Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
YELLOW OLEANDER (THEVETIA PERUVIANA) SEEDS FOR HUMAN FOOD IN KENYApaperpublications3
Abstract:The Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana), is a potential oil seed and a good alternative source of nutrition for food and animal feeds. The seeds of Yellow oleander from four geographical regions (Busia, Bondo, Thika (JKUAT) and Mombasa districts) in Kenya were subjected to a nutritional value study. The oil and the defatted seed cake were analyzed for food values (fatty acids, proteins, minerals, fibre, and carbohydrates). Fatty acid characterization of the oil was done by GC. Minerals analysis was performed using AAS and flame photometer. The crude protein content of the defatted cake was determined by semi-micro Kjeldahl method. Carbohydrates values were determined by difference. Data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results showed that the nutritional values of these seeds were similar to those of other common oil seeds and did not depend on the climatic regions.
Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed Sargassum Sp.ijtsrd
In this study, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was used to produce bioethanol by using enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification method. Bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was more commercial than using any other starch based raw materials because it can be easily collected on Chaung Tha beach in Myanmar without any impact on environment. In this regard, the productivity of bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was determined by separate hydrolysis and fermentation SHF with yeasts. Two types of yeasts were used. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for glucose fermentation in brown seaweed and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate N3,N18,N24 were used for mannitol fermentation which consist plenty in brown seaweed. The effects of enzymatic liquefaction, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation on this sample were studied. From the fermentation studies, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. gave the ethanol percent by weight of 2.56 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae only and 4.1 by using mixture of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. The maximum yield of crude ethanol was 32.5 by fermentating yeast mixture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. When it was fermented by just only Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yield of crude ethanol percent was 20.3 . Nway Mon Mon Oo | Tint Tint Kywe "Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed (Sargassum Sp.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28011.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/28011/preparation-of-bioethanol-from-brown-seaweed-sargassum-sp/nway-mon-mon-oo
Biochemical components of three marine macroalgae (Padina pavonica, Ulva lact...Innspub Net
Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca, brown macroalgae Taonia atomaria and Padina pavonica are spread in the Turkish Levantine Sea. There is limited information about antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of these species from Levantine Sea. In this study was to determine and compare antioxidant activities, vitamin and fatty acid (FA) composition of U. lactuca, T. atomaria and P. pavonica. The analysis was made with HPLC and GC device. g. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed; palmitic acid (C16:0) as the most abundant saturate fatty acid (21-41%). The green algae was rich palmitic acid (C16:0) (41.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were major components (39.81–42.89%). The total MUFA content for U. lactuca was 40.63%, P. pavonica 42.89% and for T. atomaria 38.81%. Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was the most abundant MUFA in all the species analyzed. Eicosapentaenoic acid ( C20:5 n-3) and arahidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were found in significant levels in T. atomaria. P. pavonica and T. atomaria showed similar amounts of C18 and C20 PUFAs contents. In T. atomaria eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) accounted 4.78% of total fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio in T. atomaria was 1.10%, U. lactuca; 0.26% and for P. pavonica 0.68%.The total phenolic contents ranged from 0.96 to 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dry macroalgae material. Phenolic content of the water extract of T. atomaria (2.22 mg GAE /g) was higher than that of the water extract of P. pavonica and U. lactuca. It has been thought that the amount of α-tocoferol was higher than the other lipophilic vitamins in all the three species tested. In Conclusion; these species can be used as food and in food industry.
