This paper proposes the analysis of the effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building. For the study a method is applied that allows the analysis of the main problems of energy quality such as voltage variation, harmonics, flicker, and the effect of harmonics on the power factor. As a case study, the offices of an administrative building were used, where the measurements of the main energy quality parameters were carried out for a week. The results showed the presence of current harmonics and flicker problems due to non-linear loads such as the frequency inverters that drive the motors of the elevators and escalators, as well as the LED lamps. These problems cause systematic damage to the lighting system, UPS and improper correction of the power factor. The study also demonstrates the need to deepen the effects of energy quality not only in the industrial and residential sectors. In addition, attention must be paid to the tertiary sector, specifically to administrative buildings.
Introduction to distribution systems,
Load modeling and characteristics
Coincidence factor
Contribution factor loss factor
Relationship between the load factor and loss factor
Classification of loads (Residential, commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their characteristics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Introduction to distribution systems,
Load modeling and characteristics
Coincidence factor
Contribution factor loss factor
Relationship between the load factor and loss factor
Classification of loads (Residential, commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their characteristics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
System operators face a proliferation of power electronics
interfaced devices such as HVDC transmission lines,
wind and solar generation in their grids. Depending on
the jurisdiction, the instantaneous share of electrical
energy produced from renewable energy sources
occasionally reaches 150%. However, to operate a power
system with sustained high levels of renewable energy,
several operational challenges need to be addressed. The
goal of this survey paper, which is one of the products
of CIGRE joint working group C2/B4.38, is to identify
such challenges. To this extend, extensive literature
review and survey among and discussions with system
operators throughout the world were performed.
This paper identified several operational challenges that
were validated by system operators. These challenges
are grouped in the following three categories: (i) new
behavior of the power system, (ii) new operation of the
power system and (iii) lack of voltage and frequency
support. For each of the identified challenge, a
description, practical examples and relevant references
are provided.
Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Cus...ijtsrd
Traditional power production has become challenging for utilities due to the depletion of fossil fuels, coal, and oil. This must be done in a less expensive and more efficient manner. To meet the consumers power needs, a new source is needed. The alternative source should be sustainable and capable of fulfilling the needs of the customer. The incorporation of renewable energy into the grid is a helpful method of meeting demand. The integration of renewable energy has three main challenges frequency fluctuation, power quality issues, and power system instability. The following issues were critical in nature. An expert system based on an analytic hierarchy method is used to detect and classify power quality issues. Previously, it could detect sag, swell, transients, harmonics, interruptions, and flickers. A method for categorizing events that is error free has been proposed. The streamlined process provides for more accurate identification and classification of power quality issues. an examination of power quality issues and their mitigation via the use of unified power quality conditioners UPQC To reduce different power quality problems, an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS is employed. Using renewable energy sources effectively reduces environmental impact. The proposed technique corrects voltage imbalances and reduces overall harmonic distortion at the point of common connection PCC . The installation of an ANFIS controlled DVR is utilized to minimize voltage fluctuations induced by the integration of renewable energy sources and transmission line failures. With the aim of using renewable energy, a fake fault was introduced to power quality events. The ANFIS controlled DVR plan is in place to mitigate the negative impacts of power quality events. ANFIS controlled DVR is compared to a conventional surveillance method. Nonlinear loads generate voltage flickers and total harmonic distortion, therefore a distributed static compensator D STATCOM is employed to avoid these. It is recommended that D STATCOM use three control methods instantaneous power theory, synchronous vector PI control, and harmonic elimination. The D efficacy of STATCOMs is tested under severe load conditions. Various control methods will be used to evaluate and debate the proposed expert system and customized power devices. Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Custom Power Devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46380.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46380/analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-enhancement-techniques-using-custom-power-devices/rahul-gokhle
Analysis of Transformer Loadings and Failure Rate in Onitsha Electricity Dist...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
This study investigated transformer loadings and failure rate in the Onitsha Electricity Distribution Network by using the Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) software 12.6 and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software 16.0. Data collected over the period 2011-2015 on the distribution network were simulated on ETAP software using the Newton-Raphson (N-R) technique to determine the transformer loadings while responses to 350 copies of questionnaire distributed among the technical staff were statistically analysed on the SPSS software to ascertain the failure rate among transformers in the network. The findings of the study show that during the 5 years period covered by the study, the sampled substations recorded transformer average failure rate of 11.7 %. It was further revealed that besides insulation issues which accounted for 24.2% of all the failures, overload (22.5%) was the next major cause of transformer breakdowns in the distribution network. The study recommends installation of more transformer units, use of high quality transformers, balanced loading of the transformers and proactive inspection and maintenance program of transformers units within the network. The outcome of this work would help electricity utilities provide more reliable and cost effective services to customers.
Matlab Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Based on Fast Dynamic Controlijtsrd
The paper is based on power quality with fast dynamic control having no isolation transformer. The concept is simulated using famous MATLAB tool and the proposed architecture is based on four switching devices only, forming two half bridge voltage source inverters one connected in parallel with the load and another one connected in series with the AC mains and both having the same DC link. Mujeeb Ullah Malik | Nipun Aggarwal "Matlab Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Based on Fast Dynamic Control" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29643.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29643/matlab-implementation-of-power-quality-improvement-based-on-fast-dynamic-control/mujeeb-ullah-malik
A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution Systemijtsrd
Distributed power generation is the latest field because of the ability to accommodate various types of Renewable alternative energy sources, its hidden potential to improve the energy efficiency and power system capability, and its promise for power reliability and security. Many distributed energy sources exist such solar energy, fuel cell, micro turbine, and wind energy. Distributed power generation concept has been implemented in various places with various degree of complexity. A comprehensive review on the distributed power generation is presented in this paper. Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46379.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46379/a-review-on-power-flexibility-generation-and-distribution-system/rahul-gokhle
From interconnections of local electric power systems to Global Energy Interc...Power System Operation
The interconnections of electric power systems are developed for the economic benefits and in order to increase
the overall power supply reliability and quality level. Development of power industry shows the positive effects in operation
of the country-wide electric power systems and international interconnections. Creation of World Energy System or, by the
other words, Global Energy Interconnection is objective trend on the way of expansion of international and intercontinental
electric power interconnections. Several important aspects of above mentioned problems are discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Electric Power Systems, Power Interconnections, Global Energy Interconnection.
