the laryngeal inlet and vestibular folds. The ventricles are located between the vestibular and vocal folds, bulging out on each side. The infraglottic region is below the vocal folds, extending to the lower opening of the larynx. The document provides detailed anatomical descriptions of these regions and their boundaries.
This document discusses the physiology of phonation, or voice production. It defines phonation as the rapid opening and closing of the vocal cords due to the separation and apposition of the vocal folds, accompanied by breath under lung pressure, which creates vocal sound. It describes the anatomy involved in voice production including the lungs, diaphragm, larynx, throat, mouth and nose. It discusses theories of voice production and covers topics like pitch, volume, quality, vocal registers, vocal disorders, vocal injury, and video stroboscopy.
Embryology and anatomy of external and middle earAyesha Ather
The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the external, middle, and mastoid parts of the ear. Regarding embryology, it describes how the external ear, auditory canal, middle ear spaces/folds, and ossicles develop from the branchial arches and pouches during fetal life. For anatomy, it outlines the structures of the external ear including the pinna, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. It also details the walls, spaces, blood supply and contents of the middle ear, as well as the anatomy of the eustachian tube, mastoid air cells and their relationships.
The inner ear is composed of a bony labyrinth that houses the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlea, three semicircular canals, and two otolith organs (the utricle and saccule). The semicircular canals contain cristae that detect rotational head movements while the utricle and saccule contain maculae that detect linear accelerations and gravity. Endolymph fills the membranous labyrinth and perilymph fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths. The vestibular portion detects head movements and maintains balance.
The document discusses the anatomy of the skull base and temporal bone. It describes how the skull base develops from cartilage precursors and separates the brain from facial structures. It details the development of various skull base structures including the parachordal cartilage, sclerotomal cartilage, hypophyseal cartilage and others. It also discusses the anatomy of the temporal bone, including its four parts - the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic portions. Key anatomical structures and landmarks are described for surgical and pathological relevance.
The larynx contains several cartilages that provide structure, including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages. It is located in the neck and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. The larynx contains intrinsic ligaments like the vocal ligaments and extrinsic muscles that attach it to surrounding structures like the hyoid bone. It plays important roles in voice production, airway protection, and breathing.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ear, including the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. It describes the pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, middle ear structures like the auditory tube, tympanic cavity walls, and inner ear structures such as the cochlea and semicircular canals. Key structures of each section are defined along with their functions, nerve supply, layers and clinical relevance.
The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. It is around 36mm long in adults and made of bone laterally and fibrocartilage medially. It opens with swallowing to equalize pressure and ventilate the middle ear. Dysfunction can cause ear infections and pressure issues. Evaluation involves tests like Valsalva, Toynbee maneuvers and tympanometry. Conditions like patulous Eustachian tube can also occur if it does not close properly.
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by normal outer hair cell function but abnormal or absent auditory brainstem response, despite mild to profound hearing loss. A 27-year-old female presented with right-sided hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus for several years. Testing found normal outer hair cell function but abnormal auditory brainstem responses, consistent with progressive ANSD. Treatment options for ANSD are limited but may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or speech therapy depending on the severity and progression of the hearing loss.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the external, middle, and internal ear. It begins by introducing the three parts of the ear and their functions in hearing and balance. It then provides more detailed descriptions of each part, including their structures, boundaries, contents, blood supply, and relevant clinical notes. The external ear collects and conducts sound, the middle ear intensifies vibrations via the ossicles, and the internal ear converts sounds into nerve impulses for hearing and maintains balance.
This document provides an overview of cochlear implants, including:
- A cochlear implant is an electronic device that converts sound into electrical signals to stimulate the auditory nerve for people who are profoundly deaf.
- It has both external and internal components, with the external parts worn behind the ear and the internal parts surgically implanted.
- Candidates for cochlear implants include adults and children over 12 months old with severe-to-profound hearing loss who get limited benefit from hearing aids.
- The surgical procedure to implant the device involves making an incision to access the inner ear and inserting an electrode array to stimulate the auditory nerve. Extensive testing and rehabilitation is required post
Anatomy and Physiology of Oral Cavity & OropharynxPrem Davis
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the oral cavity and oropharynx. It describes the development, structures, and subsites of the oral cavity, including the lips, hard palate, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, buccal mucosa, retromolar trigone, and floor of the mouth. It then discusses the oropharynx, covering the palatine tonsils, tongue base, lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls, and soft palate. Key structures, muscles, innervation, and functions are outlined for each subsite.