Integration of sewage sludge digestion with advanced biofuel synthesiszhenhua82
Sewage sludge rich in carbohydrates and other nutrients could be a good feedstock for fuel/chemical production. In this study, fungal and engineered bacterial cultivations were integrated with a modified anaerobic digestion to accumulate fatty acids on sewage sludge. The anaerobic digestion was first adjusted to enable acetogenic bacteria to accumulate acetate. A fungus (Mortierella isabellina) and an engineered bacterium (Escherichia colt created by optimizing acetate utilization and fatty acid biosynthesis as well as overexpressing a regulatory transcription factor fadR) were then cultured on the acetate solution to accumulate fatty acids. The engineered bacterium had higher fatty acid yield and titer than the fungus. Both medium- and long-chain fatty acids (C12:0-C18:0) were produced by the engineered bacterium, while the fungus mainly synthesized long-chain fatty acids (C16:0-C18:3). This study demonstrated a potential path that combines fungus or engineered bacterium with anaerobic digestion to achieve simultaneous organic waste treatment and advanced biofuel production.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) Waste Processing to O...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Blue crab’ waste is a good source of valuable substances although only few studies are related to its use, especially concerning the enzymatic hydrolysis and recovery of compounds such as astaxanthin. Besides, the reuse of crab waste may reduce environmental pollution, add value to this residue and promote a social responsibility in several small fishery communities. Therefore, this study aimed to recover protein, chitin, and astaxanthin from blue crab waste by means of enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase and bromelain. High hydrolysis efficiency, defined by hydrolysis degree (DH), was achieved with 3% alcalase (E/S), recovering 30% of protein in 120 minutes reaction. The highest extraction yield (3.1 ± 0.4% - w/w) and astaxanthin content (97.7 ± 14.3% μgastaxanthin/gresidue) were from demineralized sample under acid process (DERS), before carotenoid recovery. Thermogravimetric analysis of the sample with enzymatic deproteinization presented higher thermal stability and mass loss. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the blue crab processing waste proved to be efficient for the production of protein hydrolysates, mostly using 3% of alcalase enzyme related to the substrate (E/S). Additionally, it was possible to obtain chitin and astaxanthin-enriched extract from the hydrolyzed residue with enzymes, similar to what obtained through an alkaline deproteinization process and, consequently, promote improvements in the blue crab waste environmental management.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
YELLOW OLEANDER (THEVETIA PERUVIANA) SEEDS FOR HUMAN FOOD IN KENYApaperpublications3
Abstract:The Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana), is a potential oil seed and a good alternative source of nutrition for food and animal feeds. The seeds of Yellow oleander from four geographical regions (Busia, Bondo, Thika (JKUAT) and Mombasa districts) in Kenya were subjected to a nutritional value study. The oil and the defatted seed cake were analyzed for food values (fatty acids, proteins, minerals, fibre, and carbohydrates). Fatty acid characterization of the oil was done by GC. Minerals analysis was performed using AAS and flame photometer. The crude protein content of the defatted cake was determined by semi-micro Kjeldahl method. Carbohydrates values were determined by difference. Data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results showed that the nutritional values of these seeds were similar to those of other common oil seeds and did not depend on the climatic regions.
Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed Sargassum Sp.ijtsrd
In this study, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was used to produce bioethanol by using enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification method. Bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was more commercial than using any other starch based raw materials because it can be easily collected on Chaung Tha beach in Myanmar without any impact on environment. In this regard, the productivity of bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was determined by separate hydrolysis and fermentation SHF with yeasts. Two types of yeasts were used. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for glucose fermentation in brown seaweed and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate N3,N18,N24 were used for mannitol fermentation which consist plenty in brown seaweed. The effects of enzymatic liquefaction, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation on this sample were studied. From the fermentation studies, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. gave the ethanol percent by weight of 2.56 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae only and 4.1 by using mixture of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. The maximum yield of crude ethanol was 32.5 by fermentating yeast mixture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. When it was fermented by just only Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yield of crude ethanol percent was 20.3 . Nway Mon Mon Oo | Tint Tint Kywe "Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed (Sargassum Sp.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28011.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/28011/preparation-of-bioethanol-from-brown-seaweed-sargassum-sp/nway-mon-mon-oo
Biochemical components of three marine macroalgae (Padina pavonica, Ulva lact...Innspub Net
Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca, brown macroalgae Taonia atomaria and Padina pavonica are spread in the Turkish Levantine Sea. There is limited information about antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of these species from Levantine Sea. In this study was to determine and compare antioxidant activities, vitamin and fatty acid (FA) composition of U. lactuca, T. atomaria and P. pavonica. The analysis was made with HPLC and GC device. g. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed; palmitic acid (C16:0) as the most abundant saturate fatty acid (21-41%). The green algae was rich palmitic acid (C16:0) (41.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were major components (39.81–42.89%). The total MUFA content for U. lactuca was 40.63%, P. pavonica 42.89% and for T. atomaria 38.81%. Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was the most abundant MUFA in all the species analyzed. Eicosapentaenoic acid ( C20:5 n-3) and arahidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were found in significant levels in T. atomaria. P. pavonica and T. atomaria showed similar amounts of C18 and C20 PUFAs contents. In T. atomaria eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) accounted 4.78% of total fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio in T. atomaria was 1.10%, U. lactuca; 0.26% and for P. pavonica 0.68%.The total phenolic contents ranged from 0.96 to 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dry macroalgae material. Phenolic content of the water extract of T. atomaria (2.22 mg GAE /g) was higher than that of the water extract of P. pavonica and U. lactuca. It has been thought that the amount of α-tocoferol was higher than the other lipophilic vitamins in all the three species tested. In Conclusion; these species can be used as food and in food industry.
