The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, describing their basic components including hardware, software, and additional electrical and mechanical parts combined on a single microcontroller chip. It then discusses specific microcontrollers like the 8051 and 8085, outlining their architecture, programming, and common applications in devices like digital clocks and traffic lights. Pinouts and programming of timers, interrupts, and I/O are described for the 8051 and 8085 microcontrollers.
Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software.It may or not be programmable, depending on the application.technology development and use of an internet of things to upgrade to next version of embedded systems.
All the concepts of 8051 Micro controller have been explained in detail. Also some information on Embedded Systems. The Presentation deals with Processors & Microcontrollers from first generation to the present generation. This presentation an invaluable compendium of knowledge to the individuals trying to explore the field of electronics. Moreover, a complete coverage for Mumbai University students have been made available.
1. Calibrate the line sensor readings by taking multiple samples while turning left and right to determine the minimum and maximum values.
2. Continuously read the line sensor position and calculate the proportional, integral, and derivative terms based on the error from the center.
3. Determine the difference in motor powers needed to turn toward the center based on the PID values, without allowing negative powers.
4. Set the motor speeds based on the power difference to steer toward the center line.
This document discusses various serial communication protocols used in embedded systems including RS-232, RS-485, I2C, SPI, CAN, and USB. It provides details on the voltage levels, maximum speeds, cable lengths, and other specifications of each protocol. It explains how differential signaling and twisted pair cables allow RS-485 to communicate over longer distances and faster speeds compared to RS-232.
1. Memory testing is an important part of embedded system development to ensure proper functionality.
2. Basic memory tests include data bus testing, address bus testing, and device testing.
3. Data bus testing uses techniques like walking 1's to write all possible data values and verify each bit. Address bus testing uses power-of-two addresses to isolate each address bit. Device testing writes data to addresses and checks for overwrites to test for overlapping addresses.
This document outlines the key phases of the electronics product design process: concept development, requirements gathering, specifications development, design and prototyping, testing, manufacturing, and disposal. It emphasizes that product development follows a systematic engineering approach involving thorough documentation at each phase, from initially defining customer needs to ensuring reliable, high-quality products that meet specifications. The goal is to deliver the best product at the lowest cost and time to market.
Microcontrollers are small computers that integrate RAM, ROM, I/O ports and other components onto a single chip. They are used in applications where cost, power and space are critical. The document compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that microcontrollers have all components on one chip while microprocessors have separate chips. It then describes the typical internal blocks of a microcontroller, including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, timers and serial ports. Block diagrams show the connections between these internal components.
Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software.It may or not be programmable, depending on the application.technology development and use of an internet of things to upgrade to next version of embedded systems.
All the concepts of 8051 Micro controller have been explained in detail. Also some information on Embedded Systems. The Presentation deals with Processors & Microcontrollers from first generation to the present generation. This presentation an invaluable compendium of knowledge to the individuals trying to explore the field of electronics. Moreover, a complete coverage for Mumbai University students have been made available.
1. Calibrate the line sensor readings by taking multiple samples while turning left and right to determine the minimum and maximum values.
2. Continuously read the line sensor position and calculate the proportional, integral, and derivative terms based on the error from the center.
3. Determine the difference in motor powers needed to turn toward the center based on the PID values, without allowing negative powers.
4. Set the motor speeds based on the power difference to steer toward the center line.
This document discusses various serial communication protocols used in embedded systems including RS-232, RS-485, I2C, SPI, CAN, and USB. It provides details on the voltage levels, maximum speeds, cable lengths, and other specifications of each protocol. It explains how differential signaling and twisted pair cables allow RS-485 to communicate over longer distances and faster speeds compared to RS-232.
1. Memory testing is an important part of embedded system development to ensure proper functionality.
2. Basic memory tests include data bus testing, address bus testing, and device testing.
3. Data bus testing uses techniques like walking 1's to write all possible data values and verify each bit. Address bus testing uses power-of-two addresses to isolate each address bit. Device testing writes data to addresses and checks for overwrites to test for overlapping addresses.
This document outlines the key phases of the electronics product design process: concept development, requirements gathering, specifications development, design and prototyping, testing, manufacturing, and disposal. It emphasizes that product development follows a systematic engineering approach involving thorough documentation at each phase, from initially defining customer needs to ensuring reliable, high-quality products that meet specifications. The goal is to deliver the best product at the lowest cost and time to market.
Microcontrollers are small computers that integrate RAM, ROM, I/O ports and other components onto a single chip. They are used in applications where cost, power and space are critical. The document compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that microcontrollers have all components on one chip while microprocessors have separate chips. It then describes the typical internal blocks of a microcontroller, including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, timers and serial ports. Block diagrams show the connections between these internal components.
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines an embedded system and describes their characteristics such as real-time operation, small size, low power usage, and operation in harsh environments. It discusses the hardware components of typical embedded systems including microcontrollers. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its architecture and pin layout.
Unit 1 Introduction to Embedded computing and ARM processorVenkat Ramanan C
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED COMPUTING AND ARM PROCESSORS
Complex systems and microprocessors – Embedded system design process – Formalism for system design– Design example: Model train controller- ARM Processor Fundamentals- Instruction Set and Programming using ARM Processor.