Ear is the anatomical unit serving both hearing and equilibrium. Understanding of the developmental of ear and its clinical anatomy is fundamental in the learning of embryology.
The ear develops from three parts - the external, middle, and inner ear. The inner ear develops from thickenings in the ectoderm called otic placodes around 22 days. These placodes invaginate to form the otic vesicles which divide into dorsal and ventral components forming the structures of the inner ear. The middle ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft, giving rise to the tympanic cavity and auditory tube. The ossicles develop from the surrounding cartilage. The external ear develops from swellings near the pharyngeal arches which fuse to form the auricle and the external auditory meatus develops from the dorsal cleft.
The ear and nose develop from thickenings of ectoderm that invaginate to form early structures. The ear develops from the otic placode which forms the otic vesicle containing early structures of the inner ear. Structures like the cochlea, semicircular canals, and organs develop further. The nose develops from facial prominences that grow and fuse to form the nasal cavity and structures within it like the septum. The ear structures like the ossicles, auditory tube and external ear develop from the pharyngeal arches and clefts. Congenital anomalies can occur if development of these intricate structures is disrupted.
The document summarizes the development of the ear from the early stages of formation through maturation. It describes:
- The formation of the otic placode from surface ectoderm, which then invaginates to form the otic vesicle.
- How the otic vesicle develops into the inner, middle, and outer ear structures. The inner ear forms from regionalization of the vesicle directed by homeobox genes.
- The development of the middle ear bones and structures from the pharyngeal arches. The external ear develops from auricular hillocks that fuse to form the pinna.
- Key processes like differentiation of hair cells and formation of the bony labyrinth that
This document discusses the development of the ear and its congenital anomalies. It describes how the ear is composed of the external, middle, and internal parts. It explains that the external ear develops by the 20th week of gestation from the fusion of six hillocks. The middle ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and recess fusing with the first groove to form the tympanic membrane. The ossicles develop from the dorsal ends of the first and second arch cartilages. Congenital anomalies that can occur include auricular appendages, atresia of the external acoustic meatus, and absence of the external acoustic meatus. The internal ear develops from the otic placode and vesicle
This document provides an overview of pharyngeal arch derivatives. It defines key terms and describes the development of the pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts during the fourth and fifth weeks of embryological development. The pharyngeal arches give rise to many structures in the head and neck, including muscles, bones, arteries and nerves. Derivatives of the arches include parts of the jaw, ear bones, hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages. Persistence of pharyngeal pouches and clefts can lead to clinical issues such as branchial fistulae or cysts.
1. The document discusses the development of the face and oral cavity from early prenatal growth through maturation. It describes how the five facial prominences, including the frontonasal, maxillary, and mandibular processes, develop and give rise to different structures.
2. Key stages of development discussed include formation of the oral cavity from the stomodeum, separation of the nasal cavity by fusion of the medial nasal processes, and separation of the oral and nasal cavities by formation and fusion of the secondary palate from palatine shelves.
3. Glands such as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands develop from epithelial buds in the oral cavity and surrounding
The development of the eye begins around day 22 of gestation with the formation of optic grooves on either side of the forebrain, which then invaginate to form optic vesicles. The optic vesicles continue to develop into double-walled optic cups with inner and outer layers. Simultaneously, surface ectoderm thickens to form lens placodes which then invaginate to form lens vesicles. The optic cups and lens vesicles continue to develop throughout weeks 4-8 of gestation, with structures such as the iris, ciliary body, retina, choroid, and sclera deriving from the optic cup layers and the lens developing from the lens vesicle. By week 8, the basic structures of the eye
phayrangeal apparatus By Dr.Aisha Sadaf IBMS -KMU-peshawarAisha Sadaf
The document describes the development of the pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts in early human embryogenesis. It states that the pharyngeal arches develop as six curved mesenchymal thickenings on each side of the primitive pharynx. Each arch gives rise to specific skeletal, muscular, vascular and nervous derivatives. The pharyngeal pouches form as outpocketings between the arches and give rise to structures such as the tonsils and parathyroid glands. Pharyngeal clefts form between the pouches and contribute to structures like the external auditory meatus. Congenital anomalies can result if development of the arches, pouches or clefts is disrupted.
