A geometrical model of the electron is shown as a closed-loop standing wave. The charge path is in the form of rotating Hopf link generating a toroidal swept surface with circumference equal to the Compton wavelength. A precessing epitrochoid charge path composed of two orthogonal spinors with toroidal & poloidal current loop components of 2:1 rotary octave resulting in observed 1/2 spin. Electric charge arises a result of a slight precession due to imbalance of electrostatic & magnetostatic energy characterized by a whirl no. equal to the inverse fine structure constant. Quantum mechanical description of electric & magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted.
A dimensionless quantity described as a fundamental physical constant characterizing the coupling strength of the electromagnetic interaction. Introduced by Sommerfeld in 1916 to describe the spacing of splitting of spectral lines in multi-electron atoms, it is formed from four physical constants: electric charge, speed of light in vacuo, Planck's constant and electric permittivity of free space.
The inverse fine structure constant (=137.035999...) represents the spin precession whirl no. of the electron. The electron exhibits a slight precession due to an imbalance of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy levels. Electric charge is a result of this spin precession and represents a loop closure failure (torsion defect) similar to topological charge.
Rest mass results from quantum wave interference due to precession. Hence, electric charge, rest mass and the fine structure constant are interrelated and directly calculable.
A geometrical model of the electron is illustrated. Pair production and annihilation processes is described. Origin of electric charge and the the fine structure constant reviewed. Quantum mechanical description of electric and magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted
Neutrinos are spin 1/2 fermions that are nearly massless and without electrical charge. Only left-hand neutrinos (negative helicity) with spins anti-parallel to linear momenta are observed. Right-hand anti-neutrinos (positive helicity) exhibit spins parallel to the linear momentum vector. Neutrinos have very small interaction cross-sections and interact weakly with matter. In a geometrical model considered here, neutrinos are conceptualized as vortex rings composed of spinning Planck mass dipoles and propagate along the spin axis.
EM propulsion drive technology road map. Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz-Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-wave mixing process modulating a standing wave signal to generate a matter wave producing self-induced motion of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. A simplified impulse drive may be constructed with a standing wave cavity resonator excited by two-counter-propagating traveling waves with independent phase and frequency control.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity interpreted in terms of a polarizable quantum vacuum. Electromagnetic wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation while a frequency increase corresponds to an apparent space contraction as a result of a spectral energy density gradient. Matter in motion generates a de Broglie matter wave (contracted moving standing wave). An inverse effect of induced motion of matter by matter wave synthesis is predicted.
Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation in the form of a standing wave within a cavity resonator. Mass results from wave function interference obstructing energy flow. The de Broglie matter wave frequency equals the difference in red- and blue-shifted, counter-propagating traveling waves.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted, counter-propagating Lorentz-Doppler shifted traveling waves within a standing wave resonator by independent phase and frequency-controlled signal oscillators. Wave system velocity is proportional to wave phase difference while acceleration is proportional to frequency difference. Imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force without expulsion of reaction mass. Contracted moving standing waves may likewise be generated in a four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified synthesized Lorentz-Doppler pump beams interacting with a signal beam and phase conjugate. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of EM pump beam energy.using phase conjugation.
A freely-propagating photon in empty space (gravity-free, zero curvature vacuum) is described as a self-sustaining, helical, traveling wavepacket of quantized spin angular momentum moving at the speed of light. A photon is categorized as a stable, massless boson, having no electrical charge with spin angular momentum s = +/- hbar. The spin axis s is aligned with the direction of wave vector k in either the forward or backward direction depending on helicity.
The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 orders of magnitude. The cutoff frequency of the vacuum is taken as the Planck frequency fsubP = 1.855E43 Hz
The Poynting theorem represents the time rate change of electromagnetic energy within a certain volume plus the time rate of energy flowing out through the boundary surface is equal to the power transferred into the electromagnetic field.
This statement follows the conservation of energy in electromagnetism and is known as the Poynting theorem.
A dimensionless quantity described as a fundamental physical constant characterizing the coupling strength of the electromagnetic interaction. Introduced by Sommerfeld in 1916 to describe the spacing of splitting of spectral lines in multi-electron atoms, it is formed from four physical constants: electric charge, speed of light in vacuo, Planck's constant and electric permittivity of free space.
