Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
This paper presents a real-time emulator of a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board for supervision and observation purposes. In order to increase the reliability of the drive, a sensorless speed control method is proposed. This method allows replacing the physical sensor while guaranteeing a satisfactory operation even in faulty conditions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of an FPGA implementation of an emulator to control the actual system. Hence, this emulator operates in real-time with actual system control in healthy or faulty mode. It gives an observation of the speed rotation in case of fault for the sake of continuity of service. The observation of the rotor position and the speed are achieved using the dSPACE DS52030D digital platform with a digital signal processor (DSP) associated with a Xilinx FPGA.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
Improving Electrical Power Grid of Jordan and Control the Voltage of Wind Tur...IJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, we improved the national grid of Jordan country by adding a renewable resources specifically a wind turbines generation unites distributed on different places in Jordan to compensate the losses of the power in Jordan and to dispense with using the generation of fuel and gas by representing the national grid of Jordan in ETAB simulator and we solved the voltage problems of wind turbines using a new mythology using smart grid techniques
HIGH EFFICIENT BRIDGELESS BOOST RECTIFIER FOR LOW VOLTAGE ENERGY HARVESTING A...IAEME Publication
A single phase ac-dc bridgeless boost rectifier for low voltage energy harvesting applications is proposed in this paper. The conventional bridge type boost converters for low voltage energy harvesting requires more components hence they suffer from high power loss and require more number of energy storage components like inductors and capacitors. Conventional converters can be modeled for boost operation or buck-boost operation alone. The proposed converter overcomes the above mentioned draw backs of conventional converter. Detailed analysis of proposed convertor is also presented under boost, buck-boost mode operations. The proposed converter operation is analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment both open loop and closed loop conditions.
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithmIJECEIAES
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering man- ufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (R p and R )), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 10 s 28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature.
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
In this paper, the performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit is presented. In this
study a model of wind power is driven by an induction machine. Wind power that is distributed generation
is capable of supplying power to ac power distribution network. Wind power generation system is modeled
and simulated using Matlab Simulink software such that it can be suitable for modeling some kind of
induction generator configurations. To analyze more deeply the performance of the wind turbine system,
both normal and fault conditions scenarios have been applied. Simulation results prove the excellent
performance of the wind power unit under normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
This paper presents a real-time emulator of a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board for supervision and observation purposes. In order to increase the reliability of the drive, a sensorless speed control method is proposed. This method allows replacing the physical sensor while guaranteeing a satisfactory operation even in faulty conditions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of an FPGA implementation of an emulator to control the actual system. Hence, this emulator operates in real-time with actual system control in healthy or faulty mode. It gives an observation of the speed rotation in case of fault for the sake of continuity of service. The observation of the rotor position and the speed are achieved using the dSPACE DS52030D digital platform with a digital signal processor (DSP) associated with a Xilinx FPGA.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
Improving Electrical Power Grid of Jordan and Control the Voltage of Wind Tur...IJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, we improved the national grid of Jordan country by adding a renewable resources specifically a wind turbines generation unites distributed on different places in Jordan to compensate the losses of the power in Jordan and to dispense with using the generation of fuel and gas by representing the national grid of Jordan in ETAB simulator and we solved the voltage problems of wind turbines using a new mythology using smart grid techniques
HIGH EFFICIENT BRIDGELESS BOOST RECTIFIER FOR LOW VOLTAGE ENERGY HARVESTING A...IAEME Publication
A single phase ac-dc bridgeless boost rectifier for low voltage energy harvesting applications is proposed in this paper. The conventional bridge type boost converters for low voltage energy harvesting requires more components hence they suffer from high power loss and require more number of energy storage components like inductors and capacitors. Conventional converters can be modeled for boost operation or buck-boost operation alone. The proposed converter overcomes the above mentioned draw backs of conventional converter. Detailed analysis of proposed convertor is also presented under boost, buck-boost mode operations. The proposed converter operation is analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment both open loop and closed loop conditions.
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithmIJECEIAES
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering man- ufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (R p and R )), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 10 s 28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature.
