The document discusses the nature of photons and electromagnetic waves. It describes a photon as a self-sustaining, traveling electromagnetic wavepacket that propagates at the speed of light. A photon is also characterized as a spin wave with quantized spin angular momentum. Photons are interpreted as disturbances in a quantum vacuum composed of Planck mass dipoles, with the electric field representing an alignment of these dipoles and the magnetic field representing their vortical motion. Electromagnetic wave propagation, reflection, refraction, and diffraction are also examined in the context of the quantum vacuum.
My Learning object describes what standing waves are, how to determine where the nodes and antinodes of a standing wave are and also about the fundamental and resonant frequencies. Their is a variety of questions from multiple choice, to true and false and also a problem solving question.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent bottled-up energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates de Broglie matter waves (contracted moving standing waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
A geometrical model of the electron is illustrated. Pair production and annihilation processes is described. Origin of electric charge and the the fine structure constant reviewed. Quantum mechanical description of electric and magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted
My Learning object describes what standing waves are, how to determine where the nodes and antinodes of a standing wave are and also about the fundamental and resonant frequencies. Their is a variety of questions from multiple choice, to true and false and also a problem solving question.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent bottled-up energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates de Broglie matter waves (contracted moving standing waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
A geometrical model of the electron is illustrated. Pair production and annihilation processes is described. Origin of electric charge and the the fine structure constant reviewed. Quantum mechanical description of electric and magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted
PART V - Continuation of PART III - QM and PART IV - QFT.
I intended to finish with the Hydrogen Atom description and the atomic orbital framework but I deemed the content void of a few important features: the Harmonic Oscillator and an introduction to Electromagnetic Interactions which leads directly to a formulation of the Quantization of the Radiation Field. I could not finish without wrapping it up with a development of Transition Probabilities and Einstein Coefficients which opens up the proof of the Planck distribution law, the photoelectric effect and Higher order electromagnetic interactions. I believe this is the key contribution: making it more understandable up to, but not including, quantum electrodynamics!
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation in the form of a standing wave within a cavity resonator. Mass results from wave function interference obstructing energy flow. The de Broglie matter wave frequency equals the difference in red- and blue-shifted, counter-propagating traveling waves.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted, counter-propagating Lorentz-Doppler shifted traveling waves within a standing wave resonator by independent phase and frequency-controlled signal oscillators. Wave system velocity is proportional to wave phase difference while acceleration is proportional to frequency difference. Imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force without expulsion of reaction mass. Contracted moving standing waves may likewise be generated in a four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified synthesized Lorentz-Doppler pump beams interacting with a signal beam and phase conjugate. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of EM pump beam energy.using phase conjugation.
A geometrical model of the electron is shown as a closed-loop standing wave. The charge path is in the form of rotating Hopf link generating a toroidal swept surface with circumference equal to the Compton wavelength. A precessing epitrochoid charge path composed of two orthogonal spinors with toroidal & poloidal current loop components of 2:1 rotary octave resulting in observed 1/2 spin. Electric charge arises a result of a slight precession due to imbalance of electrostatic & magnetostatic energy characterized by a whirl no. equal to the inverse fine structure constant. Quantum mechanical description of electric & magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation in standing wave resonances as stored energy.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic energy as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
PART V - Continuation of PART III - QM and PART IV - QFT.
I intended to finish with the Hydrogen Atom description and the atomic orbital framework but I deemed the content void of a few important features: the Harmonic Oscillator and an introduction to Electromagnetic Interactions which leads directly to a formulation of the Quantization of the Radiation Field. I could not finish without wrapping it up with a development of Transition Probabilities and Einstein Coefficients which opens up the proof of the Planck distribution law, the photoelectric effect and Higher order electromagnetic interactions. I believe this is the key contribution: making it more understandable up to, but not including, quantum electrodynamics!