The inverse fine structure constant (=137.035999...) represents the spin precession whirl no. of the electron. The electron exhibits a slight precession due to an imbalance of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy levels. Electric charge is a result of this spin precession and represents a loop closure failure (torsion defect) similar to topological charge.
Rest mass results from quantum wave interference due to precession. Hence, electric charge, rest mass and the fine structure constant are interrelated and directly calculable.
A geometrical model of the electron is illustrated. Pair production and annihilation processes is described. Origin of electric charge and the the fine structure constant reviewed. Quantum mechanical description of electric and magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted
Neutrinos are spin 1/2 fermions that are nearly massless and without electrical charge. Only left-hand neutrinos (negative helicity) with spins anti-parallel to linear momenta are observed. Right-hand anti-neutrinos (positive helicity) exhibit spins parallel to the linear momentum vector. Neutrinos have very small interaction cross-sections and interact weakly with matter. In a geometrical model considered here, neutrinos are conceptualized as vortex rings composed of spinning Planck mass dipoles and propagate along the spin axis.
EM propulsion drive technology road map. Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz-Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-wave mixing process modulating a standing wave signal to generate a matter wave producing self-induced motion of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. A simplified impulse drive may be constructed with a standing wave cavity resonator excited by two-counter-propagating traveling waves with independent phase and frequency control.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity interpreted in terms of a polarizable quantum vacuum. Electromagnetic wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation while a frequency increase corresponds to an apparent space contraction as a result of a spectral energy density gradient. Matter in motion generates a de Broglie matter wave (contracted moving standing wave). An inverse effect of induced motion of matter by matter wave synthesis is predicted.
Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation in the form of a standing wave within a cavity resonator. Mass results from wave function interference obstructing energy flow. The de Broglie matter wave frequency equals the difference in red- and blue-shifted, counter-propagating traveling waves.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted, counter-propagating Lorentz-Doppler shifted traveling waves within a standing wave resonator by independent phase and frequency-controlled signal oscillators. Wave system velocity is proportional to wave phase difference while acceleration is proportional to frequency difference. Imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force without expulsion of reaction mass. Contracted moving standing waves may likewise be generated in a four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified synthesized Lorentz-Doppler pump beams interacting with a signal beam and phase conjugate. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of EM pump beam energy.using phase conjugation.
A freely-propagating photon in empty space (gravity-free, zero curvature vacuum) is described as a self-sustaining, helical, traveling wavepacket of quantized spin angular momentum moving at the speed of light. A photon is categorized as a stable, massless boson, having no electrical charge with spin angular momentum s = +/- hbar. The spin axis s is aligned with the direction of wave vector k in either the forward or backward direction depending on helicity.
The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 orders of magnitude. The cutoff frequency of the vacuum is taken as the Planck frequency fsubP = 1.855E43 Hz
The Poynting theorem represents the time rate change of electromagnetic energy within a certain volume plus the time rate of energy flowing out through the boundary surface is equal to the power transferred into the electromagnetic field.
This statement follows the conservation of energy in electromagnetism and is known as the Poynting theorem.
The integral & fractional quantum hall effectSUDIPTO DAS
Introductory idea of integral & fractional quantum hall effect and by imposing the idea of composite fermions showing the existence of fractional charge.
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent bottled-up energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates de Broglie matter waves (contracted moving standing waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum in the form of spin 1 bosons (photons). Matter consists of standing wave resonances in the form of spin 1/2 fermions created from energetic photons. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely-propagating energy. Standing waves represent bottled-up energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing waves resonances.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
The integral & fractional quantum hall effectSUDIPTO DAS
Introductory idea of integral & fractional quantum hall effect and by imposing the idea of composite fermions showing the existence of fractional charge.
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent bottled-up energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates de Broglie matter waves (contracted moving standing waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum in the form of spin 1 bosons (photons). Matter consists of standing wave resonances in the form of spin 1/2 fermions created from energetic photons. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely-propagating energy. Standing waves represent bottled-up energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing waves resonances.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance made of quantized photons (spin 1 bosons). in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances in the form of spin 1/2 fermions created from energetic photons.. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
interaction of ionizing radiation
1) Interaction of photon with matter
2) Interaction of Electron and proton with matter
3)Interaction of Neutron with matter
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving stationary standing waves (de Broglie waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation in standing wave resonances as stored energy.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame exhibits internal Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic energy as stored energy in standing wave resonances.