What is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load management
Role of UPQC in Distributed Generation Power System: A Reviewijtsrd
The ever increasing share of renewable energy sources (RERs) in the todays scenario, the power grids are suffering from poor power quality due to the intermittent nature of wind and solar based power generating units. The led to extensive research in the field of power quality especially in voltage and frequency regulations Distributed generation involving RERs has become more popular in recent years due to technological advancement and has been started increasingly used in industry. It has become more important to understand the integration of these systems through PE interface with the existing electric power systems networks. At the same time, high frequency switching of Power Electronic interface has caused major Power Quality concerns, which has been tackled with the help of Custom power devices interfaces that has allowed DG to offers various benefits like ability to provide ancillary services, increased energy efficiency, increased functionality through improved power quality and voltage/VAR support, improved electrical system reliability by reducing the fault contributions, and flexibility in operations with various other DE sources. DG also allows the customer to have a choice while it reduces the overall interconnection costs. This paper focuses on widespread use of DG through various Renewable Energy Sources, Power Quality issues associated with the use of Power Electronic interface and use of various Custom Power Devices to improve Power Quality. It particularly evaluates the role of UPQC-DG in various modes of DG in following PQ standards. Sajid Bashir | Gagan Deep Yadav"Role of UPQC in Distributed Generation Power System: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11356.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11356/role-of-upqc-in-distributed-generation-power-system-a-review/sajid-bashir
EFFICIENT POWER THEFT DETECTION FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS USING MEAN SHIFT DA...ijaia
Energy theft constitutes an issue of great importance for electricity operators. The attempt to detect and reduce non-technical losses is a challenging task due to insufficient inspection methods. With the evolution of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in smart grids, a more complicated status quo in energy theft has emerged and many new technologies are being adopted to solve the problem. In order to identify illegal residential consumers, a computational method of analyzing and identifying electricity consumption patterns of consumers based on data mining techniques has been presented. Combining principal component analysis (PCA) with mean shift algorithm for different power theft scenarios, we can now cope with the power theft detection problem sufficiently. The overall research has shown encouraging results in residential consumers power theft detection that will help utilities to improve the reliability, security and operation of power network.
Power Quality Improvement, Harmonic Elimination and Load Balancing in Industr...ijtsrd
Non linear loads are increasingly more abundant in commercial, residential and industrial sector and their percentage of the total load are growing steadily. The increasing uses of non linear loads are becoming more harmonic problems at utilities and customers sides. The harmonic problems cause damage of system equipment and low power quality. The most appropriate solution to mitigate this issue is passive filter. Passive filters are typically composed by inductors, capacitors and resistors which are used for mitigating harmonic distortions, power factor correction and improving power quality. In this paper, simulation models are implemented for mitigating harmonic distortions by applying passive filter at No 3 .Steel Mill Ywama, Yangon in distribution system. Passive filters are installing at point of common coupling PCC of 11kV feeder in distribution system to reduce the harmonic distortion within IEEE 519 1992 standards. THD is used as the harmonic index to study the effect of harmonic distortions. In this paper, the performance of the designed filter in this network and THD are obtained from simulation using MATLAB. Myo Win Kyaw | Hnin Yu Wai | Theingi Htun "Power Quality Improvement, Harmonic Elimination and Load Balancing in Industrial Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26661.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26661/power-quality-improvement-harmonic-elimination-and-load-balancing-in-industrial-power-system/myo-win-kyaw
The distribution system is formed from number of elements which runs continuously in order
to complete the demand of consumers. Transient over voltages in the power distribution system is
the most important factor which should be considered while developing and designing a new system.
Considering the importance of continuation in supply in order to complete the demand, a proper
protection device should be implemented. So with this importance the said project was started.
Under this paper, the effect of lightning on the railway overhead line is seen along with the
other parts and elements which plays important role in order to run this over head lines.
PSCAD/EMTDC software was used to design an Electrified railway system in order to investigate
the consequences of transient over voltages caused due to lightning phenomenon. This paper also
highlights the effective use of surge arrester in order to protect the system from the surges.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
System operators face a proliferation of power electronics
interfaced devices such as HVDC transmission lines,
wind and solar generation in their grids. Depending on
the jurisdiction, the instantaneous share of electrical
energy produced from renewable energy sources
occasionally reaches 150%. However, to operate a power
system with sustained high levels of renewable energy,
several operational challenges need to be addressed. The
goal of this survey paper, which is one of the products
of CIGRE joint working group C2/B4.38, is to identify
such challenges. To this extend, extensive literature
review and survey among and discussions with system
operators throughout the world were performed.
This paper identified several operational challenges that
were validated by system operators. These challenges
are grouped in the following three categories: (i) new
behavior of the power system, (ii) new operation of the
power system and (iii) lack of voltage and frequency
support. For each of the identified challenge, a
description, practical examples and relevant references
are provided.
Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Cus...ijtsrd
Traditional power production has become challenging for utilities due to the depletion of fossil fuels, coal, and oil. This must be done in a less expensive and more efficient manner. To meet the consumers power needs, a new source is needed. The alternative source should be sustainable and capable of fulfilling the needs of the customer. The incorporation of renewable energy into the grid is a helpful method of meeting demand. The integration of renewable energy has three main challenges frequency fluctuation, power quality issues, and power system instability. The following issues were critical in nature. An expert system based on an analytic hierarchy method is used to detect and classify power quality issues. Previously, it could detect sag, swell, transients, harmonics, interruptions, and flickers. A method for categorizing events that is error free has been proposed. The streamlined process provides for more accurate identification and classification of power quality issues. an examination of power quality issues and their mitigation via the use of unified power quality conditioners UPQC To reduce different power quality problems, an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS is employed. Using renewable energy sources effectively reduces environmental impact. The proposed technique corrects voltage imbalances and reduces overall harmonic distortion at the point of common connection PCC . The installation of an ANFIS controlled DVR is utilized to minimize voltage fluctuations induced by the integration of renewable energy sources and transmission line failures. With the aim of using renewable energy, a fake fault was introduced to power quality events. The ANFIS controlled DVR plan is in place to mitigate the negative impacts of power quality events. ANFIS controlled DVR is compared to a conventional surveillance method. Nonlinear loads generate voltage flickers and total harmonic distortion, therefore a distributed static compensator D STATCOM is employed to avoid these. It is recommended that D STATCOM use three control methods instantaneous power theory, synchronous vector PI control, and harmonic elimination. The D efficacy of STATCOMs is tested under severe load conditions. Various control methods will be used to evaluate and debate the proposed expert system and customized power devices. Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Custom Power Devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46380.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46380/analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-enhancement-techniques-using-custom-power-devices/rahul-gokhle
Analysis of Transformer Loadings and Failure Rate in Onitsha Electricity Dist...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
This study investigated transformer loadings and failure rate in the Onitsha Electricity Distribution Network by using the Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) software 12.6 and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software 16.0. Data collected over the period 2011-2015 on the distribution network were simulated on ETAP software using the Newton-Raphson (N-R) technique to determine the transformer loadings while responses to 350 copies of questionnaire distributed among the technical staff were statistically analysed on the SPSS software to ascertain the failure rate among transformers in the network. The findings of the study show that during the 5 years period covered by the study, the sampled substations recorded transformer average failure rate of 11.7 %. It was further revealed that besides insulation issues which accounted for 24.2% of all the failures, overload (22.5%) was the next major cause of transformer breakdowns in the distribution network. The study recommends installation of more transformer units, use of high quality transformers, balanced loading of the transformers and proactive inspection and maintenance program of transformers units within the network. The outcome of this work would help electricity utilities provide more reliable and cost effective services to customers.
Matlab Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Based on Fast Dynamic Controlijtsrd
The paper is based on power quality with fast dynamic control having no isolation transformer. The concept is simulated using famous MATLAB tool and the proposed architecture is based on four switching devices only, forming two half bridge voltage source inverters one connected in parallel with the load and another one connected in series with the AC mains and both having the same DC link. Mujeeb Ullah Malik | Nipun Aggarwal "Matlab Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Based on Fast Dynamic Control" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29643.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29643/matlab-implementation-of-power-quality-improvement-based-on-fast-dynamic-control/mujeeb-ullah-malik
A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution Systemijtsrd
Distributed power generation is the latest field because of the ability to accommodate various types of Renewable alternative energy sources, its hidden potential to improve the energy efficiency and power system capability, and its promise for power reliability and security. Many distributed energy sources exist such solar energy, fuel cell, micro turbine, and wind energy. Distributed power generation concept has been implemented in various places with various degree of complexity. A comprehensive review on the distributed power generation is presented in this paper. Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46379.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46379/a-review-on-power-flexibility-generation-and-distribution-system/rahul-gokhle
From interconnections of local electric power systems to Global Energy Interc...Power System Operation
The interconnections of electric power systems are developed for the economic benefits and in order to increase
the overall power supply reliability and quality level. Development of power industry shows the positive effects in operation
of the country-wide electric power systems and international interconnections. Creation of World Energy System or, by the
other words, Global Energy Interconnection is objective trend on the way of expansion of international and intercontinental
electric power interconnections. Several important aspects of above mentioned problems are discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Electric Power Systems, Power Interconnections, Global Energy Interconnection.
What is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load management
Role of UPQC in Distributed Generation Power System: A Reviewijtsrd
The ever increasing share of renewable energy sources (RERs) in the todays scenario, the power grids are suffering from poor power quality due to the intermittent nature of wind and solar based power generating units. The led to extensive research in the field of power quality especially in voltage and frequency regulations Distributed generation involving RERs has become more popular in recent years due to technological advancement and has been started increasingly used in industry. It has become more important to understand the integration of these systems through PE interface with the existing electric power systems networks. At the same time, high frequency switching of Power Electronic interface has caused major Power Quality concerns, which has been tackled with the help of Custom power devices interfaces that has allowed DG to offers various benefits like ability to provide ancillary services, increased energy efficiency, increased functionality through improved power quality and voltage/VAR support, improved electrical system reliability by reducing the fault contributions, and flexibility in operations with various other DE sources. DG also allows the customer to have a choice while it reduces the overall interconnection costs. This paper focuses on widespread use of DG through various Renewable Energy Sources, Power Quality issues associated with the use of Power Electronic interface and use of various Custom Power Devices to improve Power Quality. It particularly evaluates the role of UPQC-DG in various modes of DG in following PQ standards. Sajid Bashir | Gagan Deep Yadav"Role of UPQC in Distributed Generation Power System: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11356.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11356/role-of-upqc-in-distributed-generation-power-system-a-review/sajid-bashir
EFFICIENT POWER THEFT DETECTION FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS USING MEAN SHIFT DA...ijaia
Energy theft constitutes an issue of great importance for electricity operators. The attempt to detect and reduce non-technical losses is a challenging task due to insufficient inspection methods. With the evolution of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in smart grids, a more complicated status quo in energy theft has emerged and many new technologies are being adopted to solve the problem. In order to identify illegal residential consumers, a computational method of analyzing and identifying electricity consumption patterns of consumers based on data mining techniques has been presented. Combining principal component analysis (PCA) with mean shift algorithm for different power theft scenarios, we can now cope with the power theft detection problem sufficiently. The overall research has shown encouraging results in residential consumers power theft detection that will help utilities to improve the reliability, security and operation of power network.
Power Quality Improvement, Harmonic Elimination and Load Balancing in Industr...ijtsrd
Non linear loads are increasingly more abundant in commercial, residential and industrial sector and their percentage of the total load are growing steadily. The increasing uses of non linear loads are becoming more harmonic problems at utilities and customers sides. The harmonic problems cause damage of system equipment and low power quality. The most appropriate solution to mitigate this issue is passive filter. Passive filters are typically composed by inductors, capacitors and resistors which are used for mitigating harmonic distortions, power factor correction and improving power quality. In this paper, simulation models are implemented for mitigating harmonic distortions by applying passive filter at No 3 .Steel Mill Ywama, Yangon in distribution system. Passive filters are installing at point of common coupling PCC of 11kV feeder in distribution system to reduce the harmonic distortion within IEEE 519 1992 standards. THD is used as the harmonic index to study the effect of harmonic distortions. In this paper, the performance of the designed filter in this network and THD are obtained from simulation using MATLAB. Myo Win Kyaw | Hnin Yu Wai | Theingi Htun "Power Quality Improvement, Harmonic Elimination and Load Balancing in Industrial Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26661.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26661/power-quality-improvement-harmonic-elimination-and-load-balancing-in-industrial-power-system/myo-win-kyaw
The distribution system is formed from number of elements which runs continuously in order
to complete the demand of consumers. Transient over voltages in the power distribution system is
the most important factor which should be considered while developing and designing a new system.