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
In this paper, the performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit is presented. In this
study a model of wind power is driven by an induction machine. Wind power that is distributed generation
is capable of supplying power to ac power distribution network. Wind power generation system is modeled
and simulated using Matlab Simulink software such that it can be suitable for modeling some kind of
induction generator configurations. To analyze more deeply the performance of the wind turbine system,
both normal and fault conditions scenarios have been applied. Simulation results prove the excellent
performance of the wind power unit under normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
Modelling and simulation for energy management of a hybrid microgrid with dro...IJECEIAES
The most efficient and connected alternative for increasing the use of local renewable energy sources is a hybrid microgrid, these systems face additional challenges due to the integration of power electronics, energy storage technologies and traditional power plants. The hybrid alternating currentdirect current (AC-DC) microgrid that is the subject of this research uses a primary-droop control system to regulate state variables and auxiliary services, thus, it is composed of batteries, solar panels and a miniature wind turbine (PDC) and controls how each energy source in a microgrid contributes to the final product. To achieve the given objectives, this paper will create appropriate models for each part of the microgrid design and define, among them, the energy storage batteries and power electronic converters required for each level of each of these systems. Finally, the dynamic nature of the system will be critically evaluated and characterized, to distribute the load and reduce imbalances, modify the primary drop of the resulting microgrid using MATLAB simulation.
Dynamic Modeling, Control and Simulation of a Wind and PV Hybrid System for G...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes a dynamic modeling and control strategy for a grid connected hybrid wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy system inter-connected to electrical grid through power electronic interface. A gearless permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used to capture the maximum wind energy. The PV and wind systems are connected dc-side of the voltage source inverter through a boost converter individually and maintain a fixed dc output at dc link. A proper control scheme is required to operate power converters to match up the grid connection requirements. This study considered the performance of modeled hybrid system under different case scenarios. All simulation models are developed using MATLAB/Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimizing of the installed capacity of hybrid renewable energy with a modifi...IJECEIAES
The lack of wind speed capacity and the emission of photons from sunlight are the problem in a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. To overcome this shortcoming, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is applied that could control the converter work cycle and the switching of the buck boost therefore maximum efficiency of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is reached. The operation of the PV-wind hybrid system, consisting of a 100 W PV array device and a 400 W wind subsystem, 12 V/100 Ah battery energy storage and LED, the PV-wind system requires a hybrid controller for battery charging and usage and load lamp and it’s conducted in experimental setup. The experimental has shown that an average increase in power generated was 38.8% compared to a single system of PV panels or a single wind turbine sub-system. Therefore, the potential opportunities for increasing power production in the tropics wheather could be carried out and applied with this model.
Analysis of Various Power Quality Issues of Wind Solar System – A Reviewijtsrd
This paper presents a review on grid Integration and power quality issues associated with the integration of renewable energy systems in to grid and Role of power electronic devices and Flexible AC Transmission Systems related to these Issues. In this paper, recent trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic PV power generators are presented. Discussions about common and future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability and maturity of each technology are presented. Classification of various Power Quality Issues used by different researchers has been done and put for reference. Application of various techniques as applied to mitigate the different Power Quality problems is also presented for consideration. Power Electronics interface not only plays a very important role in efficient integration of Wind and Solar energy system but also to its effects on the power system operation especially where the renewable energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity.However there are various issues related to grid integration of RES keeping in the view of aforesaid trends it becomes necessary to investigate the possible solutions for these issues. Nitish Agrawal | Dr. Manju Gupta | Neeti Dugaya "Analysis of Various Power Quality Issues of Wind/Solar System – A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47909.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47909/analysis-of-various-power-quality-issues-of-windsolar-system-–-a-review/nitish-agrawal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fabrication and experimental study of transformer 400 V with a simple rectif...IJECEIAES
The demand for increased voltage in renewable energy sources is relatively high. This study examines the rapid development of technology considering the use of voltage-increasing transformers. Voltage regulator circuits are generally used to stabilize the output voltage of the rectifier according to the amount of input from the transformer. However, components for highvoltage stabilizer circuits are rare, which becomes an obstacle to the stabilization of the rectifier output. This study aimed to determine the performance of the designed rectifier circuit against a non-center tap step-up direct current (DC) 400 V transformer and compare the measurement results to manual calculations. The research method is a direct comparison between the input and output voltage values of the transformer after going through a rectifier circuit. This experiment was conducted using the repeatability method three to five times for each voltage variation on the transformer. The voltage variations successfully created are 0 to 50, 0 to 100, 0 to 200, and 0 to 400 V. The output test results from the DC transformer and rectifier circuit show linear results and an increase in peak-to-peak voltage data between the transformer and rectifier outputs by 3.8%.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
