英語学概論 5
Trevor Noah: speaking Xhosa
• Xhosa is a South African language
How about Nigeria?
520 languages spoken
English is the most common
60 million out of 180 million people speak
English
Main languages of Nigeria
• Yoruba
• Igbo
• Hausa
• Urhobo
• Ibibio
• Edo
• etc
Nigeria in Africa
Abuja is the capital
Language map of Nigeria
Edo is between Yoruba and Igbo
Yoruba and Igbo are NOT similar
The Nigerian Language challenge! Igbo
vs Yoruba
Quick Review
• Remember these sounds?
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
Phonetic script
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
• Phonetics = study of sound
Phonology
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
• Phonology = study of sound as it works in
language
Phonology: For example
• ɒ
• ɔ
• o
• Do these sounds exist in
Japanese?
/θriː/
specifies three of a
particular thing
determiner・specifier
Welsh (ウェールズ)
•Iaith
• = language
•/jaiθ/
Welsh (ウェールズ)
•Chwech
• = six
•/χweːχ/
Welsh (ウェールズ)
•Llan
• = church
•/ɬæn/
•/ɬan/
•ɬ
•Like English l in “laugh”
•But blowing air out of the
sides of your tongue
•Pwll
•/pʊɬ/
•Means “pool”
• Llanfairpwllgwyngyll
• /ɬanvairpʊɬgwɪngɪɬ/
• F is pronounced v in Welsh
• W is pronounced like short u
llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrob
wllllantysiliogogogoch
• llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychw
yrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch
• Last bit:
• llantisiliogogogoch
• /ɬantɪsɪliɔgɔgɔgɔ:χ/
Anyway – not in the test!
• But thinking about sounds
• As they work in languages
• That’s Phonology
/ðə/
specifies a particular
thing
determiner・specifier
/ðəʊz/
specifies particular things
determiner・specifier
/ə/
specifies a single, not
mentioned thing
determiner・specifier
/moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than anything
else
determiner・specifier
/məʊst/ (UK)
specifies more than anything
else
determiner・specifier
Most (determiner)
•[Most students] will pass.
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
NOUN
PHRASE
SPECIFIER NOUN
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
the book
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
a book
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
that book
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
this book
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
my book
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
these books
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
those books
NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
most books
/moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than anything
else
determiner・specifier
/moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than half
determiner・specifier
Most
• Most books were read by Bill.
• He read more books than
anyone else.
• He read more than half the
books.
Most books were read by Bill.
• Bill read three books.
• John read two books.
• Jill read two books.
• Most books were read by Bill.
Most books were read by Bill.
• There are five books.
• Bill read three or four.
• Most books were read by Bill.
GAME!
/ˈprɪn.tər/
noun
machine that writes
/tʃuːz/
verb
select
/straɪpt/
adjective
with lines on it
/ˈpɪg/
noun
Farm animal, goes
oink
/ˈʃɪp/
noun
Vehicle on sea or
water
/ˈʃi:p/
noun
Woolly farm animal
/ˈli:p/
verb
Jump
/ˈsti:p/
adjective
Goes up sharply
/ˈdɒdʒ.i/
Adjective
‘illegal or somehow
wrong’
/kəˈfʌf.əl/
Noun
‘An argument or
fight’
/ˈwæŋ.kə
/
Noun
‘a useless
person’
/tɒʃ/
Noun
‘rubbish or
nonsense’
/ˌhʌŋ.kiˈdɔː
.ri/
Adjective
‘Cool, no problem’

Eigo gaku5