Considering the importance of continuation in supply in order to complete the demand, a proper
protection device should be implemented. So with this importance the said project was started.
Under this paper, the effect of lightning on the railway overhead line is seen along with the
other parts and elements which plays important role in order to run this over head lines.
PSCAD/EMTDC software was used to design an Electrified railway system in order to investigate
the consequences of transient over voltages caused due to lightning phenomenon. This paper also
highlights the effective use of surge arrester in order to protect the system from the surges.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation of Power Quality Indices in Jordanian Distribution GridIOSRJEEE
he sensitivity and the highly connected modern power systems make Power quality problems a priority in these systems. Both utilities and consumers have essential role in dealing with these problems. It is utilities responsibility to provide a clean and reliable power. On the other hand, it is consumer’s responsibility to draw power with acceptable indices. In this Paper, the type of the consumer’s facility is chosen as a basis for managing power quality indices. In this paper, comprehensive power quality in Jordan Low-Voltage Electrical Power Grid is measured. The loads are divided into five categories: : (i) industrial loads, (ii) commercial loads, (iii) hospital loads, (iv) residential loads, and (v) office loads. Assuming each category will affect the grid in similar way, which will facilitate prediction of power quality problems. Also, this methodology will help proposing new regulation that governs the relation between utilities and consumers. The power quality indices considered in this paper are; THD, Crest factor, K-factor, Power factor, Harmonic to active power ratio, Voltage imbalance, and Frequency variations. The results show similar results for the loads with the same type. Also, the results show the correlation between the current total harmonic distortion and utility voltages and neutral-to-ground voltage, and between voltage and current imbalance.
Harmonic enhancement in microgrid with applications on sensitive loadsIJECEIAES
Power quality issues are an important and growing problem in microgrid. There are two reasons; the more active consumer is participating in the power sector, the use of renewable energy which having a great impact on voltage variation. This paper discusses power quality disturbance and especially harmonic distortion issues in microgrid, and suggests a solution to maintain the operation of the distribution system within power quality standard. To protect sensitive loads from harmonics produced by the grid and by renewable energy sources, passive harmonic filter has been proposed in this paper. The electrical system of a nuclear research reactor as sensitive loads is designed by using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. The results show these technical issues are presented with their influence on electrical voltage and harmonic specter.
ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS COMPENSATION DEVICES FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN WIN...IAEME Publication
In recent trend, the renewable source of energy is increasingly used in the electric power generation, which leads to certain power quality issues. Hence some of the supplementary devices like capacitors, compensators or reactive power injection devices are added to the compensation system. With the advancement in power electronics, compensating devices such as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM), Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Static Var Compensator (SVC) etc. are used. In this paper, the characteristics of three important compensating devices DVR, UPQC and DSTATCOM are analysed. Initially these devices are modelled and their performance is analysed with common power quality problems such as voltage sag, swell and harmonics. The overall outcome suggests that the performance of the DSTATCOM is comparatively better than that of the other two devices, which become the most suitable device for power quality improvement in wind energy system.
INSTANTANEOUS POWER AND CURRENT STRATEGIES FOR CURRENT HARMONICS CANCELLATION...ijiert bestjournal
In our day-to-day life, every load creates harmonics. The prevalent difficulties with harmonics are voltage
and current waveform distortions. In addition, electronic equipment like computers, battery chargers,
electronic ballasts, variable frequency drives and switched mode power supply generate large amount of
harmonics. Issues related to harmonics are of a greater concern because they can overheat the building
wiring, cause nuisance tripping, overheat transformer units, and cause random end-user equipment failures.
Thus power quality is becoming more and more serious with each passing day. As a result, active power
filters (APFs) have gained a lot of attention due to their excellent harmonic compensation.
The main objective of this paper is to analyse shunt active filters with fuzzy logic and PI controllers.
To carry out this analysis active and reactive power(P-Q) and instantaneous active and reactive current (IdIq)control
strategies are considered. Extensive simulations will be carried out with PI and fuzzy controller
for both active and reactive power (P-Q) and instantaneous active and reactive current(Id-Iq)control
strategies under different voltage conditions such as balanced, unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions.
Using instantaneous active and reactive current (Id-Iq) control method with fuzzy logic controllers gives an
outstanding performance under any voltage conditions.
ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF HARMONICS FOR VARIOUS RESIDENTIAL LOADS USING SIMU...ijiert bestjournal
Harmonics are the by - products of modern electronic devices i.e. nonlinear loads,this harmonics by drawing current in abrupt short pulses,rather than in a smooth sinusoidal manner. Any distribution circuit feeding nonlinear loads will contain some degree of harmonic frequencies in multiples . Due to the rapidly increasing number of non - linear loads in distribution systems,the harmonic distortion of the current and voltage increases. Examples of non - linear loads are personal computer,television set (TV),f luorescent tube with electronic ballast,compact fluorescent lamp,battery charger,uninterrupted power supply (UPS) and any other equipment powered by switched - mode power supply (SMPS) unit. As the number of harmonics - producing loads in residences has inc reased over the years,it has become increasingly necessary to address their effects on the distribution system. Power Quality of distribution networks is severely affected due to the flow of these generated harmonics. Harmonic currents generated by nonli n ear loads can cause problems on the power system. These harmonics can cause excessive heat in many appliances,and hence reduce the life span of the distribution transformer supplying such loads,protecting equipments in power system. It can also increase power consumption and reduce system efficiency. It also lowers the system power factor. In this paper presents the results of a SIMULINK of harmonic distortion caused by different non linear home appliances a nd analysis of percentage total harmonic distort ion which is found between ranges of 50 to greater than 200.