This document discusses embedded systems and provides examples of embedded system applications. It can be summarized as:
Embedded systems are specialized computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions. They are found in devices ranging from smartphones and appliances to vehicles and industrial equipment. Embedded systems typically have specialized hardware optimized for the specific application and software stored in read-only memory. Microcontrollers, which integrate a processor, memory and input/output peripherals on a single chip, are commonly used as the central processing unit in embedded systems. Examples of embedded systems applications discussed include biomedical devices, industrial controls, and consumer electronics.
A system is a collection of components that work together for a common purpose. An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific function within a larger system. Embedded systems have components like a power supply, processor, memory, timers/counters, communication ports, input/output ports, and application-specific circuits. They are used in applications like watches, washing machines, digital devices, appliances, and more.
A microcontroller is a single-chip microprocessor system consisting of a CPU, memory, and input/output ports. It can be considered a complete computer on a single chip. The 8051 was an early microcontroller developed by Intel for use in embedded systems. It had 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, timers, counters, and I/O ports. The 8051 has separate memory spaces for program and data memory and its CPU, registers, timers and I/O ports allow it to monitor and control external devices.
This document provides an introduction to PIC microcontrollers. It discusses the architecture of PIC microcontrollers, including the 16C6x and 16C7x architectures. It describes the registers, memory, and instruction set of PIC microcontrollers. Some key points covered include the Harvard architecture, pipelining, addressing modes, arithmetic, logical, and conditional instructions. Peripherals like timers and interrupts are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of ARM processor fundamentals, including:
- The ARM core uses a data flow model with functional units connected by data buses. It contains general purpose registers and the current program status register (CPSR).
- The processor supports different instruction sets (ARM, Thumb, Jazelle) and modes (user/privileged). It implements pipelining for faster instruction execution.
- Exceptions and interrupts trigger the processor to jump to addresses in the vector table. Core extensions include caches, memory management, and a coprocessor interface.
- ARM processors are organized into families and specialized processors exist for different applications like low power usage.
This document provides an introduction to AVR microcontrollers. It discusses the history of microcontrollers beginning in 1971 and components like CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O. AVR microcontrollers were introduced in 1996 and range from 1 to 256KB with 8 to 100 pins. They are cheaper and slower than microprocessors but are useful for specialized applications. The document outlines the AVR architecture and family as well as development tools and support for AVR microcontrollers.
This document provides an introduction to ARM microcontrollers. It discusses that ARM designs RISC processor cores that are used in many microcontrollers produced by various manufacturers. The popular ARM7TDMI architecture is a 32-bit RISC processor that can operate in both 32-bit ARM and 16-bit THUMB modes. It has 31 registers and 7 operating modes. The ARM instruction set allows conditional execution and includes instructions for arithmetic, logical operations, and loading/storing data. Using THUMB instructions reduces code size by 30-40% compared to ARM.
This document compares the Arduino and Raspberry Pi boards. It notes that Arduinos are microcontrollers that directly execute simple code without an operating system, making them well-suited for interfacing with sensors and devices. Raspberry Pis are full computers that run Linux and have more functionality like independent network connectivity, but with greater overhead. A rule of thumb is to use an Arduino if a project can be described in less than two "and" statements, and to use a Raspberry Pi for more complex projects requiring more than two "and" statements. The boards can also work together, with an Arduino handling sensors and devices and a Raspberry Pi providing processing and connectivity.
This document provides an overview of microcontrollers and the Arduino platform. It discusses what a microcontroller is and some common types. It then introduces Arduino as an open-source prototyping platform using easy hardware and software. Several Arduino boards are described and the ATmega328p microcontroller chip is specified. The document outlines how to download the Arduino software and write programs. It provides examples of basic Arduino projects like blinking LEDs, reading sensors, and creating sounds.
This document discusses the embedded system design process. It describes design methodologies that help structure the design process and allow for effective communication between team members. The major steps in the design process are discussed as top-down or bottom-up approaches, with goals of minimizing cost, maximizing performance and efficiency. Key aspects covered include establishing requirements, creating specifications, designing the system architecture, individual components, and integrating the full system. Examples of requirements, specifications, block diagrams and architectures are provided for a GPS moving map system.
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
The document discusses input/output (I/O) interfacing techniques with the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the fundamentals of I/O devices like input and output ports, and how they are used to transfer data to and from devices like keyboards and displays. The document outlines two techniques for interfacing I/O devices: memory mapped I/O which uses memory addresses and instructions to transfer data, and I/O mapped I/O which uses dedicated I/O addresses and instructions. Circuits for decoding addresses to select specific I/O devices are also presented.
The LPC2148 microcontroller features a 32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU, 32-512KB of onboard flash memory, and 8-40KB of static RAM. It operates at speeds up to 60MHz and includes interfaces such as USB 2.0, UARTs, I2C, SPI, and timers. Its small size and low power consumption make it well-suited for applications requiring miniaturization like access control and point-of-sale devices.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and their processors. It defines an embedded system as having computer hardware and software embedded as important components. Processors are the heart of embedded systems and can be microprocessors or microcontrollers. Components include hardware, memories, ports and application software. Languages for programming embedded systems include C and C++. Embedded systems are classified based on scale, connectivity and mobility. They have constraints like limited memory and need for low power. Common applications include household appliances, audio players, vehicle controllers and medical equipment.
