Electromagnetic devices
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Magnets are used in many applications such as compasses, which use magnetism to point north. Magnets are also found in speakers, motors, and generators, which convert different forms of energy. Magnets can be used for novelty purposes like magnetic levitation or attaching items to refrigerators. Galvanometers also use magnetism to measure electric current and voltage. Electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical motion using magnets and electromagnetic coils, and generators do the opposite by converting mechanical rotation into electrical energy.
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pressure sensors
This document discusses various types of pressure transducers, including mechanical and electrical types. Mechanical transducers use an elastic element like a bourdon tube, bellows, or diaphragm to convert pressure to displacement. Electrical transducers add an electric element to convert the mechanical displacement to an electrical signal. Common electric elements are piezoelectric materials, strain gauges, capacitors, and inductive coils. Piezoelectric transducers actively generate a voltage in response to pressure, while other electrical transducers like strain gauges are passive and require an external power source to modulate their electrical properties.
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This document discusses pressure measurements and different types of pressure gauges. It defines pressure as force per unit area and describes two types: static and dynamic. Static pressure refers to a constant force, while dynamic pressure varies. Common pressure units are then defined. Pressure gauges are classified as mechanical or electromechanical. Mechanical gauges include U-tube manometers, well manometers, and force summing devices like diaphragms, bellows, and Bourdon tubes which convert pressure into displacement.
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This document discusses measurement techniques and instruments. It covers the basic components, classifications, functions, and errors of measurement instruments. The key points are:
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1. The Kelvin bridge is a modified Wheatstone bridge used to accurately measure low resistances. It accounts for contact resistance by using four-terminal connections.
2. In a Kelvin bridge, the unknown resistance is connected between two potential terminals to directly measure its value, independent of contact resistance at the current terminals.
3. The bridge balances when the galvanometer is connected to a point between the potential terminals that divides the lead resistance into two equal parts, nullifying its effect on the measurement.
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A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. There are two main types - electrical and mechanical. An electrical transducer converts a non-electrical signal to an electrical signal. Examples include strain gauges, thermistors, and LVDTs. These transducers contain a sensing element and a transduction element. Parameters like linearity, dynamic range, accuracy, and size are important in transducer selection and performance.
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The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.
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The document discusses various types of photosensitive devices that can convert light energy into electrical energy. It describes passive transducers like photoemissive, photoconductive cells and active photovoltaic transducers. Selenium cells are introduced as early photovoltaic devices that use the photovoltaic effect to generate voltage and current. Other active transducers discussed include photomultiplier tubes, photodiodes, and light dependent resistors. Various biomedical applications of photosensitive devices are also mentioned like pulse pickup, respiration monitoring, and blood oxygen detection.
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1) Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or signal into another. Electrical transducers are preferred as they allow for easy signal conditioning and remote operation.
2) Common electromechanical transducers include the LVDT, strain gauge, and capacitive transducer. The LVDT uses the principle of variable inductance to produce an electrical output proportional to mechanical displacement. Strain gauges measure displacement or strain by detecting changes in electrical resistance.
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Thermistor
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Thermistor
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Experiment for diode and transistor testing using multimeter. Find the diode bad or good. Identify the terminals of a good diode. Find the hfe of a transistor. Identify the PNP or NPN type of transistor. Identify the diode for open or short circuited.
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Igcse physics part 3
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Electromagnetic devices
- 2. Some Applications of Magnets • Compass is simply a thin magnet or magnetized iron needle balanced on a pivot. The needle will rotate to point toward the opposite pole of the magnet. It helps in navigation by pointing the North magnetic pole and also useful in detecting small magnetic fields. • Magnets are found in loudspeakers, electrical motors and electrical generators. • The are also used to stick things to the refrigerator. • As a novelty. Magnetic disks can be stacked on a pencil to show magnetic levitation.
- 3. 1. Galvanometers • Galvanometers are devices used to measure current in ammeters and voltage in voltmeters. It makes use of the fact that a current- carrying wire creates a magnetic field which can be deflected by an external magnetic field.The amount of deflection is then related to the amount of current flowing through the coil.
- 4. 2. Electric Motors • An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy that is used to different kinds of work, such as your electric fan, a DVD player, or your dad’s electric drill.
- 5. Parts of Electric Motors • 1. Commutator – consist of a pair of plates attached to the axle and provides two connections for the coil of the electromagnet.
- 6. • 2. Armature or motor – consists of a set of electromagnets made up of copper thin wire. Once the electricity runs this electromagnet, it creates a magnetic field in the armature that attracts and repels the magnets.
- 7. • 3. DC power supply – source of energy
- 8. 4. Magnetic field – consist of motor housing and two curved permanent magnets.
- 9. • 5. Axle – contains the armature and commutator.
- 10. • 6. Brushes – consist of two pieces of springy metals which make contact with commutator.
- 11. Examples of Energy Transformations: •A toaster transforms electrical energy into thermal energy. •A blender transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. •A power drill converts electrical energy to mechanical energy when plugged in and used. Music converts sound energy to mechanical energy in your eardrum.
- 12. 3. Generator • A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy . Generators and electric motors are alike except they convert mechanical to electrical energy.
- 13. Two Kinds of Generators • 1. The AC generator or alternating current generator is a single coil of wire rotating in uniform magnetic field.
- 14. 2. The DC generator or one-dimensional current generator has a rotating loop in a magnetic field which produces current that varies in value but does not change direction.