This document summarizes a study on chlorine-free bleaching of kraft pulp produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). Kraft pulping was performed on EFB under different conditions. The pulp was then bleached using an oxygen (O2) - acid (H2SO4) - ozone (O3) - hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sequence. This chlorine-free bleaching reduced the kappa number significantly and achieved a brightness of around 75%, indicating the potential to reach 80% brightness without chlorine. Paper properties such as strength were maintained despite reductions in viscosity during bleaching. The bleached EFB pulp showed comparable strengths to hardwood pulps, suggesting E
Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning W...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents’ magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement.
Activation of Spent Bleaching Earth for Dehumidification Application World-Academic Journal
To circumvent the current pollution-prone disposal of the spent bleaching earth (SBE), an experimental program was conducted to recover the waste SBE and to use it for air dehumidification application. Waste SBE was obtained from the damping site of the oil industry, and the entrained oil was recovered via hexane extraction while the remaining hydrocarbons were oxidized with 30% H2O2 and heat at 550 oC. This reactivation procedure affords oil useful in other ole-chemical applications and active SBE for air dehumidification. For the purpose of adsorbent development, SBE regeneration was found to follow two routes, solvent extraction followed by oxidation using 30% H2O2 which retains the elasticity of the clay crucial in molding the adsorbents and thermal processing at 550 oC after molding. Experiments were carried out in batch system, and the effects of parameters including, activation temperature, contact time, The sorption characteristic of the adsorbent established two peaks when activated at 550 oC and 650 0C with a capacity of 27.07 and 26.63% respectively. The regenerated SBE proved to be a promising adsorbent for moisture since its sorption capacity was higher than that of clay (15%) which is commonly used as commercial desiccant.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning W...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents’ magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement.
Activation of Spent Bleaching Earth for Dehumidification Application World-Academic Journal
To circumvent the current pollution-prone disposal of the spent bleaching earth (SBE), an experimental program was conducted to recover the waste SBE and to use it for air dehumidification application. Waste SBE was obtained from the damping site of the oil industry, and the entrained oil was recovered via hexane extraction while the remaining hydrocarbons were oxidized with 30% H2O2 and heat at 550 oC. This reactivation procedure affords oil useful in other ole-chemical applications and active SBE for air dehumidification. For the purpose of adsorbent development, SBE regeneration was found to follow two routes, solvent extraction followed by oxidation using 30% H2O2 which retains the elasticity of the clay crucial in molding the adsorbents and thermal processing at 550 oC after molding. Experiments were carried out in batch system, and the effects of parameters including, activation temperature, contact time, The sorption characteristic of the adsorbent established two peaks when activated at 550 oC and 650 0C with a capacity of 27.07 and 26.63% respectively. The regenerated SBE proved to be a promising adsorbent for moisture since its sorption capacity was higher than that of clay (15%) which is commonly used as commercial desiccant.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
GC-MS and FTIR analysis of bio-oil obtained from freshwater algae (spirogyra)...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Algae are gaining broad consideration as a substitute renewable source of biomass for the manufacture of bioethanol, due to this reason categorized under the “third generation biofuels” .İn this work, GC-MS analysis and FTIR has been done of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of Freshwater Algae( Spirogyra ) in this paper we have shown a simple process of converting biomass of fresh water algae to bio-oil through pyrolysis and explained it with the help of graphs and tables. Pyrolysis is a thermal process for converting various biomasses , residues and wastes to produce high-energy-density fuels (bio-oil, biochar). The bio-oil was obtained in two step pyrolysis in which temperature of the system kept 25ºC and then increased up to 650ºC time by time. After pyrolysis these fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR which show different peaks and data of different compounds and functional groups present in this bio-oil
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Fractionation and characterization of lignins as and efficient tools for thei...Michal Jablonsky
Dissolution and fractionation of lignocellulosic material is a critical step of valorization of lignins. Content of dierent types of lignin precursors and the content of functional groups OH and OCH3 is aecting their utilization. Chemical and physical characterization of isolated lignin fractions is the key tool for further lignins
application. Presented work deals with the isolation of the lignin from the black liquor by the precipitation method, using a variety of acids. Properties of isolated lignin, preparations and different application and the possibilities of using lignins for various industrial sectors are presented.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of kinetic model for adsorption of carotenoids on activated clay ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work the mechanism of adsorption for the bleaching of palm oil using activated clay as adsorbent was studied.
Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid was used to activate a local (Inyi) clay obtained from Oji River province in Enugu State. The sample of
palm oil used in the study was obtained from Akpugo in the same state and was bleached with the activated clay. The oil was
characterized before and after bleaching and the results used in the study. It was observed that acid addition increases the bleaching
efficiency of activated clay. The mechanism of palm oil bleaching with the activated clay was developed from the results obtained.
The stability of the oil was measured in terms of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) 0.12%, Peroxide Value (PV) 3.0 m.eq/kg, Anisidine Value(AV)
4.55 m.eq/kg, Iodine Value (IV) 48, Iron (Fe) 4.3 x 103(Ppm), and Phosphorous content 0.015 (Ppm), all of which were compared
with those of the American Oil Chemist Society (AOCS) standard values.
Keywords: Adsorption Kinetics, Mechanism of adsorption, Activation, Bleaching, Characterization, and Stability
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Synthesis of Epoxidizedcardanol from CNSL (Vietnam) by Glacial Acetic Acid an...ijtsrd
Cardanol obtained by vacuum distillation of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) at 220 “ 230 ? and 2 “ 4 mmHg. Epoxidized cardanol (ECD), derived from cardanol was synthesized at 65?, 2% catalyst, DB/AA/ H2O2 :1/0.5/1, stirring rates are 1800 r/m and characterized by FT “ IR, 1H - NMR, 13C “ NMR, TGA. Bach Trong Phuc | Vu Van Hai | Nguyen Thi Hien | Nguyen Thanh Liem"Synthesis of Epoxidizedcardanol from CNSL (Vietnam) by Glacial Acetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5801.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/5801/synthesis-of-epoxidizedcardanol-from-cnsl-vietnam-by--glacial-acetic-acid-and-hydrogen-peroxide/bach-trong-phuc
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
GC-MS and FTIR analysis of bio-oil obtained from freshwater algae (spirogyra)...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Algae are gaining broad consideration as a substitute renewable source of biomass for the manufacture of bioethanol, due to this reason categorized under the “third generation biofuels” .İn this work, GC-MS analysis and FTIR has been done of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of Freshwater Algae( Spirogyra ) in this paper we have shown a simple process of converting biomass of fresh water algae to bio-oil through pyrolysis and explained it with the help of graphs and tables. Pyrolysis is a thermal process for converting various biomasses , residues and wastes to produce high-energy-density fuels (bio-oil, biochar). The bio-oil was obtained in two step pyrolysis in which temperature of the system kept 25ºC and then increased up to 650ºC time by time. After pyrolysis these fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR which show different peaks and data of different compounds and functional groups present in this bio-oil
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Fractionation and characterization of lignins as and efficient tools for thei...Michal Jablonsky
Dissolution and fractionation of lignocellulosic material is a critical step of valorization of lignins. Content of dierent types of lignin precursors and the content of functional groups OH and OCH3 is aecting their utilization. Chemical and physical characterization of isolated lignin fractions is the key tool for further lignins
application. Presented work deals with the isolation of the lignin from the black liquor by the precipitation method, using a variety of acids. Properties of isolated lignin, preparations and different application and the possibilities of using lignins for various industrial sectors are presented.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of kinetic model for adsorption of carotenoids on activated clay ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work the mechanism of adsorption for the bleaching of palm oil using activated clay as adsorbent was studied.
Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid was used to activate a local (Inyi) clay obtained from Oji River province in Enugu State. The sample of
palm oil used in the study was obtained from Akpugo in the same state and was bleached with the activated clay. The oil was
characterized before and after bleaching and the results used in the study. It was observed that acid addition increases the bleaching
efficiency of activated clay. The mechanism of palm oil bleaching with the activated clay was developed from the results obtained.
The stability of the oil was measured in terms of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) 0.12%, Peroxide Value (PV) 3.0 m.eq/kg, Anisidine Value(AV)
4.55 m.eq/kg, Iodine Value (IV) 48, Iron (Fe) 4.3 x 103(Ppm), and Phosphorous content 0.015 (Ppm), all of which were compared
with those of the American Oil Chemist Society (AOCS) standard values.
Keywords: Adsorption Kinetics, Mechanism of adsorption, Activation, Bleaching, Characterization, and Stability
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Synthesis of Epoxidizedcardanol from CNSL (Vietnam) by Glacial Acetic Acid an...ijtsrd
Cardanol obtained by vacuum distillation of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) at 220 “ 230 ? and 2 “ 4 mmHg. Epoxidized cardanol (ECD), derived from cardanol was synthesized at 65?, 2% catalyst, DB/AA/ H2O2 :1/0.5/1, stirring rates are 1800 r/m and characterized by FT “ IR, 1H - NMR, 13C “ NMR, TGA. Bach Trong Phuc | Vu Van Hai | Nguyen Thi Hien | Nguyen Thanh Liem"Synthesis of Epoxidizedcardanol from CNSL (Vietnam) by Glacial Acetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5801.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/5801/synthesis-of-epoxidizedcardanol-from-cnsl-vietnam-by--glacial-acetic-acid-and-hydrogen-peroxide/bach-trong-phuc
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidiz...ijtsrd
Epoxidized vegetable oil have drawn much attention in recent yearrs, especially in the polymer industry as they are economical, available, environmentally friendly, non noxious and renewable. Cashew nut shell liquid CNSL , an agricultural by product abundantly available in tropical countries such as Vietnam, India, is one of the major and economical resources of naturally occurring phenols. Cardanol a byproduct of CNSL could be epoxidized by reacting carbon carbon double bonds of long unsaturated chain with peracids via the Prileshajev epoxidation process or the conventional process. This paper deals with the epoxidized reaction of cardanol take place in formic acid and hydrogen peroxyde. The results shown that the conversion efficiency of the epoxidized reaction reacheres 80 at 600C, stirring rates 1800 rpm, 2 p toluenesulfonic acid catalyst and rate of double bonds DB HCOOH AF H2O2 = 1.0 0.5 1.5. The product of epoxidized cardanol is also characterized by FT IR, 1H NMR and13C NMR. Bach Trong Phuc | Nguyen Thanh Liem "The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidized Reaction of Cardanol Extracted from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid of Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49624.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/49624/the-effect-of-formic-acid-hydrogen-peroxyde-and-other-conditions-on-epoxidized-reaction-of-cardanol-extracted-from-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-of-vietnam/bach-trong-phuc
The bleaching chemistry indicates that pH affects the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide treatment and
the standard recommendations has been to maintain a final stage pH range for brightening with chlorine
dioxide between 3.5 and 4.0. But we used 16% & 17% TAA cooked Clone EH2013 of kappa number 18.7 &
17.4 without Oxygen Delignification (ODL), were bleached in Acidic and Alkaline pH initial chlorine dioxide
(DO) stage, followed by Caustic reinforced Hydrogen peroxide (Ep) and final Chlorine dioxide (D1) stage of
bleaching. At constant bleaching condition both EH2013 pulps show these alkaline pH bleaching methods can
improve the pulp bleachability without affecting pulp strength properties, optical properties, and physical
properties and improved effluent characteristics. The Alkaline pH bleached pulp final brightness 85.7 %ISO
(16% TAA) and 86.5%ISO (17% TAA) are well compared to Acidic pH final brightness 83.4 %ISO (16% TAA)
and 84.4%ISO (17% TAA) initial chlorine dioxide bleaching and followed by extraction reinforced Hydrogen
peroxide and final Chlorine dioxide bleaching. The fiber length, width and curl index of Acidic and Alkaline pH
bleached pulp has not shown any distinct variation, but alkaline pH bleached pulp has shown slightly higher
than Acidic pH bleached Pulp. Both 16&17% TAA cooked pulps filtrate analysis of the Alkaline pH Do stage,
shows lower Colour (14.6 & 15.4%), Total Dissolved Solids (10.7 & 17.9%) and COD (14.2 & 18.0%) than
Acidic pH Do bleaching filtrate. Based on results from the Acidic and Alkaline pH bleaching of EH2013 pulp ,
we found that the optimum pH for initial Do and final D1 chlorine dioxide bleaching stage should be operated
with a final pH close to alkaline, when a typical chlorine dioxide charge is applied and its effluent
characteristics shows lesser inorganic load when compared to acidic effluent .