CASE STUDY OF DIGITAL CAMERAHARDWARE AND SOFT WAREARCHITECTURECASE STUDY OF...JOLLUSUDARSHANREDDY
This technical paper describes the architecture of a digital camera. It discusses the camera's hardware requirements including image sensors and memory storage. It then outlines the software architecture with layers for system services, application tasks, functions, presentation and control. The paper concludes that digital cameras allow capturing of images and videos, transferring the data to computers through various connection devices, and provides an overview of the camera's hardware and software design.
introduction to embedded system presentationAmr Rashed
An embedded system is a type of electronic system programmed to perform specific tasks. It contains hardware and software components that work together to perform functions like displaying time on a watch or washing clothes in a washing machine. Key components of an embedded system include a processor, memory, input/output interfaces and application software. Embedded systems have become more advanced over time, evolving from using vacuum tubes and transistors to today's microcontrollers and microprocessors. They provide advantages like small size, low power consumption and low cost. Common applications include consumer electronics, automobiles, industrial automation and medical devices.
The document discusses the basics of a transistor, including its key parts - the emitter, base, and collector. It explains that a transistor can be NPN or PNP, depending on whether the semiconductor material between the emitter and collector is N-type or P-type. The transistor can operate as an insulator or conductor depending on the biasing of its junctions. It works in three regions - cutoff, saturation, and active - and can be used as a switch or amplifier based on its biasing configuration and region of operation.
a Presentation on Google's Project Loon. Describing how the operation is going to be..
With Beautiful animations (supported in MS-office 2016)
created by #Muralid25
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines an embedded system and describes their characteristics such as real-time operation, small size, low power usage, and operation in harsh environments. It discusses the hardware components of typical embedded systems including microcontrollers. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its architecture and pin layout.
Unit 1 Introduction to Embedded computing and ARM processorVenkat Ramanan C
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED COMPUTING AND ARM PROCESSORS
Complex systems and microprocessors – Embedded system design process – Formalism for system design– Design example: Model train controller- ARM Processor Fundamentals- Instruction Set and Programming using ARM Processor.
This document discusses embedded systems and provides examples of embedded system applications. It can be summarized as:
Embedded systems are specialized computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions. They are found in devices ranging from smartphones and appliances to vehicles and industrial equipment. Embedded systems typically have specialized hardware optimized for the specific application and software stored in read-only memory. Microcontrollers, which integrate a processor, memory and input/output peripherals on a single chip, are commonly used as the central processing unit in embedded systems. Examples of embedded systems applications discussed include biomedical devices, industrial controls, and consumer electronics.
A system is a collection of components that work together for a common purpose. An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific function within a larger system. Embedded systems have components like a power supply, processor, memory, timers/counters, communication ports, input/output ports, and application-specific circuits. They are used in applications like watches, washing machines, digital devices, appliances, and more.
A microcontroller is a single-chip microprocessor system consisting of a CPU, memory, and input/output ports. It can be considered a complete computer on a single chip. The 8051 was an early microcontroller developed by Intel for use in embedded systems. It had 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, timers, counters, and I/O ports. The 8051 has separate memory spaces for program and data memory and its CPU, registers, timers and I/O ports allow it to monitor and control external devices.
This document provides an introduction to PIC microcontrollers. It discusses the architecture of PIC microcontrollers, including the 16C6x and 16C7x architectures. It describes the registers, memory, and instruction set of PIC microcontrollers. Some key points covered include the Harvard architecture, pipelining, addressing modes, arithmetic, logical, and conditional instructions. Peripherals like timers and interrupts are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of ARM processor fundamentals, including:
- The ARM core uses a data flow model with functional units connected by data buses. It contains general purpose registers and the current program status register (CPSR).
- The processor supports different instruction sets (ARM, Thumb, Jazelle) and modes (user/privileged). It implements pipelining for faster instruction execution.
- Exceptions and interrupts trigger the processor to jump to addresses in the vector table. Core extensions include caches, memory management, and a coprocessor interface.
- ARM processors are organized into families and specialized processors exist for different applications like low power usage.
This document provides an introduction to AVR microcontrollers. It discusses the history of microcontrollers beginning in 1971 and components like CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O. AVR microcontrollers were introduced in 1996 and range from 1 to 256KB with 8 to 100 pins. They are cheaper and slower than microprocessors but are useful for specialized applications. The document outlines the AVR architecture and family as well as development tools and support for AVR microcontrollers.
This document provides an introduction to ARM microcontrollers. It discusses that ARM designs RISC processor cores that are used in many microcontrollers produced by various manufacturers. The popular ARM7TDMI architecture is a 32-bit RISC processor that can operate in both 32-bit ARM and 16-bit THUMB modes. It has 31 registers and 7 operating modes. The ARM instruction set allows conditional execution and includes instructions for arithmetic, logical operations, and loading/storing data. Using THUMB instructions reduces code size by 30-40% compared to ARM.
This document compares the Arduino and Raspberry Pi boards. It notes that Arduinos are microcontrollers that directly execute simple code without an operating system, making them well-suited for interfacing with sensors and devices. Raspberry Pis are full computers that run Linux and have more functionality like independent network connectivity, but with greater overhead. A rule of thumb is to use an Arduino if a project can be described in less than two "and" statements, and to use a Raspberry Pi for more complex projects requiring more than two "and" statements. The boards can also work together, with an Arduino handling sensors and devices and a Raspberry Pi providing processing and connectivity.