This document summarizes human embryonic and fetal development from the first week through birth. It describes the major developmental milestones that occur each week, including formation of the germ layers and organ systems. The embryonic period lasts from weeks 3-8, characterized by organogenesis. The fetal period lasts from month 3 until birth, marked by rapid growth and tissue maturation. Key events include closure of the neural tube, development of limbs, and the shift of erythropoiesis from the liver to the spleen.
The document summarizes the development of the face from the 4th week of embryonic development. It discusses how the frontonasal process, maxillary processes, and mandibular processes form the structures of the face, including the lips, nose, eyes, ears, and palate. It also describes the development of branchial arches and how they contribute to specific muscles, nerves, arteries, and bones. The formation and differentiation of the pharyngeal pouches and clefts that form parts of the ear, thyroid, parathyroid glands and thymus are also outlined.
The document provides an outline and overview of a histology seminar presentation on the ear. It discusses the three main divisions of the ear - external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the auricle and external acoustic meatus. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles and auditory tube. The inner ear has a bony and membranous labyrinth, with sensory cells that detect sound and acceleration. The presentation aims to describe the components, histology, and functions of each ear region.
The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth surrounded by fluid-filled membranous labyrinth containing the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals. The cochlea contains the organ of Corti which is the sensory organ for hearing and consists of hair cells. The vestibule and semicircular canals contain maculae and cristae which are sensory organs for balance. The inner ear develops from the otic placode and is complete by 16 weeks of gestation. The vestibulocochlear nerve transmits signals from the inner ear hair cells and sensory epithelia.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the human ear, eye, and associated sensory systems. It describes the three main parts of the ear - outer, middle, and inner ear. Sound waves are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear via the auditory ossicles to the inner ear, where they are converted to nerve impulses. The inner ear also contains structures for balance. Similarly, it outlines the three layers of the eye - outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous layer. Light enters through the cornea and lens, stimulating photoreceptors in the retina which transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve. Both sensory systems provide vital functions of hearing, balance,
This document discusses MR imaging of the inner ear. It begins with the embryology and anatomy of the external, middle, and inner ear. It describes the development of the membranous labyrinth from the otic placode and vesicle. Cross-sectional anatomy of the inner ear on MRI is shown, including the cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, and internal auditory canal. The document recommends an MRI protocol for inner ear imaging using 3D CISS sequences to evaluate structures surrounded by fluid like the 7th-8th nerve complex. MRI is useful for sensorineural hearing loss evaluation while CT is better for conductive hearing loss.
The inner ear develops from the otic placode and pit beginning in the 4th week of embryological development. It consists of the bony labyrinth housed within the temporal bone and the membranous labyrinth contained within. The membranous labyrinth includes the cochlear duct which contains the organ of Corti, the utricle and saccule containing the maculae, and three semicircular ducts containing the cristae which detect rotational movement. The stria vascularis within the cochlea secretes endolymph responsible for the endocochlear potential needed for hearing.
The ear consists of three main parts - the outer, middle, and inner ear. Sound waves enter the outer ear and cause the tympanic membrane in the middle ear to vibrate. These vibrations are amplified by the ossicles and transmitted through the oval window to the cochlea of the inner ear. Within the cochlea, vibration of the fluid causes movement of hair cells which stimulate nerves for sound perception. The vestibular system detects head movement and maintains balance.
The document summarizes the development of the lower respiratory tract from the 4th week of gestation. It begins as a laryngotracheal groove that envaginates to form the laryngotracheal diverticulum. This divides into the primordium of the lungs and bronchial tree ventrally and the esophagus dorsally. The endoderm lining gives rise to the respiratory epithelium and glands while the surrounding mesoderm forms the connective tissues, cartilage, and smooth muscles. The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs continue developing through branching morphogenesis and cellular differentiation until birth and early childhood when full alveolar development is reached.