The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-way mixing process using parametrically amplified Lorentz Doppler pump beams to modulate a standing wave generating a matter wave producing self-induced motivided by direct conversion of EM pump energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force to induce motion of matter is not required. on of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. Kinetic energy of motion is provided by direct conversion of pump beam EM energy into the contracted moving standing wave formed within a phase-locked cavity resonator. The imbalance of internal radiation pressure provides the ponderomotive force acting on the resonator. In this inverse effect, application of an external force or expulsion of reaction mass is not required to induce motion of matter.
Electromagnetic radiation consists of photons, the quanta of electromagnetic fields. A freely-propagating photon in empty space (gravity-free, zero curvature vacuum) is described as a self-sustaining, helical traveling wave packet of quantized spin angular momentum moving at the speed of light. A photon is categorized as a stable, massless boson having no electric charge with spin angular momentum s = +/- hbar. The spin axis is aligned with the direction of wave vector k in either the forward or backward direction depending on helicity.
The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 orders of magnitude. The cutoff frequency of the vacuum is taken as the Planck frequency fsubP = 1.855E43 Hz.
Light consists of photons, the quanta of electromagnetic fields, A freely-propagating photon in empty space (gravity-free, zero curvature vacuum) is described as a self-sustaining, helical traveling electromagnetic wave packet of quantized spin angular momentum moving at the speed of light. A photon is categorized as a stable, massless boson having no electrical charge with spin angular momentum s = +/-hbar. The spin axis is aligned with direction of the wave vector k in either the forward or backward direction depending on helicity.
The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 orders of magnitude. The cutoff frequency of the vacuum is taken as the Planck frequency fsubP = 1.855E43 Hz.
Frequency, wavelength and energy characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum. The observed EM frequency spectrum spans more than 140 octaves or ~24 order of magnitude. The calculated Planck frequency of 2.952E42 Hz appears to represent an upper frequency cutoff limit of the vacuum.
The universe exhibits a fundamental dualism of opposite pairings. The present degenerate state of duality provides a clue as to the preexisting state. The Big Bang explosion of duals of surreal infinite & infinitesimal pairings is illustrated as an unstable vacuum state catastrophe. The number of modal states and information bits increase from the initial unstable vacuum singularity. The formation of a polarizable vacuum is depicted as creation of positive & negative Planck masses with positive & negative energy density. Expansion of the universe is represented as nested Riemann spheres of complex Planck impedance analogous to a 3D Smith chart of complex electrical impedance. Nested Apollian spheres of n-multiples of the Schwarzschild radius exhibits bubble voids like "suds in the kitchen sink" mass accretion & contraction similar to that apparent in the universe at large.
EM propulsion drive technology road map. Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz-Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-wave mixing process modulating a standing wave signal to generate a matter wave producing self-induced motion of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. A simplified impulse drive may be constructed with a standing wave cavity resonator excited by two-counter-propagating traveling waves with independent phase and frequency control.
A photon is a self-sustaining electromagnetic traveling spin wave disturbance is a polarizable vacuum. A photon is described as a spin 1 boson with helical geometry. A graviton represents a momentary resonance superposition of a photon and counter-propagating phase conjugate photon with additive spins. A graviton is described as a spin 2 boson with helicoid geometry with net zero linear momentum. Phase conjugation reflection occurs at EM wave front interference anti-nodes at Fresnel zone boundaries.
A photon is a self-sustaining, electromagnetic traveling spin wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. A photon is described as a spin 1 boson with helical geometry. A graviton represents a momentary resonance superposition of a photon and counter-propagating phase conjugate photon with net zero linear momentum. A graviton is described as a spin 2 boson with helicoid geometry with additive spins. Phase conjugation reflection occurs at EM wave front interference anti-nodes at Fresnel zone boundaries.
A geometrical model of the electron is illustrated. Pair production and annihilation processes is described. Origin of electric charge and the fine structure constant reviewed. Quantum mechanical description of electric and magnetic field lines at the Planck scale is depicted.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity interpreted in terms of a polarizable quantum vacuum. Electromagnetic wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation while a frequency increase corresponds to an apparent space contraction as a result of a spectral energy density gradient.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Electron model
Photon -
Traveling wave of
helical geometry
Electron –
Closed-loop
standing wave
of toroidal
geometry
Spin 1 boson
Spin ½ fermion
3. Pair production and annihilation
• Collision of an electron e- and a
positron e+ results in production
of two oppositely directed photons
(gamma rays).