This document provides an overview of microcontrollers and the Arduino platform. It discusses what a microcontroller is and some common types. It then introduces Arduino as an open-source prototyping platform using easy hardware and software. Several Arduino boards are described and the ATmega328p microcontroller chip is specified. The document outlines how to download the Arduino software and write programs. It provides examples of basic Arduino projects like blinking LEDs, reading sensors, and creating sounds.
This document discusses the embedded system design process. It describes design methodologies that help structure the design process and allow for effective communication between team members. The major steps in the design process are discussed as top-down or bottom-up approaches, with goals of minimizing cost, maximizing performance and efficiency. Key aspects covered include establishing requirements, creating specifications, designing the system architecture, individual components, and integrating the full system. Examples of requirements, specifications, block diagrams and architectures are provided for a GPS moving map system.
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
The document discusses input/output (I/O) interfacing techniques with the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the fundamentals of I/O devices like input and output ports, and how they are used to transfer data to and from devices like keyboards and displays. The document outlines two techniques for interfacing I/O devices: memory mapped I/O which uses memory addresses and instructions to transfer data, and I/O mapped I/O which uses dedicated I/O addresses and instructions. Circuits for decoding addresses to select specific I/O devices are also presented.
The LPC2148 microcontroller features a 32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU, 32-512KB of onboard flash memory, and 8-40KB of static RAM. It operates at speeds up to 60MHz and includes interfaces such as USB 2.0, UARTs, I2C, SPI, and timers. Its small size and low power consumption make it well-suited for applications requiring miniaturization like access control and point-of-sale devices.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and their processors. It defines an embedded system as having computer hardware and software embedded as important components. Processors are the heart of embedded systems and can be microprocessors or microcontrollers. Components include hardware, memories, ports and application software. Languages for programming embedded systems include C and C++. Embedded systems are classified based on scale, connectivity and mobility. They have constraints like limited memory and need for low power. Common applications include household appliances, audio players, vehicle controllers and medical equipment.
CASE STUDY OF DIGITAL CAMERAHARDWARE AND SOFT WAREARCHITECTURECASE STUDY OF...JOLLUSUDARSHANREDDY
This technical paper describes the architecture of a digital camera. It discusses the camera's hardware requirements including image sensors and memory storage. It then outlines the software architecture with layers for system services, application tasks, functions, presentation and control. The paper concludes that digital cameras allow capturing of images and videos, transferring the data to computers through various connection devices, and provides an overview of the camera's hardware and software design.
introduction to embedded system presentationAmr Rashed
An embedded system is a type of electronic system programmed to perform specific tasks. It contains hardware and software components that work together to perform functions like displaying time on a watch or washing clothes in a washing machine. Key components of an embedded system include a processor, memory, input/output interfaces and application software. Embedded systems have become more advanced over time, evolving from using vacuum tubes and transistors to today's microcontrollers and microprocessors. They provide advantages like small size, low power consumption and low cost. Common applications include consumer electronics, automobiles, industrial automation and medical devices.
The document discusses the basics of a transistor, including its key parts - the emitter, base, and collector. It explains that a transistor can be NPN or PNP, depending on whether the semiconductor material between the emitter and collector is N-type or P-type. The transistor can operate as an insulator or conductor depending on the biasing of its junctions. It works in three regions - cutoff, saturation, and active - and can be used as a switch or amplifier based on its biasing configuration and region of operation.
a Presentation on Google's Project Loon. Describing how the operation is going to be..
With Beautiful animations (supported in MS-office 2016)
created by #Muralid25
5G will be the next generation of wireless technology that will provide faster and more user-friendly communication. It will use a converged system integrating multiple access technologies. 5G will use a flat IP architecture, nanotechnology, and cloud computing. The network will consist of a radio access network connecting users to the core network. 5G aims to provide true wireless broadband access to support applications requiring low latency. It will allow different radio access networks to evolve independently of the core network. Nanotechnology will make 5G equipment smaller and more secure while cloud computing will store and manage data over the internet. The 5G network architecture is expected to change how people live and work by providing ubiquitous high-speed connectivity.
EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. It introduces 8-PSK modulation and new channel coding to triple data rates over GPRS within existing GSM spectrum. EDGE is considered a 3G technology and was first deployed in 2003, allowing for broadband-like speeds and multimedia services at a lower cost than upgrading networks to UMTS.
The document discusses Microsoft HoloLens, the first fully self-contained holographic computer. It describes how HoloLens uses advanced sensors and optics to project multi-dimensional full-color holograms that are integrated into the real world in real-time. Key aspects covered include how HoloLens works using a custom holographic processing unit, spatial sound, and is designed for comfort. Potential applications discussed are using HoloLens for storytelling, mixing holograms into the real world, and creating new possibilities for design, development and sharing ideas.
This document discusses using nanofibers to generate power from tires. Piezoelectric nanofibers like PZT-5A and PVDF could be embedded in tires to convert the mechanical energy from tire deformation into electrical energy. When stress is applied to these nanofibers due to tire movement or changes in pressure, a charge is produced through the piezoelectric effect. It is estimated these nanofibers could achieve a 25% energy conversion efficiency and generate several milliwatts of power. The document also notes that sensors may be needed to avoid resonance issues from the natural frequencies of the materials not matching tire frequencies.
The document discusses biometrics, which uses measurable physiological or behavioral characteristics to identify or verify the identity of individuals. It defines biometrics and explains how they work by capturing a biometric trait, converting it to a digital template, and storing it in a database for future matching. Common biometric traits include fingerprints, iris scans, voice recognition, and facial recognition. While biometrics provide stronger authentication than passwords, they also pose privacy and performance issues if an individual's biometric template is compromised or their traits change over time.