MITIGATING ELECTRICAL DISTURBANCES WITH HYBRID DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERijscmcj
Hybrid transformers (HT) have the advantages of the conventional transformer, the regulatory abilities of
power electronic converters, and reduce the impact of the grid. The impacts of the existing grid are
voltage sag, voltage swell, harmonic distortion, and voltage unbalanced. The power electronic converter
has a controllable advantage such as regulating the voltage and can transfer only a fraction of the power.
The aim of the paper is to augment the conventional power distribution transformer with a partially rated
power electronic module to enhance flexibility and introduce new features to the distribution transformer.
In this paper, the proposed back-to-back converter included an active front rectifier and a modular
multilevel converter (MMC) was simulated by MATLAB/Simulink software. The proposed back-to-back
converter was used at the primary side of the distribution transformer to compensate for the voltage sag
and swell issues. The simulation results were obtained under different conditions such as various supply
voltages and various loads. Hence, the proposed system has the ability to regulate the output voltage
under various conditions with ±10%.
Electrical Engineering: An International Journal (EEIJ)ijccmsjournal
Hybrid transformers (HT) have the advantages of the conventional transformer, the regulatory abilities of
power electronic converters, and reduce the impact of the grid. The impacts of the existing grid are
voltage sag, voltage swell, harmonic distortion, and voltage unbalanced. The power electronic converter
has a controllable advantage such as regulating the voltage and can transfer only a fraction of the power.
The aim of the paper is to augment the conventional power distribution transformer with a partially rated
power electronic module to enhance flexibility and introduce new features to the distribution transformer.
In this paper, the proposed back-to-back converter included an active front rectifier and a modular
multilevel converter (MMC) was simulated by MATLAB/Simulink software. The proposed back-to-back
converter was used at the primary side of the distribution transformer to compensate for the voltage sag
and swell issues. The simulation results were obtained under different conditions such as various supply
voltages and various loads. Hence, the proposed system has the ability to regulate the output voltage
under various conditions with ±10%.
MITIGATING ELECTRICAL DISTURBANCES WITH HYBRID DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERijscmcj
Hybrid transformers (HT) have the advantages of the conventional transformer, the regulatory abilities of
power electronic converters, and reduce the impact of the grid. The impacts of the existing grid are
voltage sag, voltage swell, harmonic distortion, and voltage unbalanced. The power electronic converter
has a controllable advantage such as regulating the voltage and can transfer only a fraction of the power.
The aim of the paper is to augment the conventional power distribution transformer with a partially rated
power electronic module to enhance flexibility and introduce new features to the distribution transformer.
In this paper, the proposed back-to-back converter included an active front rectifier and a modular
multilevel converter (MMC) was simulated by MATLAB/Simulink software. The proposed back-to-back
converter was used at the primary side of the distribution transformer to compensate for the voltage sag
and swell issues. The simulation results were obtained under different conditions such as various supply
voltages and various loads. Hence, the proposed system has the ability to regulate the output voltage
under various conditions with ±10%
Power Quality Parameters Measurement Techniquesidescitation
Power quality (PQ) issue has attained considerable
attention in the last decade due to large penetration of power
electronics based loads and/or microprocessor based controlled
loads. On one hand these devices introduce power quality
problem and on other hand these mal-operate due to the
induced power quality problems. PQ disturbances/events cover
a broad frequency range with significantly different magnitude
variations and can be non-stationary, thus, accurate techniques
are required to identify and classify these events/disturbances.
This paper presents a comprehensive overview of different
techniques used for PQ events’ classifications, parameters.
Various artificial intelligent techniques which are used in
PQ event classification are also discussed. Major Key issues
and challenges in classifying PQ events are critically
examined and outlined. In this paper, the main Power Quality
(PQ) problems are presented with their associated causes and
consequences. The economic impacts associated with PQ are
characterized. Finally, some solutions to mitigate the PQ
problems are presented.
Fabrication and experimental study of transformer 400 V with a simple rectif...IJECEIAES
The demand for increased voltage in renewable energy sources is relatively high. This study examines the rapid development of technology considering the use of voltage-increasing transformers. Voltage regulator circuits are generally used to stabilize the output voltage of the rectifier according to the amount of input from the transformer. However, components for highvoltage stabilizer circuits are rare, which becomes an obstacle to the stabilization of the rectifier output. This study aimed to determine the performance of the designed rectifier circuit against a non-center tap step-up direct current (DC) 400 V transformer and compare the measurement results to manual calculations. The research method is a direct comparison between the input and output voltage values of the transformer after going through a rectifier circuit. This experiment was conducted using the repeatability method three to five times for each voltage variation on the transformer. The voltage variations successfully created are 0 to 50, 0 to 100, 0 to 200, and 0 to 400 V. The output test results from the DC transformer and rectifier circuit show linear results and an increase in peak-to-peak voltage data between the transformer and rectifier outputs by 3.8%.
Harmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor Drives in Electrical In...IJECEIAES
This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling (PCC) with similar characteristics of load and transformers is presented. The difference is that one circuit has PWM motor drives and the other does not have them. In the study, a practical method based on the statistical characterization of the total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI), individual voltage distortion (IVD), individual current distortion (ICD) and K-Factor is applied. As result, it was observed that PWM motor drives generated voltage harmonics mainly of fifth and seventh order with values that exceed limits established by standards in both circuits. With these values, the operation of elements such as capacitors, motors and transformers can be affected. In the work is also demonstrated that in the analysis of harmonics is necessary to consider various parameters and not only one.
Analysis of Voltage and Current Variations in Hybrid Power SystemIJRST Journal
In this paper, a detailed dynamic model and simulation of a solar cell/wind turbine/fuel cell hybrid power system is Developed using a novel topology to complement each other and to alleviate the effects of environmental variations. Comparing with the nuclear energy and thermal power, the renewable energy is inexhaustible and has non-pollution Characteristics. Here Ultra-capacitors are used in power applications requiring short duration peak power. The voltage variation at the output is found to be within the acceptable range. The output fluctuations of the wind turbine varying with wind speed and the solar cell varying with both environmental temperature and sun radiation are reduced using a fuel cell. Therefore, this system can tolerate the rapid changes in load and environmental conditions, and suppress the effects of these fluctuations on the equipment side voltage. The proposed system can be used for off-grid power generation in non interconnected areas or remote isolated communities. Modeling and simulations are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software packages to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed hybrid power system can tolerate the rapid changes in natural conditions and suppress the effects of these fluctuations on the voltage within the acceptable range.