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
1. Process Overview: Pyrolysis is a thermal degradation process that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The absence of oxygen prevents combustion and allows the organic material to break down without being fully burned.
2. Temperature: Pyrolysis typically occurs at elevated temperatures, often ranging from 300 to 900 degrees Celsius, depending on the specific feedstock and desired products.
3. Feedstock: Pyrolysis can be applied to a wide range of organic materials, including biomass (wood, crop residues), plastics, rubber, and organic waste (such as municipal solid waste).
4. **Products**:
- **Gases**: Pyrolysis produces gases like hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, which can be used as fuel or chemical feedstocks.
- **Liquids**: Liquid products, often called bio-oil when derived from biomass, can be used as a source of biofuels or for chemical synthesis.
- **Char**: The solid residue left behind is known as char. Depending on the feedstock, this char can have various applications, such as as a soil conditioner or for carbon sequestration.
5. **Applications**:
- **Biofuels**: Pyrolysis of biomass can yield biofuels like bio-oil or biochar, which can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels.
- **Waste Management**: Pyrolysis can be used to treat organic waste and reduce its volume while recovering energy or valuable products.
- **Plastic Recycling**: Plastic pyrolysis is used to convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals or fuel.
6. **Types of Pyrolysis**:
- **Fast Pyrolysis**: This process involves very high heating rates and produces a higher proportion of liquid products.
- **Slow Pyrolysis**: Slow pyrolysis takes place at lower temperatures and longer residence times, resulting in a higher proportion of solid char.
- **Intermediate Pyrolysis**: As the name suggests, it falls between fast and slow pyrolysis in terms of temperature and product distribution.
7. **Challenges**: The efficiency and selectivity of pyrolysis can vary depending on the feedstock and process conditions. Controlling the reaction parameters is crucial to obtaining the desired products.
In summary, pyrolysis is a versatile and important process for converting organic materials into valuable products, including biofuels, chemicals, and char, while also addressing waste management and environmental concerns. It plays a significant role in sustainable energy and resource management.
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Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Kraft Pulp from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
1. JARQ 38 (4), 275 – 279 (2004) http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp
275
Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Kraft Pulp from Oil Palm
Empty Fruit Bunches
Ryohei TANAKA1
*, WAN ROSLI W. D.2
, Kengo MAGARA3
,
Tsutomu IKEDA4
and Shuji HOSOYA3
1
Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS)
(Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8686, Japan)
2
School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia
(Penang 11800, Malaysia)
3
Department of Chemical Utilization, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
(Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan)
4
Institute of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, University of Tsukuba
(Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0006, Japan)
Abstract
Chlorine-free bleaching was carried out on kraft pulp from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) with an
oxygen (O2) - acid (H2SO4) - ozone (O3) - hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching sequence. The κ-num-
ber (= an indicator of lignin content) of the pulp was reduced considerably after these processes indi-
cating that most of the lignin present in the pulp can be removed using this chlorine-free sequence.