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation in the form of a standing wave within a cavity resonator. Mass results from wave function interference obstructing energy flow. The de Broglie matter wave frequency equals the difference in red- and blue-shifted, counter-propagating traveling waves.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted, counter-propagating Lorentz-Doppler shifted traveling waves within a standing wave resonator by independent phase and frequency-controlled signal oscillators. Wave system velocity is proportional to wave phase difference while acceleration is proportional to frequency difference. Imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force without expulsion of reaction mass. Contracted moving standing waves may likewise be generated in a four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified synthesized Lorentz-Doppler pump beams interacting with a signal beam and phase conjugate. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of EM pump beam energy.using phase conjugation.
A geometrical model of the electron is shown as a closed-loop standing wave. The charge path is in the form of rotating Hopf link generating a toroidal swept surface with circumference equal to the Compton wavelength. A precessing epitrochoid charge path composed of two orthogonal spinors with toroidal & poloidal current loop components of 2:1 rotary octave resulting in observed 1/2 spin. Electric charge arises a result of a slight precession due to imbalance of electrostatic & magnetostatic energy characterized by a whirl no. equal to the inverse fine structure constant. Quantum mechanical description of electric & magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation in standing wave resonances as stored energy.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic energy as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving stationary standing waves (de Broglie waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
EM propulsion drive technology road map. Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz-Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-wave mixing process modulating a standing wave signal to generate a matter wave producing self-induced motion of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. A simplified impulse drive may be constructed with a standing wave cavity resonator excited by two-counter-propagating traveling waves with independent phase and frequency control.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum in the form of spin 1 bosons (photons). Matter consists of standing wave resonances in the form of spin 1/2 fermions created from energetic photons. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely-propagating energy. Standing waves represent bottled-up energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing waves resonances.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance made of quantized photons (spin 1 bosons). in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances in the form of spin 1/2 fermions created from energetic photons.. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
A geometrical model of the electron is illustrated. Pair production and annihilation processes is described. Origin of electric charge and the fine structure constant reviewed. Quantum mechanical description of electric and magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted.
Explaining all the difficult concepts with precise and accurate points, 3D models, animations and smart art graphics.
Principle
The NMR phenomenon
Theory
Precessional frequency (ν)
Chemical shift
Spin-spin interactions
Interpretation of NMR
Chemical shift (δ)
Multiplicity of the signal
Coupling constant
Instrumentation
Fourier NMR
Continuous wave NMR
Applications
Identification testing
Assay of drugs
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle of lasers as sources for optical communications. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
A dimensionless quantity described as a fundamental physical constant characterizing the coupling strength of the electromagnetic interaction. Introduced by Sommerfeld in 1916 to describe the spacing of splitting of spectral lines in multi-electron atoms, it is formed from four physical constants: electric charge, speed of light in vacuo, Planck's constant and electric permittivity of free space.
The inverse fine structure constant (=137.035999...) represents the spin precession whirl no. of the electron. The electron exhibits a slight precession due to an imbalance of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy levels. Electric charge is a result of this spin precession and represents a loop closure failure (torsion defect) similar to topological charge.
Rest mass results from quantum wave interference due to precession. Hence, electric charge, rest mass and the fine structure constant are interrelated and directly calculable.
EM propulsion drive technology road map. Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz-Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-wave mixing process modulating a standing wave signal to generate a matter wave producing self-induced motion of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. A simplified impulse drive may be constructed with a standing wave cavity resonator excited by two-counter-propagating traveling waves with independent phase and frequency control.
Frequency, wavelength and energy characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum. The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 order of magnitude. The calculated Planck frequency of 2.952E42 Hz appears to represent an upper frequency cutoff limit of the vacuum.
Neutrinos are spin 1/2 fermions that are nearly massless and without electrical charge. Only left-hand neutrinos (negative helicity) with spins anti-parallel to linear momenta are observed. Right-hand anti-neutrinos (positive helicity) exhibit spins parallel to the linear momentum vector. Neutrinos have very small interaction cross-sections and interact weakly with matter. In a geometrical model considered here, neutrinos are conceptualized as vortex rings composed of spinning Planck mass dipoles and propagate along the spin axis.