This paper presents a new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converter suitable for low voltage and large current applications. Cascade connection enables very low voltage ratio without using very small duty cycles nor transformers. Large current with very low ripple content is achieved by using the multiphase technique. The proposed converter needs smaller number of components compared to conventional cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converters. This paper also presents useful analysis of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter with a method to optimize the phase and cascade number. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify the basic performance of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
This paper presents an analytical comparison between two-level inverter and three-level neutral point diode clamped inverters for electric vehicle traction purposes. The main objective of the research is to declare the main differences in the performance of the two inverter schemes in terms of the switching and conduction losses over an entire domain of the modulation index and the phase angle distribution, steady-state operation, transient operation at a wide range of speed variation, and the total harmonic distortion THD% of the line voltage output waveform. It also declares the analysis of the three-level neutral point diode clamped inverter (NPCI) obstacle and the unbalance of the DC-link capacitor voltages. The introduced scheme presents an Induction Motor (IM) drive for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Considering the dynamic operation of the EV, the speed of the three-phase induction motor is controlled using a scalar V/Hz control for the full range of the IM power factor (PF). A comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink model for the proposed scheme is established.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
The traction inverter is a crucial power device in the electric vehicle’s powertrain, and its failure is intolerable as it would considerably compromise the system’s safety. For more reliable driving, installing a traction inverter that is sufficiently resistant to electrical failure is inherent. Due to its compact size and the small number of switches incorporated in three-phase four-switch inverter, this modular topology was used to compensate for the open switch’s failure. However, it is known to have manifold weaknesses mainly distinguished in the low-frequency region. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant indirect control that handles the IGBT’s failure constituting the traction inverter. The fault compensator is designed first based on the Proportional Integral regulator combined with the notch filter to mitigate the current imbalance and restore the DC voltage equilibrium.Furthermore, to conceive a comprehensive fault-tolerant control, there must therefore contain an accurate fault detector. In this regard, an uncomplicated fault diagnosis method based on the current spectral analysis has been performed. The effectiveness of the submitted controller was validated by simulation using Matlab.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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Using Y-source network as a connector between turbine and network in the structure of variable speed wind turbine
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 1644~1658
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1644-1658 1644
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Using Y-source network as a connector between turbine and
network in the structure of variable speed wind turbine
Mahmoud Zadehbagheri1
, Tole Sutikno2
, Rahim Ildarabadi3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj Branch, Yasooj, Iran
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Embedded System and Power Electronics Research Group, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 26, 2021
Revised Jun 27, 2021
Accepted Jul 8, 2021
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming
by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable
and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the
most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in
consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver
optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from
impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more
degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting
the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This
causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality
of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink
and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
Keywords:
PMSG
Power generation system
Renewable energy
Wind energy
Wind turbine
Y-source inverter
Y-source network
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Mahmoud Zadehbagheri
Department of Electrical Engineering
Islamic Azad University, Yasooj Branch, Yasooj, Iran
Email: mzadehbagheri@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Using clean and renewable energy had been major concern for global communities and been
introduced as an important and vital matter. Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in
global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy.
Another advantage of using renewable energy sources is minimizing the size of power production units and
increasing the distributed generation units, the proximity of the units of production and consumption of
electric power and thus reduce losses and increase efficiency [1]–[22]. One of the highly used renewable
energy that had been in consideration is wind energy [1], [4], [14], [16], [19], [20], [23], [24]. Using wind
energy specially in windy areas in addition to the economic saving, increased quality will also be delivered.
Electric power generation system from wind energy has been divided into 4 parts: i) wind turbine, ii) electric
generators, iii) power electric devices, and iv) controlling systems. Which by increase in this industry and
technology there has been much progress in these sections and power electric devices, different generators
and control systems had been presented [25]. For example, with progress in materials science and further
showing off the permanent magnet machines, using wind energy in different speed without gearbox is highly
regarded. Thus, study of the electrical power generator systems from wind energy based on stimulating
converters with permanent magnet is essential from different points of view.
2. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Using Y-source network as a connector between turbine and network in the … (Mahmoud Zadehbagheri)
1645
In the field of power electronic devices, there had been more different suggestions with unique
features presented which the most important one is using one boost converter and source voltage inverter.