Handsheets of both bleached and unbleached EFB pulp were prepared and their paper properties were
determined. Brightness, a measure of the whiteness of paper, was achieved to ca. 75% for the bleached
EFB pulp, showing a possibility of achieving 80% of brightness by chlorine-free bleaching. Paper
strengths as indicated by tensile, tear and burst indices as well as stretch did not show significant dif-
ferences between before and after bleaching. It is notable that these results were obtained despite a
large decrease in viscosity by the bleaching process. Moreover, the EFB bleached pulp showed com-
parable strengths to hardwood pulps, indicating that EFB has the potential as a raw material for chemi-
cal pulp production using chlorine-free bleaching sequences.
Discipline: Forestry and forest products
Additional key words: EFB, oxygen, ozone, brightness, paper strengths
Introduction
Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, produces palm oil (PO)
and palm kernel oil (PKO), which are widely used in
food and other industries such as detergents and cosmet-
ics. Total production of the palm oils is 24.5 million t/y
in the world, which accounted for more than 20% of total
oil and fats production in 20009
. Large producers are
Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria, which share 47%, 34%
and 4.2% of the world production of PO + PKO, respec-
tively.
In Malaysia, the largest producer in the world, total
area of oil palm plantation is close to 3.2 million ha,
which accounts for almost 50% of the land under
cultivation6
. Although oil from the palm tree is an excel-
lent product for the country, its lignocellulosic residues
have not been effectively used. One of the most abun-
dant residues is empty fruit bunches (EFB), which are left
behind after removal of oil palm fruits for the oil refining
process. Tons of EFB are regularly discharged from palm
oil refineries, amounting to 12.4 million t/y (fresh
This paper reports the results obtained in a collaboration research work on ‘Studies on the development of methods for the use of
underutilized timber resources in the tropics’ between Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences and Universiti
Sains Malaysia.
Present addresses:
1,4
Department of Chemical Utilization, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
(Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan)
*Corresponding author: fax +81–29–874–3720; e-mail ryohei@affrc.go.jp
Received 22 October 2003; accepted 14 May 2004.
2. R. Tanaka et al.
276 JARQ 38 (4) 2004
weight) 3
, some of which are used as fuel, however, most
of them are left unused.
To increase the added value of these residues, sev-
eral investigations have been carried out to produce
papermaking pulp from EFB by chemical and mechanical
pulping processes1,2,4,7,12
. It is quite reasonable to produce
pulp from the lignocellulosic residues for papermaking.
Consumption of paper is increasing dramatically in South
East Asian countries including Malaysia, nevertheless a
huge amount of EFB are left unused in those palm oil-
producing countries.
Although several studies have been carried out on
EFB pulping, investigation on pulp bleachability is lim-
ited. Due to increased awareness of the danger associ-
ated with the usage of chlorine and its derivatives, it is
now necessary to utilize elemental chlorine-free (ECF) or
totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching sequences for pulp.
Once this oil palm by-product becomes a raw material for
pulp production, it will be essential to have chlorine-free
bleaching processes in the future. In this study, kraft
pulping was carried out for an EFB sample under several
different pulping conditions and chlorine-free bleaching
was applied to the EFB kraft pulp.
Materials and Methods
1. Material
The EFB sample used in this study was in the form
of fibrous strands. It was supplied by SABUTEK (M)
SDN BHD, Malaysia. It had already been manufactured
by the company, including the processes of defibrization,
washing, cleaning, sorting and drying. The sample
strands were used as received. Moisture content of the
fibrous strands was determined to be 9.5%.
2. Kraft pulping (KP)
Kraft pulping was carried out using 4-L or 2-L auto-
claves manufactured by NAC Autoclave Co., Ltd., Japan.
Four pulping conditions were selected as shown in Table
1. After each cooking, the pulp was washed and screened
through a 0.2 mm slit (8-cut). Kappa (κ) number and
pulp viscosity were determined according to TAPPI Stan-
dard T236m-60 and JPRI Standard 3015 (a modified
method of TAPPI Standard T230 su-66), respectively.