Sixth Sense is a wearable gestural interface device developed by Pranav Mistry, a PhD student in the Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab. It is similar to Telepointer, a neck worn projector/camera system developed by Media Lab student Steve Mann (which Mann originally referred to as "Synthetic Synesthesia of the Sixth Sense").
Palm vein technology uses the unique vein patterns in a person's palm as a biometric identifier for authentication. It works by using infrared light to capture an image of the palm's vein pattern and create a template for verification. Palm vein patterns are complex, internal, and remain unchanged throughout life, making them very difficult to forge or spoof. Testing by Fujitsu found false rejection and acceptance rates of less than 0.01% and 0.00008%, respectively, demonstrating its high level of accuracy. Potential applications include use in ATMs, banks, hospitals, access control, and personal devices.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It provides an introduction to PLCs, describing them as digitally operating electronic devices that use programmable memory to control machines and processes through digital or analog input/output modules. The document then covers the historical background of PLCs, their basic functions and components, how they differ from computers, ladder logic diagrams, advantages, and applications in industry. Key components discussed include the PLC processor, input/output modules, power supply, programming software, and network interface.
The document discusses shear design of beams. It covers shear strength, which depends on the web thickness and h/t ratio to prevent shear buckling. Shear strength is calculated as 60% of the tensile yield stress. Block shear failure is also discussed, where the strength is governed by the shear and net tension areas. An example calculates the maximum reaction based on block shear for a coped beam connection.
The document discusses geometric modeling which is the foundation of computer-aided design (CAD). It describes the different types of geometric models including graphical models, curve models, surface models, and solid models. Graphical models include wireframe models and can be graphically deficient. Curve models must satisfy boundary conditions at start and end points. When curves are joined, they can have C0, C1 or C2 continuity depending on matching of points, tangents or curvature. The document provides examples of each type of continuity for composite curves.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs can implement logic control functions through programming and are commonly used in industrial automation. The document also describes the basic components of a PLC including the processor, inputs/outputs, power supply, and communication ports. It explains how PLCs differ from computers and discusses some common PLC applications like controlling conveyor systems and gates.
Parallel computing involves solving computational problems simultaneously using multiple processors. It can save time and money compared to serial computing and allow larger problems to be solved. Parallel programs break problems into discrete parts that can be solved concurrently on different CPUs. Shared memory parallel computers allow all processors to access a global address space, while distributed memory systems require communication between separate processor memories. Hybrid systems combine shared and distributed memory architectures.
This webinar organized by Endeavour - The Mobility Company focuses on "Insider's Insight into Near Field Communication, also popularly known as NFC". For more details on mobility, visit: www.techendeavour.com
NFC, or near field communication, is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows data exchange when devices are brought within close proximity of a few centimeters. It uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between electronic devices like smartphones. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and supports data transfer rates from 106 to 424 kbps. Common applications of NFC include mobile payments, data sharing, and electronic ticketing/access control using touch-and-go interactions between devices. The technology is becoming increasingly common in smartphones and other mobile devices.
Google X is Google's secret lab that develops futuristic technologies like self-driving cars and Google Glass. Google Glass is a wearable computer with a head-mounted display that can take pictures and video, display information and respond to voice commands through features like a camera, speaker, button and microphone. It allows hands-free interaction with the internet and performs functions of a smartphone like messaging, getting directions and making calls. While it offers benefits of easy access to information, some have privacy and safety concerns about its use.
NFC, or Near Field Communication, is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows data exchange between devices when they are touched or brought within close proximity of each other. It operates at 13.56 MHz and has a maximum range of about 10 cm. NFC uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between two devices. One device must have an NFC reader/writer while the other contains an NFC tag. Common applications of NFC include contactless payments, data sharing, and connection handovers to establish wireless links between devices. The technology is standardized by the NFC Forum and is seeing increasing adoption in smartphones and other mobile devices.
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The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides details about the 8051 and 8085 microcontrollers, including their architecture, pins, applications, addressing modes, and interrupts. The 8051 has features like 4KB ROM, 128B RAM, timers, serial port, I/O ports. Common applications include digital clocks and traffic lights. It uses addressing modes like immediate, register indirect, and direct. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with multiplexed address/data bus and works on a 5V supply.
This document discusses an embedded systems presentation submitted by Amandeep Singh. It provides definitions and examples of embedded systems, noting they are designed for specific applications like industrial machines, medical equipment, and toys. It also summarizes key aspects of embedded system components like microcontrollers, addressing modes, and applications. Recent examples highlighted are devices that aid communication for the deaf, integrate weighing and dimension measuring, and allow adjustable cushioning in smart shoes.
The document discusses the Microcontroller 8051. It provides a block diagram and pin description of the 8051. It describes the registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O ports, timers and interrupts of the 8051 microcontroller. It compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, discussing the differences in hardware structure and applications.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, and programming. It provides an overview of the 8051 architecture, describing its registers, memory mapping, I/O ports, timers, and interrupts. It also discusses how the 8051 is commonly used in applications like home appliances, industrial equipment, and toys.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its block diagram, pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts. It explains the basic components and architecture of the 8051, how it maps memory and handles interrupts and timers. It also compares microprocessors to microcontrollers and discusses embedded systems.