Electric power generation systems from wind energy with different speed has many positive features such as:
small size, high efficiency, lower installation cost and lower maintenance cost, compare to systems with fixed
speed. Considering permanent magnet generators (PMGs) that can connect to the network directly and
without using gearbox, has attracted more attention [26]–[31]. Hence, the purpose of this paper considering
the importance of the power electric devices in delivering electric power to the network (connector between
wind turbine and the network), is to suggest using Y-source network in variable speed wind turbine systems
based on permanent magnet machines as electronic converter. Mainly voltage source inverters only can show
buck performance (reducing) as a result, the AC output voltage will be limited by DC voltage source. Also,
in renewable energy applications input DC voltage fluctuates in a wide range and so there is need for buck-
boost function. To overcome this problem, firstly we use DC/DC converter which it is placed between the
source and inverter. By adding a DC/DC converter the structure will have two stages. In two stages structure
due to the lack of optimum combination, efficiency of the system and its performance will extremely reduce.
To fix these problems, impedance source inverter had been introduced, while they are single-stage due to the
removal dead time solving the DC bass short connection problem, they have high reliability. By introducing
these converters study field of many such as modulation, modeling, control is provided for the converters
[32]. Although buck-boost converter topology which is used to convert DC/AC as theory can boost the
voltage to any desired value, but the ability of these converters boosting will be limited by passive elements
and all the factors [33]. Specially in high duties of self-charging current cause massive losses in passive
elements and this cause instability and limiting the boost of voltage. Impedance networks cover the entire
range of power electronics, converting completely from converter and rectifier to converting phase and
frequency. There have been many different structures to solve limitations and problems of traditional
structures of voltage source and current source for impedance network converters in [4][34]–[37]. Placement
and proper implementation of the impedance supply network with switching and the appropriate setting,
reduce the power converting levels in power system chains. This improves reliability, stability and
improvement and also efficiency. The general scheme of impedance source converters structure with
different switch for different applications is shown in Figure 1 [32], [38].
Figure 1. General scheme of impedance source converters structure with different switch for different
applications [3]
So far, there has been many impedance source networks with the ability of maximizing which the
most important one is Z-source [39]–[46]. Features of this converter let researchers to think about solving the
problems of this structures and present structures like quasi-Z, embedded-Z, tapped-inductor, T-source, 𝛤-
source impedance source. Y-source converter has been introduced recently and is used as DC/DC and
AC/DC with three coils which had been coupled [34]. This converter has many different features. The
interest of this converter in equal duties is different to other converters and has more freedom to (the number
of turns of coils and switch timing (𝑑𝑠𝑡)) adjust the interest of voltage compare to classic impedance source
converters [34], [47]. Theoretical point of view, by adjusting the number of turns in coils 𝑑𝑠𝑡to any value, we
can see the increase in voltage [23]. In the following proposed system, variable speed wind turbine based on
Y-source inverter has been investigated and the results have been provided.
3. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1644 – 1658
1646
2. THE PROPOSED WIND TURBINE SYSTEM
Proposed system based on Y-source inverter and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
shown in Figure 2. In the following, we will discuss different parts of the proposed system.
PMSG
Grid
Y-Source Inverter
Rectifier
Figure 2. proposed system scheme
2.1. Modeling of wind turbine
To obtain a proper expression of wind energy, this energy must be measured in some way.
Calculating this energy with simple rules of classical physics, the kinetic energy of wind will be calculated as
(1).
𝐸𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
1
2
𝑚𝑉
𝑤
2
(1)
In this equation m is equivalent to mass of a volume of air passing through the turbine. It is assumed that the
total volume of wind moving at the same speed of 𝑉
𝑤. Wind speed unit is meter per second m/s assuming
constant speed of volume of wind hitting turbine blades, and a period of time t. We can define the mass as
(2).
𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉
𝑤𝑡 = 𝜌𝜋𝑅2
𝑉
𝑤𝑡 (2)
which ρ is air density, A the area swept by the turbine blades and R is the radius of the turbine blade.
Substituting (2) in relation (1) to the kinetic energy of the wind will be expressed as (3).
𝐸𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
1
3
𝜌𝜋𝑅2
𝑉
𝑤
3
𝑡 (3)
Using (3), the real power in wind power in every moment of time will be calculated as (4).