3. Bleaching
The chlorine-free bleaching process studied here
includes four sequential steps of oxygen, acid, ozone and
hydrogen peroxide bleaching at a pulp consistency of
10% (medium consistency).
Oxygen (O2) bleaching was carried out using a Mark
V High-Intensity Mixer (Quantum Technologies, Inc.,
U.S.A.) under alkaline conditions by addition of 1%
NaOH (w/w) aqueous solution. Magnesium sulfate
(0.1%) was also added as a protection reagent for cellu-
lose. Reaction temperature and O2 pressure were main-
tained at 95ºC and 5 kg/cm2
, respectively. The total
reaction time was 40 min with occasional mixing.
The acid bleaching process was performed in a
water bath at 100ºC for 60 min. A heat-resistant plastic
bag was used for the reaction. The pulp was treated in a
buffer solution of pH 2, adjusted by addition of 4N
H2SO4. Effluent of the acid bleaching was analyzed by
HPLC as described in a previous paper5
.
For ozone (O3) bleaching, the same mixer for the O2
bleaching was used, together with an ozone cart. Total
amount of O3 added was 0.5% on pulp. Reaction temper-
ature was maintained at 20ºC for a total reaction time of
2.5 min with occasional mixing.
For hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching, pulp slurry
of 10% consistency (adjusted using 0.05N NaOH aque-
ous solution) was placed in a plastic bag and a corre-
sponding amount of 1% or 2% H2O2 was added. Then
the reaction was carried out at 80ºC for 120 min in a
water bath. A small amount (ca. 0.6% on pulp) of a sta-
bilizing agent Dequest 2066 (sodium salt of diethylenetri-
amine-penta (methylene phosphonic) acid, Monsanto
Japan Ltd.) was also added to the pulp.
4. Determination of handsheet properties
From the bleached and unbleached KP, handsheets
were prepared and conditioned at 20ºC and 65% relative
humidity (RH) according to JIS P8111. Physical and
mechanical properties of the handsheets were evaluated
according to appropriate JIS standards.
Table 1. Pulping conditions of EFB
Condition Active alkali
(%)
Sulphidity
(%)
Liquor to
EFB ratio
Cooking temp.
(T, ºC)
Time to T
(min)
Time at T
(min)
I 16 25 10 170 90 90
II 14 25 10 170 90 90
III 16 25 10 160 90 120
IV 16 25 8 170 90 90
3. Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Oil Palm EFB Pulps
277
Results and Discussion
Yields and properties of EFB kraft pulp prepared in
this study are given in Table 2. Referring to Table 1, it is
evident that the active alkali concentration is the most
effective factor on the yield and properties, compared to
liquor/EFB ratio, cooking temperature and cooking time.
A reduction of 2% in active alkali substantially increased
the κ-number and amount of screenings when the condi-
tions I and II were compared. Liquor to EFB ratio and
cooking temperatures did not show any crucial changes
except pulp viscosity. When considering κ-number in
relation to viscosity, the condition III may be the most
desirable one. Overall, the pulps prepared under the
given conditions had relatively low κ-numbers with high
viscosity values, which indicates that lignin content of
each pulp was relatively low and the degree of polymer-
ization (DP) of cellulose remained at an acceptable level.
Due to the limited availability of pulps prepared, all pulps
prepared under the conditions I, III and IV were mixed
together for being used in the bleaching process; the pulp
prepared under the condition II was not considered
because of its high κ-number. The κ-number and viscos-
ity of the mixed pulp were determined to be 14.9 and
23.9, respectively.