• A high energy photon in the vicinity
of an atomic nucleus can decay into
an electron e- and a positron e+.
4. Toroidal electron model
Parameter Symbol Relation Value Units
Electric charge e = F/E = mwC =
√(aqP
2)
1.60217E-19 C
Mass me
= E/c2 = ħc/RC =
e/wC
9.10938E-31 kg
Compton wavelength lC = h/mc = h/p 2.4263E-12 m
Compton frequency fC = mc2/h = c/lC = wC
/2p
1.2355E20 Hz
Compton radius: RC = lC/2p = aa0 =
√(E/mw2)
3.8616E-13 m
Compton angular
frequency
wC = c/RC = mc2/ħ =
e/m
7.7634E20 rad/s
Zitterbewegung angular
frequency
wzbw
= 2wC 1.5527E21 rad/s
Spin angular momentum s = ½ ħ = iw =
½meRC
2w
5.2725E-5 J∙s
Bohr magneton mB = e ħ /2m 9.274E-24 J/T
Rest Energy E = ħ c/RC 8.187E-14 J
• Toroidal electron formed
by a high energy photon
topologically confined
inside the Compton radius.
• Propagation of the rotating
spin wave describes a
current loop equal to ½
of Compton radius.
• Charge path rotation
generates toroidal swept
volume.
5. Electron model cross-section
Parameter Symbol Relation Value Units
Charge radius Re = √2(lC/4p) =
Rzbw/sing
2.7305E-13 m
Classical electron
radius
R0 = (1/4pe0) e2/mec2 =
ke(e2/mec2)
2.8179E-15 m
Compton radius RC = lC/2p = aa0 3.8616E-13 m
Helix radius Rphoton = Rhelix = lC/2p =
√(E/me∙w2)
3.8616E-13 m
Mass radius (max) Rm = ħc/E = ħ/mc 3.8613E-13 m
Poloidal radius Rp = Rm/2 1.9308E-13 m
Spindle (inversion)
radius
Rs = RC – Rm 2.6983E-17 m
Toroidal radius Rt = RC(1 + a/2p) 3.8616E-13 m
Zitterbewegung radius Rzbw
= <Rm> = lC/4p =
ħ/2mc = c/2wC =
Resing
1.9308E-13 m
Chracteristic dimensions
• Toroidal circumference equals Compton wavelength lC.
• Electron Compton radius equals lC/2p
6. Electron ring configuration
• Electron depicted as a
precessing epitrochoid
charge path composed of
two orthogonal spinors of
2:1 rotary octave
• Spin ratio of Compton
angular frequency wC and
Zitterbewegung frequency
wzbw (= 2wC) corresponds
to observed spin ½.
• Electric charge arises as a
result of a slight precession
of angular frequency we/m.
7. Electron spin precession
• Electron spin precession we/m
is due primarily to imbalance
of electrostatic and magnetostatic
energy resulting in an eccentric
whirl orbit of the charge path
about the spin axis.
• Precession follows a zoom-orbit
whirl with a periapsis advance q137
that is a function of the fine
structure constant a and the
Compton radius RC.
• Synchronization occurs every a-1
revolutions. Electric charge is a
result of a slight spin precession.
• Electron mass me = e/wC.
8. Electron toroidal electric field
• Electrostatic E-field of an
electron is shown time
averaged over one rotation
period.
• For a positron, the electric
flux is directed radially
inward.
• At distances greater than
the Compton radius RC,
the electric flux distribution
for an electron at rest is
spherically symmetric
equivalent to a point charge.
9. Electron as a rotating spin wave
• The electron continuously
generates an external dipolar
spin wave in the form of a
Archimedean spiral rotating
at the Compton frequency fC
(= 1.236E20 Hz).
• The electron acts as a spinning
dipole antenna with virtual
radiation of a pair of entangled
photon wavetrains emitted
along the spin axis.
10. Electric field of an oscillating electron
• Oscillation of the electron
at frequencies less than the
Compton frequency fC in
response to excitation by an
external EM field results in
generation of observed EM
waves in resonance with
the imposed frequency.