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
𝐸𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑡
=
1
2
𝜌𝜋𝑅2
𝑉
𝑤
3
(4)
This (4) shows that wind energy is heavily dependent on the wind speed. The affiliation with the
cube of wind speed is specified. So, a slight change in wind speed will create significant change in wind
energy. Also, it is possible to get more energy from the wind by increasing the radius of the turbine blades.
However, calculated power in (4) is the potential of wind power which is been calculated in wind speed 𝑉
𝑤
and R radius of turbine blade. From this amount, only a portion of that is converted into mechanical energy.
This percentage will be calculated as Albert Betz determined in 1919 by presenting this method [48]. Based
on this method, when the turbine blades are in wind direction, the wind speed reduce, as a result received
energy by turbine will be less than maximum energy in the wind speed. The relationship between received
energy by turbine, Pturbine, and maximum energy of wind, Pwind, and power factor of wind turbine, Cp, is as
(5).
𝐶𝑝 =
𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
(5)
4. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Using Y-source network as a connector between turbine and network in the … (Mahmoud Zadehbagheri)
1647
This ratio is calculated as [7]:
𝐶𝑝 = 𝑐1(𝑐2
1
𝛼
− 𝑐3𝛽 − 𝑐4𝛽𝑥
− 𝑐5)𝑒−𝑐6
1
𝛼 (6)
1
𝛼
=
1
𝜆+0/08𝛽
−
0/035
1+𝛽3 (7)
𝜆 =
𝜔𝑚𝑅
𝑉𝑊
(8)
In (6), (7) and (8), 𝛽 is the angle of rotor blade which is shown in the Figure 3. 𝜆 is the severity rate
of speed of wind turbine and 𝜔𝑚 is angular velocity of the generator and wind turbine. Constant values (c1
and c6) depend on type of turbine [49]. In the angle 𝛽 = 0 maximum power is available.
At the end the equation of turbine blade is as (9).
𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
1
2
𝜌𝜋𝑅2
𝐶𝑝(𝜆, 𝛽)𝑉𝑊
3
(9)
Turbine mechanical torque, 𝑇𝑚, is obtained from (10).
𝑇𝑚 =
1
2
𝜌𝜋𝑅2𝐶𝑝(𝜆,𝛽)𝑉𝑤
3
𝜔𝑚
(10)
The following will be the simulation of wind, the effect of 𝛽 on Cp has been investigated and ratio
of highly optimized speed 𝜆opt, which 𝐶𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑡
is produced because of that, had been calculated. To gain this
goal C1 to C6 parameters as Table 1. To simulate the wind, in here we have used linear form which is like
increasing and decreasing of gradient.
Figure 3. Turbine blade’s angle diagram.
Table 1. C1 to C6 constants
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
0/5 116 0/5 0 5 21
2.2. Modeling of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
The dynamic model of electric machines is necessary for investigating the dynamic conditions and
potential errors. Dynamic modelling based is on voltage equations, flow, flux-flow and park conversion. In
electric machines depends on input and output variables, different models can be simulated. In here based on
the functionality of this generator in combination with wind turbine and selected control system, the speed of
machine as entering and three-phase current of machines as output is considered for turbine-generator. Thus,
the equations will change as (11), (12) and (13) [50], [51].
𝑖𝑑𝑠 =
1
𝑠
(−𝑣𝑑𝑠−𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑠+𝜔𝑒𝐿𝑞𝑖𝑞𝑠)
𝐿𝑑
(11)
𝑖𝑞𝑠 =
1
𝑠
(−𝑣𝑞𝑠−𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑞𝑠−𝜔𝑒𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑠+𝜔𝑒𝜆𝑀)
𝐿𝑞
(12)
5. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1644 – 1658
1648
𝐼𝑆 = √𝑖𝑑𝑠
2
+ 𝑖𝑞𝑠
2 (13)
The power delivered to the load can be calculated by (14) and (15).
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑠 = 𝑇𝑒
𝜔𝑒
𝑝
− 3𝑅𝑠𝐼𝑆
2
(14)
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑠 = 𝑇𝑒
𝜔𝑒
𝑝
− 3𝑅𝑠𝐼𝑆
2
(15)
2.3. Control system
The inverter control system is used to control active power and reactive power injected to the
network and maximum control is shown in Figure 4. The control system has two parts: i) MPPT, and ii)
active and reactive power control of the exchange with the network.
2.3.1. MPPT control system
There is need for MPPT control for adjusting the speed of rotor to get the highest power from wind
turbine [52]–[61]. Because the output voltage is not constant and it become short-circuit because of the
switches sometimes, for controlling signal we use capacitor voltage which is constant.