Results for the bleaching process are shown in Table
3. There is a small but gradual decrease in κ-number
until the end of the second bleaching stage, i.e. acid
bleaching, after which the decrease became more signifi-
cant by applying the ozone sequence. Pulp viscosity was
also reduced in each subsequent sequence with the big-
gest reduction after O3 and H2O2 bleaching. It is also
obvious that the decrease in κ-number after O2 bleaching
is rather small in comparison with O3 bleaching suggest-
ing the powerful oxidant nature of the latter. This is fur-
ther confirmed by the viscosity data, which showed a
relatively small decrease when using O2 but a significant
reduction with O3. During ozone bleaching, there is not
only a substantial removal of lignin but also an occur-
rence of attack on cellulose, which is reflected in the vis-
cosity values.
By HPLC analysis of the effluent after the acid
bleaching, the presence of 2-furancarboxylic acid and 5-
formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid was indicated. These two
compounds are acid-degraded products of hexeneuronic
acid which can be formed from 4-O-methylglucuronic
acid groups in xylan of softwood and hardwood KPs5
.
The result obtained here may indicate the presence of 4-
O-methylglucuronic acid groups in xylan of EFB KP.
Moreover, the presence of hexeneuronic acid contributes
to an increase in κ-number of the pulp. Total amount of
the acid-degraded products was calculated to be 0.68
mmol/100 g pulp, which corresponds to 0.58 in κ-
number5
. This is in good agreement with the reduction of
κ-number from 11.0 to 10.3 after the acid bleaching as
shown in Table 3. It means that the acid bleaching pro-
cess had only degraded hexeneuronic acid in the EFB KP
without the removal of lignin. The degradation does only
occur under acidic condition and hexeneuronic acid is
assumed to be mostly removed during this process. The
above result indicates that the contribution of hexeneu-
ronic acid to κ-number is almost negligible for this EFB
Table 2. Yields and pulp properties of EFB kraft pulps
Condition Yield (%) Screened yield (%) Screenings (%) κ-number Viscosity (cp)
I 44.4 43.7 0.65 14.2 19.7
II 45.4 42.0 3.42 25.8 23.2
III 44.6 43.1 1.50 15.8 27.5
IV 44.4 42.6 1.78 18.7 30.2
I,III,IV mix – – – 14.9 23.9
Table 3. Bleaching of EFB kraft pulp
Sequence κ-number Viscosity (cp)
unbleached 14.9 23.9
O2 11.0 22.0
O2 / acid 10.3 21.2
O2 / acid / O3 3.33 16.6
O2 / acid / O3 / H2O2 1% –* 11.6
O2 / acid / O3 / H2O2 2% –* 11.2
*Not determined.
4. R. Tanaka et al.
278 JARQ 38 (4) 2004
0
5
10
15
20
Tearindex
(mNm2/g)
Tensileindex
(Nm/g)
0
50
60
70
80
Burstindex
(kPam2
/g)
0
3
4
5
6
100200300400500
Freeness (CSF, mL)
KP.
Handsheet properties of bleached and unbleached
pulp are shown in Table 4. Handsheets of bleached pulp
were produced before and after the H2O2 bleaching.
Compared with the unbleached pulp, there were no sig-
nificant losses in paper strengths by the bleaching
sequences, which are indicated by tensile, tear and burst
indices and stretch. A marginal decrease was observed
for folding strength of each pulp after the bleaching.
Brightness of the pulp with O2 / acid / O3 / H2O2
bleaching reached 73–74%. Khoo and Lee achieved the
brightness of 80% for an EFB kraft pulp by a chlorine-
based bleaching process7
. Although values of brightness
obtained by the chlorine-free bleaching are still lower
than that achieved by the chlorine-based bleaching, there
is a great potential for the chlorine-free bleaching process
to achieve almost the same level in bleachability as chlo-
rine-based bleaching for EFB pulp. It is also interesting
to note that after the H2O2 sequence, the brightness has
been increased drastically whilst maintaining the paper
strengths at acceptable levels. Opacity, which is the abil-
ity of paper to hide or mask a color or object in back of
the sheet, obtained for the bleached handsheet in this
study is found to be at a comparable level with that of a
hardwood KP, which has almost the same value in
brightness8
.
