This document discusses English phonology and phonetics. It introduces phonology as the study of sound patterns and systems in language, focusing on the abstract mental representation of sounds. Phonetics is introduced as a more concrete study of speech sounds, including their articulation, perception, and acoustic properties. The document outlines the major places and organs of articulation in producing speech sounds, such as bilabials, dentals, velars, and glottals. It provides examples of sounds categorized by their place of articulation.

1. English Phonology
Structure of Language

2. Intro
• Phonology
• the study of the sound systems
oflanguages.
• It studies howspeech sounds
form patterns
• It is concernedwith the abstract
ormental aspect of the sounds
in language ratherthan with the
actual physical articulation of
speechsounds.

3. a
tap
pat
apt
at
pa
p t

4. to
too
two
through
threw
clue
shoe
dame
dad
father
call
village
many

5. although
bought
dough
enough
fought
ghetto
ghost
tough

6. although- dough
enough-tough
bought -fought
ghost - ghetto

7. Intro
• Phonology
• the study of the sound systems
oflanguages.
• It studies howspeech sounds
form patterns
• It is concernedwith the abstract
ormental aspect of the sounds
in language ratherthan with the
actual physical articulation of
speechsounds.
• Phonetics
• thestudyofthecharacteristics
ofspeechsounds
• thestudyofthesoundsmade
intheproductionofhuman
languages
• moreconcrete

8. cat
knot
psycho
rhythm
/k/ /æ/ /t/
/n/ /ɒ/ /t/
/s/ /aɪ/ /k/ /əʊ/
/r/ /ɪ/ /ð/ /ə/ /m/

9. Intro
•Three branches ofphonetics
• Articulatoryphonetics,focusingonthehumanvocalapparatusand
describessoundsintermsoftheirarticulationinthevocaltract
• Auditoryphonetics,studyinghowsoundsareheard–theperceptionof
speechsoundsbytheear
• Acousticphonetics,exploringthenatureofsoundwavesproducedin
humanlanguage,usingthetoolsofphysics

10. Organs of Speech
Structure of Language

12. upper lip
upper teeth
alveolar /gum
ridge
hardpalate soft palate / velum
uvula

13. lower lip
lower teeth
tip of tongue
blade of T
front of T
canterof T
back of T
root of T
epligottis
vocal cords
glottis
trachea
esophagus
pharynx
larynx

14. (Articulatory) Phonetics
Structure of Language

15. Places of Articulations
• Wherethe soundis produced
in the mouth.
• Usually namedaccordingto
the upper articulation.

16. Placesof Articulations
1. Bilabials
Upper
upper lip
Lower
lower lip
touches
Example
• p /pen/ /pinapple/
• b /but/ /
• m
• w

17. Placesof Articulations
2. Labio-dentals
Upper
upper teeth
Lower
lower lip
touches/approaches
Example
• f
• v

18. Placesof Articulations
3. Dentals (or Interdentals)
Upper
upper teeth
Lower
tip/bladeof tongue
approaches
Example
• θ
• ð

19. Placesof Articulations
4. Alveolars
Upper
alveolarridge
Lower
tip oftongue
touches
Example
• t
• d
• n
• l
• r
• s
• z
approaches

20. Placesof Articulations
5. Palatal
Upper
hard palate
Lower
front of
the tongue
touches/approaches
Example
• j

21. Placesof Articulations
6. Palato-alveolars
Upper
Back of
alveolar ridge
Lower
front of
the tongue
approaches
Example
• ʃ
• ʒ
• ʧ
• ʤ

22. Placesof Articulations
7. Glottals
Glottalarea
Example
• h

23. Placesof Articulations
8. Velars
Upper
soft palate
Lower
back of
the tongue
touches
Example
• k
• g
• ŋ

24. Placesof Articulations
9. Retroflexes
Upper
alveolarridge
Lower
curled tipof
tongue
touches
Example
• ɖ
• ʈ

25. References
• Finegan, E. (2008).Language:ItsStructureandUse,5th
Edition.
• Yule,G. (2010).TheStudyofLanguage,FourthEdition.
• Fromkin,V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2009).An
IntroductiontoLanguage,9th Edition.