Figure 4. The control system considered for the proposed wind turbine system
The equation (16) shows the relationship between capacitor (C2) and output voltage [51], [62], [63].
𝑉𝐶2
= (1 − 𝐷)𝑉
𝑜 (16)
And according to the equation 𝑉
𝑜 =
1
1−𝐷(1+1+𝑛21/1−𝑛32)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐵𝑉𝑖𝑛 and placement in the above equation, the
relation between the capacitor voltage C2 and the input voltage is as (17).
𝑉𝐶2
= (1 − 𝐷)
1
1 − 𝐷(1 + 1 + 𝑛21/1 − 𝑛32)
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝐶2
= (1 − 𝐷)
1
1−𝐸𝐷
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (17)
Thus, the signal controller according to the number of courses intended for the windings is calculated as (18).
𝐷𝑠𝑐 =
𝑉𝐼𝑛−𝑉𝐶2
𝑉𝐼𝑛−𝐸𝑉𝐶2
(18)
2.3.2. Control of active and reactive power delivered to the network
Active power (P) and reactive power (Q) obtained from (19) and (20).
6. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Using Y-source network as a connector between turbine and network in the … (Mahmoud Zadehbagheri)
1649
𝑃 =
3
2
(𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞𝑖𝑞) (19)
𝑄 =
3
2
(𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞𝑖𝑞) (20)
𝑣𝑑, 𝑣𝑞 is network voltage, 𝑖𝑑, 𝑖𝑞 injected current to the network in the frame of reference d-q. If the
reference voltage become as network voltage, then vq=0. Thus, the equations (19) and (20) will change to
(21) and (22) [51], [64]–[67].
𝑃 =
3
2
𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑑 (21)
𝑃 =
3
2
𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑑 (22)
From the (21) and (22), we realize that we can control active and reactive injected powers to the
network by controlling id and iq. To do that there are two directions of control will be considered. In the first
direction by adding the amount of reference for reactive power, id will be adjusted and the amount of
reference of id to reach power factor the unit will be considered as zero. In the next direction by capacitor
voltage in inverter mode or output voltage in converter mode for controlling the output active power, iq will
be adjusted [62], [66], [68].
3. METHOD
In this section, to investigate wind turbine systems there is an opinion based on Y-source inverter,
the system simulated is shown. We used MATLAB/Simulink for simulation as Figure 5. Simulation
parameters are shown in Tables 2 and 3. Voltage curve DC based on rotor speed is shown in Figure 6. We
use this curve to find highest point of power and control inverter. To find this curve firstly in a few different
speed (0.6-1.26 p.u) rotor and in highest power delivered to the network, the speed of rotor and DC link
voltage has been measured which is shown in red in the figure. Then a polynomial function is guessed based
on that which shows DC link voltage behavior change with respect to rotor speed changes in all the speeds
with a very good approximation and low error. For comparison the improved Y-Source converter has been
simulated. The simulated circuit is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 5. Simulated model in MATLAB/Simulink
Table 2. PM Generator Parameters
Amounts Parameters
0.9585(Ω) R
5.25(mH) Ld, Lq
4 P
6329(kg.cm2
) J
Table 3. Simulation Parameters
Amounts Parameters
10(kHz) Switching Frequency (Fs)
76(v)) Network Effective Voltage
0.5(mH) Filter Capacitor (C)
20:41:20 Conversion Ratio (N1:N2:N3)
7. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1644 – 1658
1650
Figure 6. DC link voltage changes curve based on
changes in rotor speed Figure 7. Simulated converter in
MATLAB/Simulink software
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Wind model applied to the system based on Figure 4 which the speed reduces from 12 to 10 m/s. In
Figure 8, changes in the speed of rotor by changing wind speed is shown in different time. Considering the
curve of the changes in rotor speed and changes in wind speed curve, it is obvious that the speed of rotor has
changed for delivering the highest power from turbine with the change of the speed of wind. To know these
changes, we need to look at Figures 9 and 10, which in order they show mechanical and electrical curve. It is
shown that after a short period of time the mechanical power curve of turbine production has reached the
highest power and followed it (based on wind speed). DC link voltage inverter and its big scheme is in
Figure 11. As it can be understood from Figure 11, voltage level changes from maximum to zero and vice
versa, the reason of these changes are short circuits in the inverter bases in transition at the same time. Thus,
in this situation, we use Y-source converter capacitor voltage to control MPPT and control active and
reactive power which injected to the network. Inverter capacitor (C1, C2) voltages is shown in Figure 12 and
Figure 13.