Presentation On: "Micro-controller 8051 & Embedded System"surabhii007
The presentation is dealing with majors about 'An Embedded System' along with 'Micro-controller' with it's base peripherals & parameters.
Hope It'll be helpfull!
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers and the 8051 microcontroller. It begins with a brief history of microcontrollers and how they evolved from microprocessors by integrating RAM, ROM, I/O and other components onto a single chip. It then describes the architecture and components of the 8051 microcontroller, including its memory mapping, registers, I/O ports, timers and interrupts. Examples are given of how the 8051's timers and I/O ports can be programmed. The document aims to educate designers on the capabilities and programming of the 8051 microcontroller.
This document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its basic components, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts. It begins with an introduction and block diagram of the 8051 and descriptions of its pins and registers. It then discusses the 8051's memory mapping and stack, as well as how to program its I/O ports, timers, and interrupts. The document also compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, describing the 8051 as a single-chip microcontroller with on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and other components. It provides examples of the 8051's use in embedded systems for applications requiring low cost, power, and space.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, its features, and applications. It provides details on the 8051's architecture including its CPU, memory blocks, I/O ports, timers/counters, and serial communication capabilities. It describes the 8051's registers including TMOD and TCON for timer control. The document also covers the 8051's memory mapping and provides many examples of how 8051 microcontrollers are used in applications like cell phones, appliances, industrial systems, and more.
The 8051 microcontroller is an 8-bit microcontroller commonly used in embedded systems. It has 8KB of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four I/O ports, two timers, and supports interrupts. It uses a 12MHz crystal oscillator as its system clock. The CPU fetches and executes instructions from code memory and accesses data memory through an internal address/data bus. It has various special function registers for control and status. Ports are bi-directional and can be configured for input or output through writing/reading values.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, and architecture. It discusses the 8051's registers, memory mapping, I/O ports, timers, and interrupts. It also covers the evolution of microcontrollers from early chips like the Intel 8048 and 8051 to more modern 32-bit architectures. The 8051 is highlighted as a popular microcontroller due to its small size, low cost, and ability to be used in a wide range of applications.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its block diagram, pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, timers, and interrupts. It describes the CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, timers, and interrupt control that are integrated into a single chip in the 8051 microcontroller. It also explains various registers related to timers and interrupts in the 8051.
BASIC INFORMATION OF ARCHITECTURE OF MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051 AS PER GTU SYLLABUS. Please Comment if u Like.. n Give u r feedback..
For More Information Go to
http://www.noesiseducation.blogspot.com
This document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller architecture. It describes the basic components of the 8051 including 4K bytes of internal ROM, 128 bytes of internal RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, one serial interface, and other features. It also discusses the different addressing modes for 8051 assembly language programming including immediate, register, direct, register indirect, and external direct addressing.
The document provides information about the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the basic components of a microcontroller including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers. It explains the pin layout and functions of the 8051 microcontroller. Key components like registers, memory mapping, stack, and interrupts of the 8051 are summarized. Programming I/O ports and timers is also covered at a high level.
The document discusses the internal architecture of the AT89C51 microcontroller, including its RAM, special function registers (SFRs), ports, timers/counters, serial interface, and interrupt system. It provides details on the pinouts and functions of the various pins, and describes the purpose and operation of the SFRs, timers, and interrupt handling mechanism.
This document provides information about the features and architecture of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 8-bit CPU, 64K program memory, 64K data memory, 4K on-chip program memory, 128 bytes of on-chip data RAM, 32 I/O lines, two timers, UART serial communication, interrupt structure, and on-chip oscillator. It also covers the pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts of the 8051. Finally, it discusses the instruction set groups for arithmetic, logical, data transfer, boolean, and program branching operations.
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are present in many devices such as household appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, smartphones, and more. They typically use microcontrollers or microprocessors to monitor and control embedded hardware components. Key components of embedded systems include a CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers/counters. Microcontrollers integrate most of these components onto a single chip, while microprocessors require external components. Embedded systems use various addressing modes and have inputs like interrupts and timers that allow them to interact with the external environment. Common applications areas of embedded systems include consumer electronics, industrial automation, automotive systems,
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024
Embedded Systems
1.
2. Introduction to Embedded System
The embedded system is a combination of computer hardware,
software additional electrical & mechanical parts
A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to
simplify
the system design and to provide flexibility.
Embedded systems employ the use of a RTOS (Real-Time
Operating System).
3. Block Diagram of Embedded System
SOFTWARE
MEMORY
A/D CPU D/A ACUTATORS
SENSOR HUMAN INTERFERENCE
4. Microcontroller
• A smaller computer.
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example:- Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051 and PIC 16X
CPU RAM ROM
A single chip
I/O Timer
Port Serial
COM
Port
5.
6. The 8051 Microcontroller :
• The 8051 is the first microcontroller of
the MCS-51 family introduced by
Intel Corporation at the end of the
1970’s.
• The 8051 family characteristics:
The 8051 family characteristics:
4K Bytes ROM
128 Bytes RAM
Two timer/counters (16 bit)
A serial port
32 input/output port
Interrupt controller
8. IC 8051 Pin Description
Voltage Supply
(+5V)
Ground
9. IC 8051 Pin Description
Port 0 from
Pin-39 to Pin-32
An 8-bit open drain
bidirectional port.