The development of the head and neck is characterized by the formation of pharyngeal arches and pouches. The pharyngeal arches give rise to muscles, bones and cartilage in the head and neck region. Neural crest cells migrate into the arches and contribute to skeletal development. The pharyngeal pouches form important structures such as the ears, tonsils, thyroid and parathyroid glands. Congenital defects can occur if development of the arches, pouches or neural crest cells is disrupted.
Pure tone audiometry is a subjective test that graphically records hearing loss both quantitatively and qualitatively using pure tone sounds of varying frequencies and intensities. It can identify if a subject has a hearing loss and determine the type of loss. The audiogram provides key information about a subject's hearing thresholds via air and bone conduction tests. It has limitations but remains an important initial test for evaluating hearing.
The axilla is a fat-filled pyramidal space located between the upper limb and the trunk. It has four walls - anterior, posterior, medial and lateral. Important structures passing through the apex include the axillary vessels and brachial plexus cords. The axilla contains the axillary artery and its branches, axillary vein and tributaries, brachial plexus cords, lymph nodes, and fat. Common issues involving the axilla are shoulder dislocations, lymphadenitis, and thoracic outlet syndrome.
This document discusses the anatomy of the esophagus. It begins with an introduction describing the esophagus as a narrow muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It then covers the development, structure, course through the neck and thorax, relations to surrounding structures, blood supply, drainage, innervation, and some clinical notes about esophagoscopy and achalasia cardia.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the pharynx:
- The pharynx is a musculofascial tube that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- It has four layers - mucous membrane, pharyngeal aponeurosis, muscular coat with three constrictor muscles, and buccopharyngeal fascia.
- There are two potential spaces - the retropharyngeal space posteriorly and parapharyngeal space laterally. Abscesses can form in these spaces.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve. It has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve provides sensory innervation to the face, nasal cavity, and eyes. The maxillary nerve provides sensory innervation to the midface and upper teeth. The mandibular nerve has both sensory and motor functions, providing sensory innervation to the lower face and motor innervation to muscles like the masseter and medial pterygoid.
This document compares tympanoplasty (ear drum repair surgery) done with or without removing the skin of the posterior ear canal wall. Both techniques were performed on dry ear cases using an underlay grafting method with temporalis fascia. Results found no significant differences between the groups in terms of graft uptake rate (success rate over 90% in both), post-operative granulation rates, or average air-bone gap closure. While removing the posterior canal wall skin provided better surgical exposure, preserving the skin did not negatively impact outcomes when using proper surgical techniques. The conclusion is that removing or preserving the posterior canal wall skin during tympanoplasty does not alter results as long as an appropriate surgical method is used.
This study compared tympanoplasty done with removal of the posterior ear canal wall skin versus preservation of the canal wall skin. Both techniques used underlay grafting with temporalis fascia. For the removal group (Group A), the skin of the posterior canal wall was removed in 45 dry ear cases. For the preservation group (Group B), the skin of the posterior canal wall was preserved in 49 dry ear cases. Results after 6 weeks found successful graft uptake in 41 ears (91%) for Group A and 42 ears (86%) for Group B. Hearing gains were also similar between groups. The conclusion was that while removal of the posterior canal wall skin offers a better surgical view, preserving the skin does not negatively impact
This document describes a study comparing tympanoplasty procedures that either remove or preserve the posterior canal wall skin. The study aims to determine which approach offers patients the best treatment options while maximizing success rates and improving surgical visualization. It will involve 60 adult patients undergoing cartilage tympanoplasty, with half having the posterior canal wall skin removed and half preserving it. The time required for surgery, graft uptake rate, post-operative hearing levels, and healing will be compared between the two groups.
The submandibular gland and tongue are described. The submandibular gland is J-shaped and located in the digastric triangle below the mandible. It has superficial and deep parts divided by the mylohyoid muscle. The submandibular duct drains saliva from the gland into the floor of the mouth. The tongue has intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that aid in speech, taste, chewing and swallowing. Both structures receive blood supply from the facial artery and have lymphatic drainage to submandibular lymph nodes.