• Entangled states represent
different points on the same
wavefront.
• Acceleration over time Dt
creates a local flux field
distortion with the farfield
flux pointing in direction of
the retarded initial starting
position.
11. Electron toroidal magnetic field
• Magnetostatic B-field of an
electron is shown time
averaged over one rotation
period.
• External magnetic field is
toroidal while the internal
field is poloidal.
• Magnetic flux is concentrated
in the central region with
increased potential magnetic
energy.
13. Electron energy storage
• During acceleration of an electron, kinetic energy is stored in the magnetic field.
• The radiation field dissipates during and subsequent to electron deceleration as
the electromagnetic field regains symmetry.
14. Electrostatic & Magnetostatic energy
vs. Velocity ratio b
Variation of electron energy as a function of velocity ratio b (= v/c)
15. Electromagnetic energy E vs. Lorentz factor g
After Bergman
The Lorentz factor g is inversely proportional to the Lorentz contraction g.
g = 1/√(1 – v2/c2) = 1/√(1 – b2) = 1/g
Electromagnetic energy of an electron as a function of Lorentz factor g.
16. Electron Compton radius RC vs. Lorentz factor g
• Absorption of energy causes electrons to contract in size increasing the
wave function curvature, kinetic energy and volumetric energy density.
Variation in electron radius as a function of Lorentz factor g (= 1/√(1 – b2)
17. Electron Compton radius RC vs. Velocity ratio b
Variation in electron radius as a function of velocity ratio b (= v/c)
• The Compton radius reflects an equilibrium between torsion and the
gravitomagnetic field. Contraction in radius occurs as spin remains
constant and torsion decreases accordingly.
18. Electron mass energy MeV/c2 vs. Velocity ratio b
Relativistic increase in electron mass energy as a function of velocity ratio b (= v/c)
19. Electron Inductance L & Capacitance C
vs. Velocity ratio b
Relativistic variation in electron inductance L and capacitance C
as a function of velocity ratio b (= v/c = Df/p = r/g)
20. Electron wave-function eigenstates in a deep
harmonic oscillator 2D potential well
• Electron represented as a
resonant spin density wave
confined in an oscillating
deep potential well in a
quantum vacuum.
• Zitterbewegung corresponds
to the motion of the center of
charge around the center of
mass with a frequency twice
the Compton frequency.
22. Electron/positron pair production
Electron Compton wavelength, zitterbewegung wavelength, and de Broglie
wavelength compared to the wavelength of an energetic photon required
for pair production of an electron e- and positron e+.
25. Electron Coulombic repulsion
• Maximum Coulomb repulsive
force between electrons occurs
at closest proximity equal to a
separation distance ar Compton’s
radius RC.
• The radiated EM wavefronts are in
the form of of Archimedean spiral
forms. Two electrons on approach
are repelled by constructive EM
wavefront interference.
• Positron spin waves rotate in a
direction opposite to electrons.
Electron and positron interaction
give rise to destructive interference.
26. Spin wave precession
• Electric charge is intrinsic to matter and exhibits similarities to topological
and vortical charge.
• Electric charge of the electron has dimensions of spin angular momentum
and appears to be the result of a slight precession equal to the inverse
fine structure constant a-1.
27. Elementary Particles of Matter
Mass, charge and spin characteristics of fundamental particles and anti-particles
28. Electric and color charge symmetry
• When there is symmetry,
there is conserved charge.
• Symmetry alone does not
provide a dynamical origin
of charge or define underlying
fundamental dimensionality
29. Electric charge vs. topological charge
• Geometrical relation of electric charge (e-, e+) to topological charge F
is illustrated in the form of a Tusci couple (2-cusp hypocycloid) which
corresponds to Special Unitary Group SU(2)
30. Spinor representation of ½ spin characteristic
Spinor examples of 720 degree rotation to return to initial orientation
involving two rotational frequencies differing by a factor of 2.
31. Quark color charge
Twist ribbon represention of quark color charge interactions
and equivalent 3-phase circuit
32. Neutral Pi-meson (Pion)
• Neutral Pion p0 consists of a
spin 0 neutral pi-meson
composed of positron-electron
pair (Sternglass model)
• The positron and electron pair
each have spin angular
momentum oriented either
parallel or anti-parallel to each
other.