The universe exhibits a fundamental dualism of opposite pairings. The present degenerate state of duality provides a clue as to the preexisting state. The Big Bang explosion of duals of surreal infinite & infinitesimal pairings is illustrated as an unstable vacuum state catastrophe. The number of modal states and information bits increase from the initial unstable vacuum singularity. The formation of a polarizable vacuum is depicted as creation of positive & negative Planck masses with positive & negative energy density. Expansion of the universe is represented as nested Riemann spheres of complex Planck impedance analogous to a 3D Smith chart of complex electrical impedance. Nested Apollian spheres of n-multiples of the Schwarzschild radius exhibits bubble voids like "suds in the kitchen sink" mass accretion & contraction similar to that apparent in the universe at large.
A photon is a self-sustaining electromagnetic traveling spin wave disturbance is a polarizable vacuum. A photon is described as a spin 1 boson with helical geometry. A graviton represents a momentary resonance superposition of a photon and counter-propagating phase conjugate photon with additive spins. A graviton is described as a spin 2 boson with helicoid geometry with net zero linear momentum. Phase conjugation reflection occurs at EM wave front interference anti-nodes at Fresnel zone boundaries.
Light consists of photons, the quanta of electromagnetic fields, A freely-propagating photon in empty space (gravity-free, zero curvature vacuum) is described as a self-sustaining, helical traveling electromagnetic wave packet of quantized spin angular momentum moving at the speed of light. A photon is categorized as a stable, massless boson having no electrical charge with spin angular momentum s = +/-hbar. The spin axis is aligned with direction of the wave vector k in either the forward or backward direction depending on helicity.
The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 orders of magnitude. The cutoff frequency of the vacuum is taken as the Planck frequency fsubP = 1.855E43 Hz.
A freely-propagating photon in empty space (gravity-free, zero curvature vacuum) is described as a self-sustaining, helical, traveling wavepacket of quantized spin angular momentum moving at the speed of light. A photon is categorized as a stable, massless boson, having no electrical charge with spin angular momentum s = +/- hbar. The spin axis s is aligned with the direction of wave vector k in either the forward or backward direction depending on helicity.
The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 orders of magnitude. The cutoff frequency of the vacuum is taken as the Planck frequency fsubP = 1.855E43 Hz
A photon is a self-sustaining, electromagnetic traveling spin wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. A photon is described as a spin 1 boson with helical geometry. A graviton represents a momentary resonance superposition of a photon and counter-propagating phase conjugate photon with net zero linear momentum. A graviton is described as a spin 2 boson with helicoid geometry with additive spins. Phase conjugation reflection occurs at EM wave front interference anti-nodes at Fresnel zone boundaries.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity interpreted in terms of a polarizable quantum vacuum. Electromagnetic wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation while a frequency increase corresponds to an apparent space contraction as a result of a spectral energy density gradient. Matter in motion generates a de Broglie matter wave (contracted moving standing wave). An inverse effect of induced motion of matter by matter wave synthesis is predicted.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity interpreted in terms of a polarizable quantum vacuum. Electromagnetic wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation while a frequency increase corresponds to an apparent space contraction as a result of a spectral energy density gradient.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Freely propagating photon
• A freely propagating photon
is a self-sustaining, traveling
electromagnetic wavepacket
in a polarizable vacuum moving
at the velocity of light.
• A photon is described as a
spin wave of helical geometry
with quantized spin angular
momentum and classified as
a stable, massless, spin 1 boson.
• Photons are elementary
excitations of the normal
modes of the electromagnetic
field with quantized energy.
3. Photon represented as a vacuum excitation
• A photon is interpreted as a spin wave
disturbance in a quantum vacuum
composed of Planck mass dipoles.