The inner ear, also called the labyrinth, contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. The bony labyrinth houses the membranous labyrinth, which contains endolymph and is made up of the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts. The cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure that contains the organ of Corti, which has hair cells that detect sound and transmit signals to the brain. The vestibule contains the saccule and utricle, which have maculae that sense head position and linear acceleration. The semicircular ducts have cristae in
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and clinical management of facial nerve paralysis. It begins with a detailed description of the course and branches of the facial nerve from the brainstem through the temporal bone. It then discusses various causes of facial nerve paralysis including birth-related, traumatic, infectious, neoplastic and idiopathic etiologies. Diagnostic testing methods like electrophysiology are summarized. Management depends on the cause but may include steroids, antivirals and surgical exploration/grafting in some cases. Ramsay Hunt syndrome and basal skull fractures presenting with facial paralysis are also briefly reviewed.
The submandibular gland and tongue are described. The submandibular gland is J-shaped and located in the digastric triangle below the mandible. It has superficial and deep parts divided by the mylohyoid muscle. The submandibular duct drains saliva from the gland into the floor of the mouth. The tongue has intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that aid in speech, taste, chewing and swallowing. Both structures receive blood supply from the facial artery and have nerve connections involving the lingual, hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
3. Ear
• In the adult, the ear forms one anatomical
unit serving both hearing and equilibrium.
• In the embryo it develops from three
distinctly different parts:
1. The external ear, the sound collecting organ;
2. The middle ear, a sound conductor from the
external to the internal ear;
3. The internal ear, which converts sound waves
into nerve impulses and registers changes in
equilibrium.
4. Scanning electron micrograph of a mouse
embryo equivalent to approximately 28 days
of human development. The otic placodes,
as shown in B, are invaginating to form the
otic pits (arrows). Arrowhead, second arch;
H, heart; star, mandibular prominence.
Region of the rhombencephalon
showing the otic placodes
in a 22-day embryo.
5. Internal Ear
• In embryos 22 days a thickening of the surface
ectoderm on each side of the rhombencephalon, is the
first indication of the developing ear.
• These thickenings, the otic placodes, invaginate
rapidly and form the otic or auditory vesicles
(otocysts).
• Each vesicle divides into;
1. Ventral component that gives rise to the saccule and
cochlear duct .
2. Dorsal component that forms the utricle, semicircular
canals, and endolymphatic duct (Figs. 16.3– 16.6).
Together these epithelial structures form the
membranous labyrinth.
6. Transverse sections through the region of the rhombencephalon
showing formation of the otic vesicles. Note the statoacoustic ganglia.
24 days
27 days 4.5 weeks
7. C to E. Cochlear duct at 6, 7, and 8 weeks,
respectively. Note formation of the ductus
reuniens and the utriculosaccular duct.
A and B. Development of
the otocyst showing a
dorsal utricular portion
with the endolymphatic
duct and a ventral saccular
portion.
8. SACCULE, COCHLEA, AND ORGAN OF CORTI
1/3
• In the sixth week of development, the saccule
forms a tubular outpocketing at its lower pole.
• This outgrowth, the cochlear duct, penetrates
the surrounding mesenchyme in a spiral
fashion until at the end of the eighth week it
has completed 2.5 turns.
• The ductus reuniens connects the remaining
portion of the saccule with utricle.
9. Development of the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. A. The cochlear duct is surrounded by a
cartilaginous shell. B. During the 10th week large vacuoles appear in the cartilaginous shell. C. The
cochlear duct (scala media) is separated from the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli by the basilar
and vestibular membranes, respectively. Note the auditory nerve fibers and the spiral (cochlear) ganglion.
10. • Mesenchyme surrounding the cochlear duct soon differentiates into
cartilage.
• In the 10th week, this cartilaginous shell undergoes vacuolization,
and two perilymphatic spaces, the scala vestibuli and scala
tympani.
• The vestibular membrane separates cochlear duct from the scala
vestibuli.
• The basilar membrane separates cochlear duct from the scala
tympani by.
• The spiral ligament attaches lateral wall of the cochlear duct to
the surrounding cartilage.
• The median angle of the cochlea angle is connected to and partly
supported by a long cartilaginous process, the modiolus, the future
axis of the bony cochlea.
SACCULE, COCHLEA, AND ORGAN OF CORTI
2/3
11. • The epithelial cells of the cochlear duct form two ridges:
1. The inner ridge, the future spiral limbus,
2. The outer ridge which forms the sensory cells, hair cells,
of the auditory system.