Tensile, tear and burst strengths of EFB handsheets
are plotted against freeness (CSF: Canadian Standard
Freeness) as shown in Fig. 1. Literature values of EFB
KP with chlorine bleaching7
and hardwood KP11
are also
plotted in this figure for comparison, although there is no
comparable pulp data from the references that have
almost the same level of freeness as the EFB pulps stud-
Table 4. Handsheet properties of EFB kraft pulp
Bleaching sequence Unbleached O2 / Acid / O3 O2 / Acid / O3 / H2O2 1% O2 / Acid / O3 / H2O2 2%
κ-number 14.9 3.33 –* –*
Viscosity (cp) 23.9 16.6 11.6 11.2
Freeness (mL) 240 240 230 238
Basis weight (g/m2
) 63.5 59.4 59.6 58.0
Density (g/cm3
) 0.77 0.78 0.82 0.81
Tensile index (N m/g) 67.3 67.5 67.7 63.9
Stretch (%) 4.87 5.88 5.81 4.98
Tear index (mN m2
/g) 12.5 13.0 12.5 11.7
Burst index (kPa m2
/g) 5.33 5.60 5.39 5.05
Folding (MIT, 1 kg) 1,272 1,518 1,160 1,115
Brightness (%) 27.6 55.3 73.2 73.9
Opacity (%) 98.4 85.6 74.4 72.4
*Not determined.
Fig. 1. Paper properties of EFB and hardwood kraft pulps
○ : data from the experiment.
△ : data from the references for EFB KPs7
.
□ : data from the references for hardwood KPs11
.
Open symbols: bleached.
Closed symbols: unbleached.
5. Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Oil Palm EFB Pulps
279
ied here. In general, tensile and burst indices are depen-
dent on the freeness for the same pulp, i.e. the lower the
freeness is, the higher the indices are7,10
. In contrast, the
freeness has less of a contribution to tear index7
, or has an
opposed effect to the index10
. The tensile and burst indi-
ces plotted in Fig. 1 exhibited almost linear increases
along the decreases of the freeness. For the tear index,
the freeness dependence was not observed, which
resulted in a similar trend with data of the above-men-
tioned references7,10
. These results indicate that the EFB
pulps prepared in this study show comparable properties
with hardwood kraft pulps. Moreover, the non-chlorine
bleaching processes examined in this study may work
almost the same as a chlorine-contained process on EFB
pulps. It suggests that EFB kraft pulp is able to produce
paper sheets with the same strength level as hardwood
pulp by using an environmentally friendly method.
References
1. Akamatsu, I. et al. (1987a) Industrial utilization of oil
palm (Elaeis guineensis) by-products (I); Kraft-
anthraquinone pulping of oil palm empty fruit bunches.
Cellul. Chem. Technol., 21, 67–75.
2. Akamatsu, I. et al. (1987b) Industrial utilization of oil
palm by-products (II); Thermomechanical pulping of
empty fruit bunches. Cellul. Chem. Technol., 21, 191–
197.
3. Chan, K. W. (1999) Biomass production in the oil palm
industry. In Oil palm and the environment: A Malaysian
perspective, eds. Singh, G. et al., Malaysian Oil Palm
Growers’ Council, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 41–53.
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pulp III: Reactivity of kraft pulping – resistant structures
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6. Ismail, F. (2000) Focus – Oil palm sector turns over a
new leaf. New Sunday Times 2nd
April 2000, Malaysia.
7. Khoo, K. C. & Lee, T. W. (1991) Pulp and paper from the
oil palm. Appita J., 44, 385–388.
8. Magara, K., Takano, I. & Hosoya, S. (1997) Ozone
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erties of sulphate- and soda-anthraquinone pulps from oil
palm trunk. J. Trop. Forest Sci., 2, 25–31.
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CIA species as a raw material for pulp and paper industry.
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cies – wood properties and utilization ACACIA’98. Uni-
versiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 20–31.
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