• The photon electric field component
represents a synchronous alignment
of positive and negative Planck
masses.
• The photon magnetic field component
represents a vortical motion of Planck
mass dipoles.
• The ratio of curvature and torsion
equals a constant for a freely
propagating photon wavetrain in a
zero curvature vacuum.
4. Wavetrain compression
• Wave pulse compression
results in high frequency
chirp.
• Chirp is produced as a
result of increased
refractive index n (= c0/c
= c0/vp) which is a
measure of increased
energy density.
6. Electric & magnetic field strength variation
• E and H field phase lag
varies with distance
from emitter.
• Phase lag falls to zero
in the farfield region.
• Electric field E and
Magnetic field H are
orthogonal to each
other but out of phase
in the nearfield region.
7. Radiation field of an oscillating doublet
• Flux lines close off and detach in the nearfield Fresnel radiative zone.
8. Radiation field of a rotating oscillating doublet
• Electric flux lines in the radiation field of a rotating dipole antenna.
• The pair of wavefront spiral arms represent an entangled state.
9. Wave impedance vs. Wavelength
• Wave impedance (Z0) of
electric and magnetic fields
in free space. In the farfield,
radiation resistance ≃ 377 W.
• In the nearfield, impedance
is reactive and E and H fields
are out-of-phase. Once the
flux lines close off, they are
separated from the sources
charges. Farfield radiation
is due to retarded potentials.
• The cutoff wavelength of the
vacuum is taken as the Planck
length lP (= 1.616 x 10-35 m).
10. Wave front propagation
• Plane waves in isotropic
media have in-phase
wavefronts perpendicular
to the direction of
propagation. Wave
vector k is aligned with
the Poynting vector S.
• Plane waves in anisotrpic
media have wavefronts
inclined to the direction
of propagation. Wave
vector k is not aligned
with the energy flow
Poynting vector S.
11. Wave dispersion
• In a non-dispersive medium,
pulse envelope remains
unchanged.
• In a dispersive medium,
pulse envelope is stretched
and amplitude is decreased.
• In an anomalous dispersive
medium, pulse envelope
is distorted with a pulse
peak retardation. Front
velocity of the propagated
signal equals the speed of
light, hence, causality is
preserved.
13. Planck quantum vacuum
• Wave dynamics of Planck scale quantum vacuum BEC superfluid composed
of positive and negative Planck masses.
14. Soliton kink spin wave
• Soliton kink spin density
wave in the quantum
vacuum composed of
Planck mass dipoles.
• A photon represents a
self-sustaining spin wave
disturbance in a Planck
quantum vacuum.
• Synchronous alignment
of Planck mass dipoles
generates an E field.
Spin alignment of dipoles
generates an H-field.
15. Soliton twisted ribbon model
• Soliton twisted ribbon model of spin aligned Planck mass dipoles.
• A spinning Planck mass dipole constitutes a mass current generating a
magnetic vector potential.
16. Photon wavetrain
• Soliton confinement in an optical
waveguide composed of oriented,
polarized Planch mass dipoles.
• Outside the speed of light boundary
of the wavetrain, the Planck dipoles
can no longer remain synchronized
and become depolarized with
random E-field orientation.
17. Electromagnetic spectrum
• Wavelength, frequency and energy of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Maximum theoretical vacuum cut-off frequency corresponds to the Planck
frequency (fP = 2.95 x 1042 Hz).
18. Logarithmic spiral
• Hyperbolic energy spiral of of frequency vs. wavelength. Diagonal lines
represent Fibonacci Phi F damping ratios.
19. Logarithmic (Hyperbolic) frequency spiral
• Scaling of frequency & wavelength of matter and energy follows
a logarithmic spiral progression.
20. Photon curvature & torsion
• For a freely propgating photon,
helical curvature and torsion
are equal.
• In a refractive medium of
increased energy density, the
change in index of refraction
n (= c0/c) produces a change
in torsion t and curvature k.