A. One inner row,
B. Three or four outer rows.
They are covered by the tectorial membrane.
The sensory cells and tectorial membrane together constitute
the organ of Corti.
Impulses received by this organ are transmitted to the spiral
ganglion and then to the nervous system by the auditory
fibers of cranial nerve VIII.
SACCULE, COCHLEA, AND ORGAN OF CORTI
3/3
12. Development of the organ of Corti. A. 10 weeks. B. Approximately 5 months. C. Full-term
infant. Note the appearance of the spiral tunnels in the organ of Corti.
13. UTRICLE AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
1/2
• During the sixth week of development, semicircular canals appear
as flattened outpocketings of the utricular part of the otic vesicle.
Central portions of the walls of these outpocketings eventually
appose each other and disappear, giving rise to three semicircular
canals.
• Whereas one end of each canal dilates to form the crus ampullare,
the other, the crus nonampullare, does not widen.
• Five crura enter the utricle, three with an ampulla and two without.
• Cells in the ampullae form a crest, the crista ampullaris, containing
sensory cells for maintenance of equilibrium.
• Similar sensory areas, the maculae acusticae, develop in the walls
of the utricle and saccule.
• Impulses generated in sensory cells of the cristae and maculae as a
result of a change in position of the body are carried to the brain by
vestibular fibers of cranial nerve VIII.
14. 16.6 Development of the semicircular canals. A. 5 weeks. C. 6 weeks. E. 8 weeks.
B, D, and F. Apposition, fusion, and disappearance, respectively, of the central portions
of the walls of the semicircular outpocketings. Note the ampullae in the semicircular
canals.
15. 16.7 A. Transverse section of a 7-
week embryo in the region of the
rhombencephalon, showing the
tubotympanic recess, the first
pharyngeal cleft, and mesenchymal
condensation, foreshadowing
development of the ossicles.
B. Middle ear showing the cartilaginous
precursors of the auditory ossicles. Thin
yellow line in mesenchyme indicates
future expansion of the primitive
tympanic cavity. Note the meatal plug
extending from the primitive auditory
meatus to the tympanic cavity.
16. Ear showing the external auditory meatus, the middle
ear with its ossicles, and the inner ear.
17. • The statoacoustic ganglion forms during
formation of the otic vesicle, .
• The ganglion splits into cochlear and vestibular
portions,
• Supply sensory cells of the organ of Corti and
those of the saccule, utricle, and semicircular
canals, respectively.
UTRICLE AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
Statoacoustic ganglion
2/2
18. Middle Ear
TYMPANIC CAVITY AND AUDITORY TUBE
• The tympanic cavity is derived from the first
pharyngeal pouch.
• This pouch expands in a lateral direction and
comes in contact with the floor of the first
pharyngeal cleft.
• The distal part of the pouch gives rise to the
tubotympanic recess.
• The proximal part gives rise to the auditory
tube (Eustachian tube).
19. B. Middle ear showing the handle of
the malleus in contact with the
eardrum. The stapes will establish
contact with the membrane in the oval
window. The wall of the tympanic
cavity is lined with endodermal
epithelium.
A. Derivatives of the first
three pharyngeal arches.
Note the malleus and
incus at the dorsal tip of
the first arch and the
stapes at that of the
second arch.
20. OSSICLES 1/2
• The malleus and incus are derived from cartilage of the first pharyngeal
arch,
• The stapes is derived from that of the second arch.
• The ossicles appear during the first half of fetal life,
• they remain embedded in mesenchyme until the eighth month.
• When the ossicles are entirely free of surrounding mesenchyme, the
endodermal epithelium connects them in a mesentery-like fashion to the
wall of the cavity.
• The supporting ligaments of the ossicles develop later within these
mesenteries
• Since the malleus is derived from the first pharyngeal arch, its muscle, the
tensor tympani, is innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal
nerve.
• The stapedius muscle, which is attached to the stapes, is innervated by
the facial nerve, the nerve to the second pharyngeal arch. ts of the
ossicles develop later within these mesenteries.
21. • During late fetal life, the tympanic cavity expands
dorsally by vacuolization of surrounding tissue to form
the tympanic antrum.