To Study and Implement Power Quality Issues and Power Enhancement Techniques ...ijtsrd
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, coal, and oil, traditional electricity generation has a difficult task for utilities. A cheaper and more efficient method of doing this is required. A different source is required to fulfill the consumers power requirements. The alternate source should be sustainable and capable of meeting the consumers requirements. The integration of renewable energy into the grid is a useful way to fulfill demand. Renewable energy integration confronts three major problems frequency variation, power quality concerns, and power system instability. The following problems were of critical importance. An analytic hierarchy approach based expert system is utilized to identify and categorize power quality incidents. Before, it could sense things like sag, swell, transients, harmonics, interrupts, and flickers. An error free event classification system has been suggested. Simplified procedure allows for improved detection and categorization of power quality incidents. an investigation of power quality incidents and their mitigation using unified power quality conditioners UPQC An Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS is used to minimize various power quality issues. Integrating renewable energy sources efficiently minimizes the environmental impact. The suggested method provides a solution to voltage unbalances and lowers overall harmonic distortion at the point of common coupling PCC . The addition of an ANFIS controlled DVR is used to reduce voltage irregularities caused by integrating renewable energy sources and faults in the transmission line. An artificial fault was added to power quality events with the goal of making use of renewable energy. To minimize the adverse effects of power quality incidents, the ANFIS controlled DVR proposal is in place. ANFIS controlled DVR is contrasted to a traditional technique of surveillance. Distributed static compensator D STATCOM is used to prevent voltage flickers, and total harmonic distortion, caused by nonlinear loads. D STATCOM is suggested to use three control methods Instantaneous power theory, Synchronous vector PI Control, and Harmonic elimination. Under extreme load circumstances, the D efficacy STATCOMs is evaluated. The suggested expert system and the bespoke power devices will be analyzed and discussed using various control techniques. Raj Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "To Study and Implement Power Quality Issues and Power Enhancement Techniques Using Custom Power Devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49300.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49300/to-study-and-implement-power-quality-issues-and-power-enhancement-techniques-using-custom-power-devices/raj-kumar
The negative impacts or side effects of a damper circuit insertion in an LCL passive filter utilized to filter DC/AC inverters output voltage is presented in this paper. For comparative study, this paper discusses two damping configurations, namely series and parallel damping, as well as the LCL filter without damping element. Four criteria are used to explore the impacts of the damper circuits, i.e. their total harmonic distortions (THDs), the output voltage amplitude, the output power and the power efficiency. Theoretically and emphirically shown by previous studies, the damper can indeed reduce the peak resonance frequency of the filter in its frequency response curve. However, in any circumstance, it can potentially reduce the inverters power and efficiency, voltage output amplitude, and cannot improve its THD reduction. The analysis results have shown that the side effects depends also on the load conditions, which are different for each damping circuit configuration.
Similar to Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
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The negative effects due to the combination of the harmonics and the voltage imbalance in the
operation of the motors are analyzed in [18]. In [19] emphasis is placed on the increase in the oscillation of
the torque ripple and in the vibrations produced by both phenomena.
The studies developed in [20, 21], focus on the increasing affectation that occurs in the transformers
as a result of the increase of the non-linear loads that they feed. In [20, 22] it is analyzed the overheating in
the iron and the reduction in the useful life of a transformer that feeds a residential circuit with predominance
of electronic loads.
One of the main components of the electrical system that is being harmed the most with the increase
of electronic devices are the capacitors. In [23] the increase of the temperature, the noise and the affectation
in the dielectric elements of the capacitors produced by the harmonics are studied. The resonance effect is
studied in [24] and it is demonstrated how the useful life of these elements can be significantly reduced by
operating in an electrical system with distorted waves.
The studies on energy quality mentioned, and others such as those reported in [25-28] focus on the
electric power system, industrial and residential sector, however, in no case the quality of energy in
administrative buildings is analyzed. Therefore, this paper analyzes a new performance evaluation of the
energy quality in administrative buildings.
Buildings are an important objective in energy efficiency studies since they consume 40% of total
energy and emit 30% of global greenhouse gases [29-31]. Administrative or office buildings, due to their
constructive characteristics and their use, have a high incidence in the referred consumption [32, 33]. This
consumption is mainly due to the intensive use of air conditioning systems [34, 35].
In the city of Barranquilla, Colombia, where the study is carried out, the field of construction
maintains a positive dynamic, which is reflected in the growth that the city has had in recent years. This
growth produces an increase in the consumption of electrical energy, due to the need to satisfy building
requirements and user comfort [36].
The use of non-linear loads with significant energy consumption such as frequency inverters for the
drive of elevator motors [37], air conditioning systems with inverter technology [38], LED lamps [39] and
UPS [40], among others have also increased in buildings. Due to these aspects, this work is important
becauses aims to evaluate the behavior of the quality of energy in an administrative building.
The paper is structured as following. The characteristics of the energy quality problems analyzed,
and the method used for the study are described in section 2. Section 3 presents and analyzes the results
obtained in a case study in the offices of an administrative building with loads non-linear, while the study
conclusions are presented in section 4.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The circuits that feed the administrative areas can be affected by the problems of energy quality that
are commonly presented in electrical distribution systems such as voltage variation, flickers, harmonic
distortion and displacement power factor [11, 18, 41]. The main characteristics of these phenomena that were
evaluated in the study are described below.
2.1. Voltage variations
The voltage variation is the changes in the magnitude (amplitude) of the steady-state voltage
when the system operates at nominal frequency (60 Hz) [41]. A low voltage circuit has voltage variation
problems if the effective value is outside the range of ± 10% in relation to the nominal value for a time
greater than one minute [41].
2.2. Flickers
This phenomenon is defined from the perception of flicker in electric lights, caused by changes in
the effective value of the voltage. The parameters used for the evaluation of flicker are the short-term
perception (Pst), obtained by periodic measurements every ten minutes and the long-term perception (Plt),
obtained by periodic measurements of two hours [41, 42]. The Plt is obtained from Pst, according to (1) [42].
Plt ∑ Pst (1)
Under steady-state operating conditions, Pst and Plt must comply with the limits shown in Table 1
for a voltage below 69 kV [42].