• The effective mass of a photon,
increases in a medium of
increased refractive index
while the torsion and velocity
decreases.
21. Induced polarization
• Comparison of induced polarization due to an applied electric field
for a generalized linear and nonlinear medium.
22. Anharmonic frequency response
• Electric field induced polarization of a nonlinear optical medium
results in anharmonic frequency response distortion.
24. EM wave reflection
Comparison of reflection from a
conentional polished mirror and
a phase conjugate mirror.
• A virtual image corresponds to a
negative location in space.
• A phase conjugate reflection
corresponds to a time-reversed
image.
25. EM wave reflection & refraction
• Reflection and refraction of plane
polarized light from and within an
optically dense medium.
• High reflectance occurs when
incident wavelength >> plasmonic
wavelength of resonant surface
electrons.
26. EM wave polarization & internal reflection
Polarization by reflection and total
internal reflection of light.
• Radiation pressure equals the
energy density of the wave incident
normally on a perfectly absorbing
surface.
• For a perfectly reflecting surface,
radiation pressure doubles.
27. EM wave retro-reflection and
phase conjugate reflection
• Retro-reflection may be effected
by a retroreflector such as a corner
cube, cat’s eye spherical reflector
or phase conjugate mirror.
• Retro-reflection reflects light back
to the source with a minimum of
diffuse scattering.
28. Fabry-Pérot interferometer
• Finesse is a measure of
the measure of the
interferometer’s ability
to resolve closely spaced
spectral lines.
• Internal absorption of
energy reduces the
sharpness of the filter
transmission peaks.
• The distance between
peaks is termed “Free
Spectral Range (FSR)” of
the filter.
• FSR is defined as the
change in wavelength
necessary to shift the
fringe pattern by one
fringe (FSR = l2(2n·d)).
29. Negative refractive index
• Comparison of a phase conjugate mirror (PCM) and a
negative refraction index material (NIM)
30. Bessel beam formation
• Bessell beam produced by diffraction of incident Gaussian beam by axicon lens.
31. Huygens-Fresnel diffraction principle
• Huygens-Fresnel diffraction with secondary wavelets reflecting off
scattering centers generating a deflected wavefront.
32. Bragg diffraction of EM waves
• Bragg diffraction of EM waves by crystalline planes of atomic scattering centers.
33. Bravais lattice formed by EM wave interference
• Bravais lattice reflection by scattering centers formed by EM wave
interference nodes.
34. Fresnel zone plate
• A zone plate is based on diffraction rather than refraction or reflection
and selectively blocks incident radiation for focusing.
35. Spherical Luneberg lens
• A Luneberg lens is a type of GRIN lens
formed of concentric graded dielectric
shells, metallic/ceramic matrix or
printed circuit metamaterials and able
to focus planar wavefronts to a point
or convert spherical wavefronts to
planar wavefronts.
• An invisible lens refracts an incident
planar wavefront a full turn such that
the transmitted beam is in the
direction of the incident beam with
the same phase.
36. Spherical Eaton lens
• An Eaton lens is a type of gradient
refractive index lens that is an
omnidirectional retroreflector.
• A spherical Eaton lens has a radially
symmetric refractive index of one
at the outer boundary and high
refractive index which can approach
infinity at the center singularity.
37. Phase conjugation
• Under FWM, interference of a pump beam A1 and opposing pump (or signal)
beam A2 create a refractive index of grating of alternating grid of variation of
refractive index in a nonlinear medium as a result of Kerr/Pockels effects.
38. • An electromagnetic wave is propagating wave disturbance of a polarizable
quantum vacuum.
• In terms of the vacuum refractive index KPV of the polarizable vacuum,
the time-indepent form is
∇2f = ∇2c0
2/(KPV(r,M) = ∇2c0
2/(1/(1 + 2f/c2) [s-2]
• A positively curved spacetime corresponds to a converging refractive
index (KPV > 1) in which light slows down and material objects contract
in size due to increase in EM energy density. For a gravitational potential
well, the curvature in tangent space manifold is concave up while the
refractive index and frequency hill is concave down.