Used to address both
data and address
10. IC 8051 Pin Description
Port 1 from
Pin-1 to pin-8
8-bit bidirectional
I/O port with
internal pull-ups
11. IC 8051 Pin Description
Port 2 from
Pin-21 to pin-28
Used to access
address and I/O
12. IC 8051 Pin Description
P3.0 : RxD(serial input port)
P3.1 :TxD (serial output port)
P3.2 :INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 :INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 :T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 :T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 :WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 :RD (external data memory read strobe)
Port 3 from
Pin-10 to Pin-17
13. IC 8051 Pin Description
External memory
reset
Add. Latch
enable
Program Store
Enable
crystal
14. IC 8051 Daily Applications
Digital clock
Moving message display
7 segment display Traffic Light
15. Counter / Timers
Two 16-bit Counter/Timers: TIMER0, TIMER1
Up counters, can interrupt on overflow.
Counts:
- CPU cycles (crystal/12). “Timer”.
-External input (max. half CPU rate). “Counter”.
16. TMOD : Counter/Timer Mode Register
Gate C/T M1 M0 Gate C/T M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0
GATE : Permits INTx pin to enable/disable
counter.
- C/T : Set for counter operation, reset for
timer operation.
TMX1 TMX1 TMX1 Description
RST0 RST0 RST0 13 bit timer
RST1 RST1 RST1 16 bit timer
RST2 RST2 RST2 8 bit auto reload
RST3 RST3 RST3 Split timer mode
17. Timer control (TCON)
TF1 TRI TF0 TR0
TF : timer flag
TR : timer run
TF1 is SET if timer exceeds the maximum limit i.e. : FFFF H
TR starts and stops the timer
The following instruction indicates the condition for start n stop respectively
SET B TR0 : starts the timer
CLR B TR0 : stops the timer
18. IC 8051 Addressing Modes
• Immediate addressing modes
ADD A, #23h (Add immediate data to Acc)
• Register addressing modes
ADD A, R2 (Add register to Accumulator)
• Direct addressing modes
ADD A, 40h (Add data at location 40h to Accumulator)
• Register Indirect addressing modes
ADD A,@R2 (Add indirect RAM to Acc)
19. Interrupts in 8051
• An interrupt is an external or internal event that interrupts the microcontroller to
inform it that a device needs its service
• The advantage of interrupts is that the microcontroller can serve many devices
(not all at the same time)
Program Program
Interrupt service
time
20. Interrupts in 8051
Internal Interrupts
EA - ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0
EX0 Enables or disables external interrupt
ET0 Enables or disables timer 0 overflow interrupt
EX1 Enables or disables external interrupt 1
ET1 Enables or disables timer 1 overflow interrupt
ES Enables or disables the serial port interrupt
ET2 Enables or disables timer 2 overflow or capture interrupt
-- Not implemented, reserved for future use
EA Disables all interrupts
External Interrupts
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
21. General Purpose
Microprocessor
CPU for Computers
No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Example--Intel’s x86: 8086,8088,80386,80486, Pentium
Data Bus Many chips on mother board
CPU
General Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
µP Port Port
Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System
22.
23. The 8085 Microprocessor :
The features of INTEL 8085 are :
It is an 8 bit processor.
It is a single chip N-MOS device with
40 pins.
It has multiplexed address and data
bus.(AD0-AD7).
It works on 5 Volt dc power supply.
The maximum clock frequency is 3
MHz while minimum frequency is
500kHz.
It provides 74 instructions with 5
different addressing modes.
25. IC 8085 Pin Description
• AD0-AD7 Multiplexed Address and data lines.
• A8-A15 Tri-stated higher order address lines.
• ALE Address latch enable is an output signal. It goes high when
operation is started by processor .
• S0,S1 These are the status signals used to indicate type of operation.
_
• RD Read is active low input signal used to read data from I/O
device or memory.
_
• WR Write is an active low output signal used write data on
memory or an I/O device.
26. . .
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27. IC 8085 Pin Description
• HOLD & HLDA HOLD is an input signal .When µP receives HOLD signal
it completes current machine cycle and stops executing
next instruction. In response to HOLD µP generates HLDA
that is HOLD Acknowledge signal.
• RESET IN This is input signal. When RESET IN¯ is low µp restarts and
starts executing from location 0000H.
• SID Serial input data is input pin used to accept serial 1 bit data
• VCC & VSS Power supply VCC=+ -5Volt& VSS=-GND reference.
• X1 & X2 These are clock input signals and are connected to external LC
or RC circuit. These are divide by two so if 6 MHz is
connected to X1&X2, the operating frequency becomes 3
MHz
29. Arithmetic and Logical Group
Accumulator:
It is 8 bit general purpose register.
It is connected to ALU. So most of the operations are done in Acc.
Temporary register:
All the arithmetic and logical operations are done in the temporary register
but user can’t access it.
Flag:
It is a group of 5 flip flops used to know status of various operations done.
The Flag Register along with Accumulator is called PSW
or Program Status Word.
30. Arithmetic and Logical Group
Flag is given by :
S Z - AC - P - CY
S: Sign flag is set when result of an operation is negative.
Z: Zero flag is set when result of an operation is 0.
Ac: Auxiliary carry flag is set when there is a carry out of lower nibble or
lower four bits of the operation.
CY: Carry flag is set when there is carry generated by an operation.
P: Parity flag is set when result contains even number of 1’s.
Rest are don’t care flip flops.