Figure 8. Rotor speed (p.u) according to variations in
wind speed.
Figure 9. Curve of turbine mechanical power
Figure 10. Active and reactive power which is delivered to the network under changes of wind speed.
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Time (seconds)
Rotor
Speed
(Pu)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Exteracted Mechanical Power
Maximum mechanical Power
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
500
1000
1500
Time (second)
Active
and
Reactive
Power
Actve Power
Reactive Power
8. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Using Y-source network as a connector between turbine and network in the … (Mahmoud Zadehbagheri)
1651
(a) (b)
Figure 11. DC link voltage inverter, (a) Inverter DC link voltage, (b) Inverter DC link voltage in magnified
mode under changes of wind speed
Figure 12. Capacitor voltage (C2) under changes of wind
speed
Figure 13. Capacitor voltage curve (C1) under
changes of wind speed.
Injection current to the network is shown in Figure 14. In order to obtain the system efficiency (η) at
different wind speeds, we will first obtain the transmission power to the network and the maximum
mechanical power at different speeds, and then from the relation of η%=
𝑃grid
𝑃max-mec
× 100, we will obtain the
system efficiency. The power delivered to the network at wind different speeds and the efficiency of the
proposed system are shown in Figure 15, and Figure 16, respectively. It is worth noting that this system could
also be simulated based on the Y-Source DC-DC converter or the Improved Y-Source (DC/DC) converter,
but this has led to the use of more switches and increased losses, and THD Also increases and it is not
economically viable. Figure 17 and Figure 18 show that the system met the requirements for connecting to
the network because the level of capacitor voltage is kept in a constant level and reactive power exchange to
the network is almost zero (unity power factor).
Figure 14. Injection current to the network by the
proposed system
Figure 15. Power delivered to the network by the
proposed system.
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (seconds)
Vinv(V)
0.998 0.9982 0.9984 0.9986 0.9988 0.999 0.9992 0.9994 0.9996 0.9998 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (seconds)
Vinv(V)
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (seconds)
Vc2(V)
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
40
50
60
70
80
Time (seconds)
Vc1(V)
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-50
0
50
Time (seconds)
Inet(A)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Wind Speed (m/s)
Electrical
Power
(w)
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1652
Figure 16. Performance of proposed system
Figure 17. Capacitor voltage of Y-Source converter Figure 18. Reactive power exchanged with th network
4.1. Simulation of Improved Y-Source
Here, for comparison the improved Y-Source converter has been simulated and the results are
presented. The simulated circuit is shown in Figure 7. The output voltage is plotted in Figure 19. The input
current of the converter is plotted in Figure 20.
Figure 19. Output voltage of IYSI. Figure 20. Input current of IYSI.
The voltage waveform of the capacitors is drawn in Figure 21. The voltage of the capacitors is obtained as
(23) and (24).
𝑉𝐶1
= (1 − 𝐷)𝑉
𝑜 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (1 − 0.125) × 200 − 100 = 75 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 (23)
𝑉𝐶2
= (1 − 𝐷)
1
1−𝐸𝐷
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (1 − 0.125)
1
1−4×0.125
× 100 = 175 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 (24)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Wind Speed (m/s)
Performance
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Time (seconds)
Vc(V)
0 1 2 3 4
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
Time (seconds)
Reactive
Power
(Var)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Time (seconds)
Vo(V)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (seconds)
Iin(A)
10. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Using Y-source network as a connector between turbine and network in the … (Mahmoud Zadehbagheri)
1653
Figure 21. Capacitors voltage of IYSI (C1, C2)
4.2. Comparison results of the proposed system with other systems
In this section, the results of the proposed system of this article will be reviewed and compared with
other systems. The proposed converter of this paper, as mentioned, has better features than the traditional Y-
Source and corrects its disadvantages. First, the number of their elements is listed in Table 4. A comparison
of the input currents of the two inverters IYS and IYSI is shown in Figure 22. As can be seen from the figure,
the IYSI input stream is continuous and its ripple is negligible, which is a special feature along with other
features of the YS family. Injection current harmonics to the network and the corresponding THD by the
proposed wind turbine system including IYSI and wind turbine including YSI and wind turbine system based
on Z-Source inverter are shown in Figures 23, Figure 24 and 25, respectively. Injection current of the
proposed system in terms of harmonic spectrum, it performed slightly better than the traditional Y-Source
system and provided better quality. Compared to the current harmonic spectrum of a system similar to the Z-
Source electronic power converter, systems with the Y-Source family perform much better and have a lower
THD harmonic spectrum.