• After birth, epithelium of the tympanic cavity invades
bone of the developing mastoid process, and
epithelium-lined air sacs are formed (pneumatization).
• Later, most of the mastoid air sacs come in contact
with the antrum and tympanic cavity.
• Expansion of inflammations of the middle ear into the
antrum and mastoid air cells is a common complication
of middle ear infections.
OSSICLES 2/2
23. External Ear
EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
• The external auditory meatus develops from the
dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal cleft.
• At the beginning of the third month, epithelial
cells at the bottom of the meatus
proliferate, forming a solid epithelial plate, the
meatal plug.
• In the seventh month, this plug dissolves and the
epithelial lining of the floor of the meatus
participates in formation of the definitive
eardrum.
• Occasionally the meatal plug persists until
birth, resulting in congenital deafness.
24. B. Middle ear showing the handle of
the malleus in contact with the
eardrum. The stapes will establish
contact with the membrane in the oval
window. The wall of the tympanic
cavity is lined with endodermal
epithelium.
A. Derivatives of the first
three pharyngeal arches.
Note the malleus and
incus at the dorsal tip of
the first arch and the
stapes at that of the
second arch.
25. EARDRUM OR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
• The eardrum is made up of;
1. Ectodermal epithelial lining at the bottom of the
auditory meatus,
2. Endodermal epithelial lining of the tympanic cavity.
3. Intermediate layer of connective tissue that forms
the fibrous stratum.
The major part of the eardrum is firmly attached to
the handle of the malleus,
and the remaining portion forms the separation
between the external auditory meatus and the
tympanic cavity
26. AURICLE
• The auricle develops from six mesenchymal proliferations
at the dorsal ends of the first and second pharyngeal
arches, surrounding the first pharyngeal cleft.
• These swellings (auricular hillocks), three on each side of
the external meatus, later fuse and form the definitive
auricle.
• As fusion of the auricular hillocks is
complicated, developmental abnormalities of the
auricle are common.
• Initially, the external ears are in the lower neck region, but
with development of the mandible, they ascend to the side
of the head at the level of the eyes.
27. B to D. Fusion and
progressive development
of the hillocks into the
adult auricle
A. Lateral view of the head of
an embryo showing the six
auricular hillocks surrounding
the dorsal end of the first
pharyngeal cleft
28. G. External ear nearly
complete. Growth of the
mandible and neck region
places the ears in their
permanent position.
E. The six auricular
hillocks from
the first and second
pharyngeal arches.
H, heart; NP, nasal
placode
F.The hillocks becoming
more defined. Note the
position of the ears with
respect to the mouth and
eyes (e).
29. C L I N I C A L C O R R E L A T E S
Deafness and External Ear Abnormalities
• Congenital deafness, usually associated with deaf-mutism, may be
caused
– Abnormal development of the membranous and bony labyrinths,
– Malformations of the auditory ossicles and eardrum.
– In the most extreme cases the tympanic cavity and external meatus are
absent.
Most forms of congenital deafness are caused by genetic factors,
but environmental factors may also interfere with normal development of
the internal and middle ear;
1. Rubella virus, affecting the embryo in the seventh or eighth week, may
cause severe damage to the organ of Corti.
2. It has also been suggested that poliomyelitis,
3. Erythroblastosis fetalis,
4. Ddiabetes,
5. Hypothyroidism,
6. Toxoplasmosis can cause congenital deafness.
30. • External ear defects are common; they include minor
and severe abnormalities
They are significant from the standpoint of the
psychological and emotional trauma they may cause
and for the fact they are often associated with other
malformations.
Thus, they serve as clues to examine infants carefully
for other abnormalities.
All of the frequently occurring chromosomal
syndromes and most of the less common ones have
ear anomalies as one of their characteristics.
External Ear Defects 1/2
31. 16.11 A. Microtia with preauricular pit
(arrow). B. Preauricular pits (arrows).
C and D. Preauricular appendages (skin tags).
Note the low position of the tag in D.
32. • Preauricular appendages and pits are skin
tags and shallow depressions, respectively,
anterior to the ear.
• Pits may indicate abnormal development of
the auricular hillocks,
• whereas appendages may be due to
accessory hillocks.
• Like other external ear defects, both are
associated with other malformations.
External Ear Defects 2/2