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“COGNATES”
                            Comparative
                           reconstruction



         The majority                       The most natural
                                             development
           principle                            principle




                                            1)Final vowels often • Mube
                          The                   disapear eg:     • Mupe              *(stream)
                  [K]   original                                 • mup
                         sound
                                               2) Unvoiced    • Abadi: b=voiced
                                            consonants become • Apati : p=unvoiced
                                              voiced between
                                                vowels eg:    • Apat : p=unvoiced
                                                                  The original
                                                                  sound
[s]                                                                                 *(rock)


                                                                   •Cantare [k]-stop
      *(horse)                                 3) Stops become     •Cantar [k] =original
                                                 fricatives eg:    sound        *(sing)
                                                                   •Chanter[s]=fricative
Primary sources:
Germanic language
    spoken by:                             VIKINGS
                                  LATIN   Old norse
                      Were
                    converted
Anglo saxons        christinity
  and Jutes

                                            Basics terms in our
                                              language as:
  Basic terms in                                   -give
  our language                                      -low
        as:                                         -leg
                                                    -sky
  -mann (man)
  -wif (woman)
   -child (child)
Anglo Norman
   Norman                         Culture
Conquest 1066




French, the language for the
 upper classes for 200 years
.

   Vowel
  sounds     Disappeared
   have         sounds
                            Metathesis   Epenthesis   Prothesis                   Syntactic change
 undergone


•Old         •Old           •Old         •Old         •Old                •Old English    / Modern English
English:     English:       English:     English:     English:            Frde he        / he    traveled
/hu:s/       night [nixt]   Frist        Aemtig       Schola
                                                                          Verbo sujeto    sujeto verbo
•Modern      •Modern        •Modern      •Modern      •Modern
English:     english:       English:     english                                Lexical changes
                                                      english:
/haus/       Night          First        Empty
             [nait]                                   Escuela
*/u://au/                                                            Breadening                narrowing
             *[x]-> has
             disappeared                                         •O.E     / M.E           • O.E / M.E
                                                                 Holy day-> Holiday        Hund-> hound
Diachronically     Synchronicaly


•Historical       •Differences within
perspective of    one language in
change through    different places and
time.             different groups at
                  the same time.

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Language History

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. “COGNATES” Comparative reconstruction The majority The most natural development principle principle 1)Final vowels often • Mube The disapear eg: • Mupe *(stream) [K] original • mup sound 2) Unvoiced • Abadi: b=voiced consonants become • Apati : p=unvoiced voiced between vowels eg: • Apat : p=unvoiced The original sound [s] *(rock) •Cantare [k]-stop *(horse) 3) Stops become •Cantar [k] =original fricatives eg: sound *(sing) •Chanter[s]=fricative
  • 5. Primary sources: Germanic language spoken by: VIKINGS LATIN Old norse Were converted Anglo saxons christinity and Jutes Basics terms in our language as: Basic terms in -give our language -low as: -leg -sky -mann (man) -wif (woman) -child (child)
  • 6. Anglo Norman Norman Culture Conquest 1066 French, the language for the upper classes for 200 years
  • 7. . Vowel sounds Disappeared have sounds Metathesis Epenthesis Prothesis Syntactic change undergone •Old •Old •Old •Old •Old •Old English / Modern English English: English: English: English: English: Frde he / he traveled /hu:s/ night [nixt] Frist Aemtig Schola Verbo sujeto sujeto verbo •Modern •Modern •Modern •Modern •Modern English: english: English: english Lexical changes english: /haus/ Night First Empty [nait] Escuela */u://au/ Breadening narrowing *[x]-> has disappeared •O.E / M.E • O.E / M.E Holy day-> Holiday Hund-> hound
  • 8.
  • 9. Diachronically Synchronicaly •Historical •Differences within perspective of one language in change through different places and time. different groups at the same time.