31. Register Group
General purpose There are six general purpose registers in 8085 namely
B,C,D,E,H,L These are used for various data manipulations.
Special purpose: There are two special purpose registers in 8085:
SP : (Stack Pointer) This is a temporary storage memory 16 bit register. Since there
are only 6 general purpose registers, there is a need to reuse them
PC : (Program Counter) It is 16 bit register used to point the location from which the
next instruction is to be fetched.
Temporary registers (W,Z):
These are not available for user. These are loaded only when there is an operation
being performed.
32. IC 8085 Addressing modes
• Immediate addressing:
Immediate data is transferred to address or register.
Example : MVI A,20H
• Register addressing:
Data is transferred from one register to other.
Example : MOV A, C
• Indirect addressing:
Data is transferred from address pointed by the data in
a register to other register or vice-versa.
Example: MOV A, M
• Implied addressing:
These doesn’t require any operand. The data is specified
in Opcode itself.
Example: RAL: Rotate left with carry.
33. Interrupts in 8085
• An interrupt is considered to be an emergency signal that may be serviced. The
Microprocessor may respond to it as soon as possible.
Interrupts can also be classified into:
• Maskable Interrupts (Can be delayed or Rejected)
• Non-Maskable Interrupts (Can not be delayed or Rejected)
The 8085 has 5 interrupt inputs :
The INTR input INTR is mask-able using the EI/DI instruction pair.
RST 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 They are all mask-able.
TRAP Is the only non-mask-able interrupt in the 8085
34. Interrupts in 8085
The 8085 recognizes 8 RESTART instructions: RST0 - RST7 . Each of these would send
the execution to a predetermined hard-wired memory location:
Restart Instruction Equivalent to
RST0 CALL 0000H
RST1 CALL 0008H
RST2 CALL 0010H
RST3 CALL 0018H
RST4 CALL 0020H
RST5 CALL 0028H
RST6 CALL 0030H
RST7 CALL 0038H
35. Timing and State Diagram
• The µP operates with reference to clock signal. The rise and fall of the pulse of the
clock gives one clock cycle.
• Each clock cycle is called a T state and a collection of several T states gives a
machine cycle.
• Important machine cycles are :
I. Op-code fetch.
II. Memory read.
III. Memory write.
IV. I/Op-read.
V. I/O write.
37. Seven Segment Display
Seven segments are electronic
components that can be used to
displaying alphanumeric characters, 7
LED are used (as shown in figure) and is
designed from a dot-point with the size.
<< pin configuration of seven segment
38. Seven Segment Display
7 pins of the microcontroller are used to shape the
character of your LED display
Microcontroller
Port Relations Microcontroller with pin >>
7 Segment
41. Software’s
Used
Keil Top View Express
µVision Simulator PCB
42. Keil µVision IDE
The µVision IDE from Keil
combines project management,
make facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and
complete simulation in one
powerful environment. The
µVision development platform is
easy-to-use and helping you
quickly create embedded
programs that work. The µVision
editor and debugger are
integrated in a single application
that provides a seamless
embedded project development
environment.
43.
44. Top View Simulator
• Topview Simulator gives an
excellent simulation environment
for MCS 51 Microcontroller.
A beginner can learn about 8051
based embedded solutions
without any hardware. An
experienced designer, you may
find most of the required facilities
built in the simulator that
enabling you to complete your
next project without waiting for
the target hardware.
46. Express PCB
Express PCB allows you to design
schematics and PCB's. It is ideal
for those that are looking to
design anywhere from a two to
four layer circuit board.
A drop and drag design allows
users to pick the components of
the circuit board and drop it
onto the circuit board in the
software program. The designer
can then place various pins in the
circuit board to show where
things need to be connected.
It also has the ability of the
program to show the designer
where there are flaws in their
design.
47. Express PCB
This way we can include resistors
This way we can include different
kind of IC’s
48. DC Motor interfacing with
Microcontrollers
DC motors are always preferred over stepper motors.
There are many things which we can do with our DC motor when interfaced with
microcontroller.
For example:
• we can control the speed of motor,
• we can control the direction of rotation,
• we can also do encoding of the rotation made by DC motor i.e. keeping track of
how many turns are made by our motors etc.
Usually H-bridge is preffered way of interfacing a DC motor.
L293D is most used H-Bridge driver IC.
49. Working of H-Bridge
The name "H-Bridge" is derived from the actual shape of the switching circuit which
control the motion of the motor. It is also known as "Full Bridge". Basically there are
four switching elements in the H-Bridge as shown
50. Working of H-Bridge
Truth Table
High Left High Right Low Left Low Right Description
Motor runs
On Off Off On
clockwise
Motor runs anti-
Off On On Off
clockwise
Motor stops or
On On Off Off
decelerates
Motor stops or
Off Off On On
decelerates
Truth Table For H-Bridge
51. Stepper Motor
Of all motors, step motor is the easiest to control. It's
handling simplicity is really hard to deny - all there
is to do is to bring the sequence of rectangle
impulses to one input of step controller and
direction information to another input. Direction
information is very simple and comes down to
"left" for logical one on that pin and "right" for
logical zero.
Motor control is also very simple - every impulse
makes the motor operating for one step and if
there is no impulse the motor won't start. Pause
between impulses can be shorter or longer and it
defines revolution rate. This rate cannot be infinite
because the motor won't be able to "catch up"
with all the impulses (documentation on specific
motor should contain such information)..