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Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building (Jorge I. Silva)
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Table 1. Compatibility levels for Pst and Plt in power systems of voltage below 69 kV
Compatibility levels
Pst
Plt
1.0
0.8
2.3. Harmonic distortion
A harmonic is a component of the harmonic distortion in the waveform of voltage and current
produced primarily by non-linear devices. Harmonics are defined as a sinusoidal component of a frequency
that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency of the electric network [43, 44]. A distorted wave of
voltage or current is the result of the sum of harmonics.
The fundamental parameters for the harmonic characterization are: total harmonic distortion of
voltaje (THDv) and current (THDi), the total demand distortion (TDD) individual voltage distortion (IDv)
and individual current distortion (IDi). These parameters are calculated with (2), (3), Error!
Reference source not found., (5) and (6) [43, 44].
THDv
∑
(2)
THDi
∑
(3)
TDD
∑
(4)
IDv (5)
IDi (6)
where h is the order of the higher harmonics and IL is the maximum load current or peak demand.
According to the IEEE Standard Std 1159-2014 [44] for voltage lower than 1 kV and the ratio
between the short-circuit current (Isc) and maximum demand (IL) in the range between 100 and 1000, the
THDv, IDv, TDD and THDi must not exceed the values presented in Table 2. For the evaluation of IDi, the
limits values showed in Table 3 are considered for different harmonic intervals corresponding to the
relationship between Isc and IL indicated [44].
Table 2. Limits of THDv, IDv and TDD [44]
Parameters THDv IDV TDD THDi
Limits (%) 8% 5% 15% 20%
Table 3. Current distortion limits for systems from
120 V to 69 kV [44]
Individual order of harmonics
Isc/Il 3≤h<11 11≤h<17 17≤h<23
100<1000 12.0 5.5 5.0
2.4. Displacement power factor
The power factor is a parameter that relates the active power (P) and the apparent power (S).
The component of the displacement of the power factor (DPF) is the relation between the indicated
powers of the fundamental component wave. the (7) shows the corresponding equation based on the
power triangle [10].
DPF cosӨ (7)
The parameter S for the fundamental component of the voltage and current wave is determined as:
S P Q (8)
For systems with distorted waves where harmonics are added to the fundamental wave, the power
triangle is modified and the apparent power is calculated according to (9) [43].
S P Q D (9)
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Under these conditions, the power factor is defined as a True Power Factor (TPF). Its definition
represented in (10) is obtained by replacing (9) in (7) that allows analyzing the influence of harmonics on the
power factor.
TPF (10)
2.5. Steps of method
In the present study, the following steps were established to study the quality of energy:
a. Measurement in the main board with a power analyzer of the electrical parameters of voltage, Plt,
harmonics and displacement and true power factor.
b. Evaluation of the voltage graph obtained in the measurements. Analyze if the maximum voltage values
are within ± 10% of the nominal voltage of the transformer.
c. Analysis of the Plt graph obtained in the measurements. Evaluate if the measured values are below 0.8
within the 95% percentile.
d. Analysis of harmonic distortion considering the following parameters:
Evaluation of the THDv graph obtained in the measurements and verify that the values are below
8%.
Evaluation of the THDi graph and verify that the values are below 20%.
Evaluation of the individual harmonics and TDD and compare the values with the limits of 15%
presented in Table 3.
e. Evaluation of the DPF and TPF measured and compare the values in relation to 0.9 which is the limit
established by the energy supply companies. It is also determined the incidence of the harmonics on the
power factor.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study of energy quality was carried out in the offices of a company that occupy two floors of a
ten-story business complex in Barranquilla city, Colombia. The company offices have 20 workstations with
computers, 20 panel luminaires with 50W LED lamps and a 5-ton central air conditioner. The supply circuit
of these offices is influenced by the network of the building that presents several non-linear loads such as
frequency variators and LED lamps, belonging to the common area of the complex and to the escalators and
elevators. These loads cause distortions in the waveform and disturbances in the electrical system, which can
be the cause of the damage to the luminaires of the offices and the shots to the protections of the UPS that
occurs systematically.
The measurements were made with a power analyzer Metrel model MI2892. The measurements
were carried out for seven days with data recording period every ten minutes. The instrument was placed in
the main switch of the distribution board. In Figure 1 the one-line diagram with the connection point of the
power analyzer is shown. Next, the evaluation results of the measured parameters are analyzed.
Figure 1. One-line diagram
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Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building (Jorge I. Silva)
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3.1. Analysis of voltage variation
In Figure 2 the voltages measured in the three lines (U12, U23 and U31) are shown. The average of
the voltages was of 218.63 V, while the maximum and minimum values were of 229.49 V and 210.81 V
respectively. Considering that the nominal voltage in the network analyzed is 214 V, it can be concluded that
the average voltage is 2.16% greater than the nominal voltage, the maximum voltage is 7.24% higher and the
minimum is 1.49% lower, therefore, they are within the established limit of ± 10%.
Figure 2. Measured voltage
3.2. Analysis of flicker
In Figure 3 (a) the Plt of the three lines is shown. As can be seen, most of the values are below 0.8
which is the limit established in Table 1, while some values do exceed this value. In Figure 3 (b) it can also
be observed, by means of a percentile graph that the values below the limit comprise 86.7% of the data. This
result implies a problem of energy quality due to the presence of flicker, since it is expected that the values
must be less than 1 in 95% of the data at least.
Figure 3. Measurement of Plt, (a) graphic of Plt, (b) percentile graph for Plt measurements
3.3. Analysis of THDv and IDv
In Figure 4 (a) the THDv measurements are shown, while in Figure 4 (b) the behavior of the
individual voltage harmonics can be observed. In these graphs, voltage harmonic problems are not evidenced
since the measured values are lower than 8% and 5% respectively, limits established by the standards
and shown in Table 2. For the THDv, the maximum value was 5.69% while in the individual harmonics it
was 1.75%.
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Figure 4. Measurement of THDv, (a) graphic of THDv, (b) bar graphs of individual voltage harmonics
3.4. Analysis of THDi
Figure 5 (a) represents the measured THDi values. In this case, most of the data are above 20%, the
limit value established by the standards and presented in Table 1. In Figure 5 (b) it is observed in the
percentile graph, that 76.3% of the data exceed the limit, therefore, a problem of harmonics in the current
caused by non-linear loads is evident.