• In contrast to GR (with unexplained mechanism for assumed spacetime
distortion), gravitational effects in a polarizable vacuum (including length
contraction, time dilation, frequency shift, alteration in the speed of light,
etc) are EM wave interaction effects due to local variation in the vacuum
refractive index KPV(r,w,M).
Polarizable Vacuum
39. Non-rotating black hole in a polarizable vacuum
• Geodesic curvature is produced by gradient in energy density.
40. Mass induced EM wavefront curvature
• Acceleration is a measure of wavefront curvature induced by an electro-
magnetic spectral energy density gradient in the vicinity of mass.
41. In the Einstein General Theory of Relativity (GR), gravity is represented
mathematically as a curvature of spacetime. GR gravitational field
equation equates curvature to sources of stress-energy momentum
Gmn = Rmn – ½gmnR = -(8pG/c2)Tmn = -kTmn
where:
Gmn = Einstein tensor [m-2]
Rmn = Ricci curvature symmetrical tensor (contracted from Riemann
tensor = Rabc
b) [m-2]
gmn = Lorentz spacetime metric tensor (= nmn + hmn) [ - ]
R = scalar curvature defined as trace of Ricci tensor [m-2]
G = Newtonian gravitational constant [≃ 6.67384E-11 nt·m2/kg2]
c = velocity of light (= l/f = c0/n = 1/√(e0m0)) [≃ 2.997924E8 m/s]
Tmn = stress-energy-momentum tensor [kg/m3]
k = Einstein’s constant (= -8pG/c2) [m/kg]
curvature source
Einstein field equation
42. In the Einstein General Theory of Relative (GR), no physical mechanism is
defined as to how matter is said to ‘bend’ spacetime or how spacetime
alters the motion of matter. GR represents a metaphysical mathematical
coordinate description of space (relative location of objects) and time
(ordering of events) in terms of curvature of geodesics without a quantum
mechanical description of the underlying physical vacuum. The Einstein
equation is equivalent to a statement that energy density equals pressure,
hence, gravitation is related to vacuum energy/pressure.
Tmn = (1/8p)(c4/G)Gmn = k∙FP Gmn
where:
Tmn = stress-energy-momentum tensor [N/m-2]
c = velocity of light (= c0/G = 1/√(e0m0)) [≃ 2.997924E8 m/s]
G = Newton’s Gravitation constant [≃ 6.67428E-11 N·m2/kg2]
Gmn = Einstein tensor [m-2]
k = Einstein constant (= -8pG/c2) [N·m2/kg2}
FP = Planck force (= c4/G = mPlP/tP
2) [= 1.210E44 N]
Stress-Energy-Momentum tensor
43. • In an optical theory of gravity, the vacuum refractive index KPV(r,w,M) is
a measure of the local energy density . The acceleration of gravity g
is a measure of the spectral energy gradient. The Gravitation Constant G
is a conversion factor relating curvature and energy-momentum density.
• Gravity represents a frequency arrthymia between mass oscillators as
they attempt to synchronize. The acceleration of gravity g is equivalent to
a frequency shift Dn in a standing wave system restrained from free fall is
given by g = 2cDn. In free fall, the frequency difference is reduced to
zero.
• Effects of change in gravitational potential on motion of matter in terms
of spacetime curvature may be described equivalently in terms of changes
in frequency and phase of de Broglie matter waves. A moving wave
system undergoes a Lorentz contraction g (= √(1 – v2/c2) and Lorentz-
Doppler shift Dl in the direction of motion. Acceleration is proportional
to the frequency difference Dn while velocity is proportion to the phase
difference Df.
Vacuum refractive index
44. Gravitational acceleration is equal to the negative of the gravitational
potential (g = -∇f) and is proportional to the EM frequency gradient
(g = 2cDn·ru).