Table 4. Structures compare of IYSI, YSI, ZSI.
Transformer Number of inductances Number of capacitors Semiconductor number Corverter
1 1 2 1 Improved Y-Source inverter
1 0 1 1 Y-Source inverter
0 2 2 1 Z-Source inverter
IYSI (zoom) (IYSI)
YSI (zoom) (YSI)
Figure 22. Comparison of the input current of IYSI and wind turbine system including YSI.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (seconds)
Vc1(V)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (seconds)
Vc2(V)
0.9998 0.9999 1
0
5
10
15
20
Time (seconds)
Iin(A)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (seconds)
Iin(A)
0.9998 0.9999 1
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Time (seconds)
Iin-Y-source(A)
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (seconds)
Iin-Y-source(A)
11. ISSN: 2088-8694
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Figure 23. Injection current harmonics to the network and THD (IYSI)
Figure 24. Injection current harmonics to the network and THD (YSI)
Figure 25. Injection current harmonics to the network and THD (Z-Source)
0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22 0.225 0.23
-5
0
5
FFT window: 2 of 60 cycles of selected signal
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (60Hz) = 9 , THD= 2.04%
Mag
(%
of
Fundamental)
0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22 0.225 0.23
-5
0
5
FFT window: 2 of 60 cycles of selected signal
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (60Hz) = 9.013 , THD= 2.14%
Mag
(%
of
Fundamental)
0.3 0.305 0.31 0.315 0.32 0.325 0.33
-5
0
5
FFT window: 2 of 30 cycles of selected signal
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (60Hz) = 5.266 , THD= 3.56%
Mag
(%
of
Fundamental)
12. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Using Y-source network as a connector between turbine and network in the … (Mahmoud Zadehbagheri)
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Numerical comparison of the proposed system THD with systems including traditional Y-Source and Z-
Source is given in Table 5.
Table 5. Numerical comparison of THD (IYSI, YSI, ZSI)
THD Converter
2.04% Improved Y-Source inverter
2.14% Y-Source inverter
3.56% Z-Source inverter
5. CONCLUSION
As mentioned before, environmental factors such as air pollution and the increase in global warming
by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in
global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which
had been in consideration so well. In this paper, we discussed a new structure of wind turbine based on Y-
source inverter as connector between the network and generator. All parts of the suggested system were
discussed and at the end the result of simulation which it was done by MATLAB/SIMULINK software were
shown. The result shows the correct functionality of the system and controlling system under changes of the
wind speed.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mahmoud Zadehbagheri was born in Yasouj, Iran in October 1989. In 2003 he received his
B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Kashan University and in 2008 he received his M.S. in
Electrical Engineering from the Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch. He received the
PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from Hakim Sabzvari University & Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM), Johor, Skudai, Malaysia in 2017. He is with the faculty of the Electrical
Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University of Yasouj. His research interests include the
fields of power electronics, electrical machines and drives, FACTS devices and Power Quality.
Tole Sutikno is a Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department at the Universitad Ahmad
Dahlan (UAD), Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He received his B.Eng., M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in
Electrical Engineering from Universitas Diponegoro, Universitas Gadjah Mada and Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, in 1999, 2004 and 2016, respectively. He has been an Associate Professor
in UAD, Yogyakarta, Indonesia since 2008. He is currently an Editor-in-Chief of the
TELKOMNIKA since 2005, and the Head of the Embedded Systems and Power Electronics
Research Group since 2016. His research interests include the field of digital design, industrial
applications, industrial electronics, industrial informatics, power electronics, motor drives,
renewable energy, FPGA applications, embedded system, artificial intelligence, intelligent
control and digital library.
Rahim Ildarabadi was born in Sabzevar, Iran in 1975. He received the PhD degree from
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2010. He is a full-time faculty member at Sabzevar, Hakim
Sabzevari University. His main area of interests is automation system, electrical machine drive,
renewable energy, instruments and measurement. He is currently an Assistant Professor of
electrical engineering at Hakim SabzevariUniversity.