Figure 5. Measurement of THDi, (a) graphic of THDi, (b) percentile graph for THDi measurements
3.5. Analysis of TDD and IDi
The measured TDD values are shown in Figure 6 (a). According to the IEEE Std 519-2014 [44]
these values must be less than 15%, because the Isc/IL ratio is between 100 <1000. In Figure 6 (b) the
percentile graph is represented. As noted, 18% of the samples during the measurement period are above the
percentage recommended by the standard. This behavior represents a problem of energy quality due to
harmonics of current since the standard establishes that the values must be lower than the limit in 95% of the
registered samples.
The values of individual harmonics by a bar graph are presented in Figure 7. Comparing these
values with the limits of Table 3, is showed that harmonics of 5th and 7th order with IDi values of 12.99%
and 31.62% respectively, are above the limit of 12% indicated for the harmonics between 3rd and 10th level.
In addition, the harmonic of order 11 with an IDi of 7% is above the limit of 5.5% established for the
harmonics between 11th and 17th levels.
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1957
Figure 6. Measurement of TDD, (a) graphic of TDD, (b) percentile graph for TDD measurements
Figure 7. IDi bar graph
3.6. Analysis of power factor
The DPF and TPF are shown in Figure 8 (a) and (b) respectively. As can be seen, the two
parameters are above 0.9 in most of the records thus fulfilling the requirements of the energy distribution
company. The results also show that the TPF values of Figure 8 (b) are smaller than the DPF of Figure 9 (a),
even with a record of 0.853 due to the effect of the harmonics. The zero values are due to interruptions in the
power supply.
Figure 8. Measurement of power factor, (a) graphic of DPF, (b) graphic of TPF
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3.7. Causes and effects of the disturbances identified
The results obtained show that the variable speed drives of the induction motors of the elevator and
the escalators systems provoke the individual harmonics of the 5th and 7th order, which are the most
generated by three-phase rectifiers [11, 45]. In addition, it was possible to demonstrate the production of
harmonics by the LED lamps.
These identified problems could partially explain the problems that are systematically presented in
the electronic boards of the lighting system due to the individual harmonics of zero sequence, and the
problems presented by flickers in the luminaires. Finally, the power factor is affected by the presence of the
harmonics, decreasing the real value. This produces false readings in the control equipment for reactive
compensation, and therefore detracts injecting the reactive power needed for compensating the power factor
of the system.
4. CONCLUSION
The present study demonstrates the need to focus the analysis of the effects of poor quality of
energy not only in the electric power system, industrial and residential sector but also in the tertiary sector as
in administrative buildings.
The results of the case study presented in an administrative building showed the affectation of the
energy quality caused by the frequency inverters of elevator and escalators motors, as well as LED lamps.
This was reflected in the parameters of the THDi, IDi, TDD and flicker, with values that exceeded the limits
established by the standards.
It was possible to verify how the identified phenomena could be the causes of problems
present in the installation of the building in the lighting systems, in the UPS and in the inadequate
correction of the power factor. Due to this, the installation of passive filters is recommended to reduce the
identified harmonics.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Jorge I. Silva was born in Barranquilla, Colombia on Octuber 30, 1988. Received the B.S degree
in Electrical and electronic Engineering from Universidad del Norte, Colombia, in 2010. Received
the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Universidad del Norte, Colombia, in 2013.
Currently is student at engineer Ph.d. Program at Universidad Pontificia Boliariana in Medellín
Colombia. He is an active professor at the Energy Department of Universidad de la Costa (CUC),
Colombia in works with GIOPEN group. His work experience is related to the electrical energy
works sector. His research interests include: electrical power systems, electrical engineering
education; planning, operation and control of power systems; and smart grids.
https:/orcid.org/0000-0002-7813-0142
Vladimir Sousa was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on November 21, 1980. Received the B.S degree in
Electrical Engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba, in 2004. Received the
M.Sc. degree in Energy Efficiency from Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba, in 2006. Received the
Dr.C. (Ph.D.) degree from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba, in 2014. Currently is with
GIOPEN of Energy Department of Universidad de la Costa (CUC), Colombia. His area of interest
includes electric machines, power quality and energy efficiency.
Paulo Sarmiento was born in Sabanalarga, Atlantico, on October 25, 1984. He received the B.
Sc. In Electronic Engineering from the Universidad de la Costa, Colombia in 2013. He is
specialist in project management at Universidad de la Costa, Colombia. He has experience in
leadership of engineering department oriented to the planning, execution and control of projects of
assembly of electrical systems, automation, industrial maintenance, intervention of projects,
analysis and solutions of quality of electrical energy and commercial management for bidding of
projects. Currently he develops a research internship at GIOPEN group.
Julio R. Gómez Sarduy was born in 1963 in Cienfuegos, Cuba. Received the B.S degree in
electrical engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba, in 1986.
Received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa
Clara, Cuba, in 1996, from there he received his Ph.D. degree in 2006. Currently is with the
Center for the Study of Energy and Environment (CEEMA). Faculty of Engineering, Universidad
de Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba. His area of interest includes electric machines, power quality
and energy efficiency in industrial power systems.
Percy R. Viego Felipe was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on November 19, 1944. Received the B.S.
degree in Electrical Engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba, in
1965. Received the Dr.C. (Ph.D.) degree from the Central Universidad Participated in a
postdoctoral scholarship on single-phase induction machine design at the Lappeenranta University
of Technology, Finland, in 1994. Currently is with the Center of Energy and Environmental
Studies (CEEMA), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba.
Enrique C. Quispe (M´95. SM’12) was born in Lima, Perú, on January 20, 1956. He received the
B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Perú in 1980. M.Sc.
in Electrical Engineering, M. Eng. in Industrial Automation and PhD. in Electrical Engineering
from Universidad del Valle, Colombia in 1994, 1997 and 2011, respectively. Since 1992, he has
been with Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali, Colombia, where he is currently Full
Professor in the Department of Energy and Mechanics and the Director of the Energy Research
Group. His current research interests include the analysis of electrical machines and drives, power
quality and management and energy efficiency. He is an IEEE Senior Member.