Tangent space
45. Gravitational potential well
• Earth mass ≃ 5.972E24 kg
• Earth mean radius ≃ 6,378 km
• Acceleration of gravity @ Earth’s surface ≃ 9.8 m/s2
• Escape velocity of Earth ≃ 11.2 km/s
46. Gravitational potential well & frequency hill
• Tangent space representation of EM frequency hill and gravitational well.
47. Variation in Earth’s gravitational gamma
& Vacuum refractive index
• Calculated gravitational gamma G, gravitational magnitude bg and vacuum
refractive index KPV(r,w,M) as a function of Earth radius Re.
48. Acceleration of gravity g and frequency shift Dn
vs. distance from Earth
• Variation of acceleration of gravity g and standing wave frequency shift
Dn as a function of Earth radii.
50. Frequency shift in a gravitational field
• Acceleration of a standing wave
oscillator pair in a gravitational
field g = 2cDn.
• In the Pound-Rebka experiment
utilizing the Mössbauer effect,
the gravitational shift of emitted
gamma rays is offset by the
relativistic Doppler shift of the
source resulting in a frequency
ratio Dn/n – gDH/c2 = 2.46 x 10-15.
51. Gravitational effects on EM fields
• Wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation.
• Frequency increase corrends to apparent space contraction.
53. Gravitational lens
• Gravitational lensing by an obstructing mass in the line of sight of a
radiation source can produce an Einstein ring distortion or arc around
the obstruction as seen by an observer.
54. Graviton interactions
• Quantum vertex diagrams
of a massless spin-2
graviton formed by
interference of a photon
and a counter-propagating
phase conjugate photon.
55. EM standing wave interference lattice
• Interference anti-nodes act as scattering centers for an incident EM wave
56. Spin 2 Graviton gg*
• Graviton formed by coupling of photon and counter-propagating phase conjugate
57. Graviton curvature and torsion
• Graviton gg* is of helicoid geometry whereas photon g is a helix
58. Confinement of light
• Confinement of a traveling wave in a standing wave results in rest mass and inertia.
• Bosons are traveling waves while fermions are standing wave resonant structures.
59. Transformation of traveling wave into a standing wave
• A photon is a traveling wave of
helical geometry whereas an
electron is a standing wave of
toroidal geometry.
• Photons and electrons/positrons
may be interconverted in processes
of pair production & annihilation.
62. Book Details:
Author: Larry Reed
Pages: 710
Publisher: BookLocker
Language: English
ISBN: 978-1-63492-964-6 paperback
Publication date: 2019-01-13
63. Abstract
A comprehensive description of the nature of light, electricity and gravity is provided in
terms of quantum wave mechanics. Detailed models include the photon as a travelling
electromagnetic wave and the electron as a closed loop standing wave formed by a
confined photon. An electron is modeled as a torus generated by a spinning Hopf link
as a result of an imbalance of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy. Electric charge is a
manifestation of a slight precession characterized by the fine structure constant. The
physical vacuum as a polarizable medium enables wave propagation and appears
ultimately to be quantized at the Planck scale. Standing wave transformations for objects
in motion are reviewed and Lorentz Doppler effects compared. The mechanism for
generation of De Broglie matter waves for objects in motion is depicted including the
inverse effect of induced motion of an object by synthesis of contracted moving standing
waves. Gravity is viewed as a frequency synchronization interaction between coupled mass
oscillators. The acceleration of gravity is described by a spectral energy density gradient.
Antigravity corresponds an inversion of the naturally occuring energy density gradient.
Gravitons are shown to be phase conjugate photons. The metric of curved spacetime
corresponds to the electromagnetic wave front interference node metric. Hence, the
gravitational field becomes quantized.
Quantum Wave Mechanics
64. To order print copies of this book, contact:
https://booklocker.com/10176
https://booklocker.com/books/10176.html
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dp/16349249640
Quantum Wave Mechanics