• The orbital angular momentum
is equal to twice the spin
angular momentum (L = ħ). A
spin 0 neutral pion has a life-
time of ~0.83E-16 sec and can
decay into gamma rays.
• Binding energy is decreased
when magnetic moments are
parallel due to mutual repulsion.
33. Positively charged Mu-meson (Muon)
• Positive Muon m+ consists of a
positron-electron pair and orbital
positron (Sternglass model)
• Positron e+ is at rest relative to
the precessing frame KP of the
central pair system consisting
of a spin 1 neutral pi-meson p0
1.
34. Positively charged Pi-meson (Pion)
• Positive pion p+ consisting of
a positron-electron pair and
orbital positron (Sternglass
model)
• A positron e+ is in orbital
motion relative to the
precessing frame Kp of a
central pair system consisting
of a spin 1 neutral pi-meson
p0
1.
35. Negatively charged Tau-meson (Tauon)
• Negative Tauon t- consisting of
a positron-electron pair and
orbital electron (Sternglass
model).
• Electron e- is in orbital motion
relative to the precessing
frame Kp of the central pair
system consisting of a spin 1
neutral pi-meson p0
1.
36. Gluon field Fresnel zone pattern
• In-phase and out-phase gluon
field Fresnel zone patterns
with Airy diffraction cross-
section.
• Quark separation in a proton
with Compton radius RCp of
2.1031E-16 m suggest a gluon
field with a minimum distance
of ~0.33E-15 m or ~1.56 RCp.
37. Electron-positron coaxial wave interference
• Coaxial coupling of an e-e+ pair with
aligned spins as a hypothetical quark
model with a massless spin 1 field.
• A charge screen formed by depolar-
ized Planck mass dipoles prevents
Coulombic attraction.
• The electron and positron oscillate
along the spin axis alternating
between a state where charge
screening is effective at close
distance and further out where
charge screening is ineffective
thus exhibiting asymptotic freedom.
39. Proton model
• A proton composed of
electrons and positrons
equivalent to QCD quark
representation.
• Proton absorption of an
antineutrino results in
transformation into a
neutron with emission of
a positron and neutrino
in inverse beta decay.
• The bulk of the proton’s mass
is due to kinetic energy of
component quarks.
40. Gravitational force on electron
In free fall, the acceleration of gravity and associated frequency
difference is equal to zero
41. Electric flux lines
• Faraday electric flux lines fE are
postulated to be an effect of
synchronous alignment of
positive and negative Planck mass
dipoles of the quantum vacuum.
• Alignment results in tension along
the flux lines due to attraction of
positive and negative masses and
compression perpendicular to the
flux lines.
• Electric field intensity E is a function
of the product of the Planck electric
dipole moment m0P and the Planck
mass mP.
42. Magnetic flux lines
• Magnetic flux lines fB are interpreted
as vortex filaments of rotating Planck
mass dipoles. Magnetic field lines
are the result of spin axis alignment
of multiple dipoles.
• Magnetic field intensity H is a measure
of the vortex strength of entrained
dipoles
• Photons and electrons are spin waves
in the Planck quantum vacuum
composed of positive and negative
Planck masses. Photons are traveling
waves. Electrons are standing waves.
45. Abstract
A comprehensive description of the nature of light, electricity and gravity is provided in
terms of quantum wave mechanics. Detailed models include the photon as a travelling
electromagnetic wave and the electron as a closed loop standing wave formed by a
confined photon. An electron is modeled as a torus generated by a spinning Hopf link
as a result of an imbalance of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy. Electric charge is a
manifestation of a slight precession characterized by the fine structure constant. The
physical vacuum as a polarizable medium enables wave propagation and appears
ultimately to be quantized at the Planck scale. Standing wave transformations for objects
in motion are reviewed and Lorentz Doppler effects compared. The mechanism for
generation De Broglie matter waves for objects in motion is depicted including the inverse
effect of induced motion of an object by synthesis of contracted moving standing waves.
Gravity is viewed as a frequency synchronization interaction between coupled mass
oscillators. The acceleration of gravity is described by a spectral energy density gradient.
Antigravity corresponds an inversion of the naturally occuring energy density gradient.
Gravitons are shown to be phase conjugate photons. The metric of curved spacetime
corresponds to the electromagnetic wave front interference node metric. Hence, the
gravitational field becomes quantized.
Quantum Wave Mechanics
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