Integration of sewage sludge digestion with advanced biofuel synthesiszhenhua82
Sewage sludge rich in carbohydrates and other nutrients could be a good feedstock for fuel/chemical production. In this study, fungal and engineered bacterial cultivations were integrated with a modified anaerobic digestion to accumulate fatty acids on sewage sludge. The anaerobic digestion was first adjusted to enable acetogenic bacteria to accumulate acetate. A fungus (Mortierella isabellina) and an engineered bacterium (Escherichia colt created by optimizing acetate utilization and fatty acid biosynthesis as well as overexpressing a regulatory transcription factor fadR) were then cultured on the acetate solution to accumulate fatty acids. The engineered bacterium had higher fatty acid yield and titer than the fungus. Both medium- and long-chain fatty acids (C12:0-C18:0) were produced by the engineered bacterium, while the fungus mainly synthesized long-chain fatty acids (C16:0-C18:3). This study demonstrated a potential path that combines fungus or engineered bacterium with anaerobic digestion to achieve simultaneous organic waste treatment and advanced biofuel production.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) Waste Processing to O...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Blue crab’ waste is a good source of valuable substances although only few studies are related to its use, especially concerning the enzymatic hydrolysis and recovery of compounds such as astaxanthin. Besides, the reuse of crab waste may reduce environmental pollution, add value to this residue and promote a social responsibility in several small fishery communities. Therefore, this study aimed to recover protein, chitin, and astaxanthin from blue crab waste by means of enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase and bromelain. High hydrolysis efficiency, defined by hydrolysis degree (DH), was achieved with 3% alcalase (E/S), recovering 30% of protein in 120 minutes reaction. The highest extraction yield (3.1 ± 0.4% - w/w) and astaxanthin content (97.7 ± 14.3% μgastaxanthin/gresidue) were from demineralized sample under acid process (DERS), before carotenoid recovery. Thermogravimetric analysis of the sample with enzymatic deproteinization presented higher thermal stability and mass loss. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the blue crab processing waste proved to be efficient for the production of protein hydrolysates, mostly using 3% of alcalase enzyme related to the substrate (E/S). Additionally, it was possible to obtain chitin and astaxanthin-enriched extract from the hydrolyzed residue with enzymes, similar to what obtained through an alkaline deproteinization process and, consequently, promote improvements in the blue crab waste environmental management.
Development of a Bioactive Food Additive for Controlling of Fungal GrowthIJEAB
Fresh foods have a great importance in human nutrition. However, they are marketed with greatly reduced shelf life mainly due to fungal spoilage. In this work, cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma asperellum T00 (TCWDE) were immobilized onto cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) in order to evaluate the potential use of this material as food additive aiming to increase the shelf life by inhibiting fungal growth. Results from factorial design (32) evidenced that the best conditions for TCWDE immobilization was achieved with 20 min of reaction using 1 mmol L-1 of NaIO4. On these conditions it was observed 91% of retention yield for NAGase (30.1 ± 0.38 U mL-1), 41% for chitinase (0.67 ± 0.05 U mL-1), and 24% for β-1,3-glucanase (0.017± 0.001 U mL-1). CGP/TCWDE was effective for growth inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. and the inhibition mechanism seems to involve changes in the cell wall of those microorganisms. Finally, the CGP/TCWDE presented high stability after drying, maintaining enzymatic and biological activity after 200 days of storage at room temperature (25 ºC).
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
Oxygen Interference in Methane Generation from Biodegradation of Solid Waste ...crimsonpublisherspps
The main solid wastes from tanneries are wet-blue shavings (chrome tanned leather) and sludge emitted mainly from waste-water treatment plants (WWTP). The main degradation process that occurs on solid media is anaerobic digestion. In this process the main products are methane (CH4), which has a high calorific value, and carbon dioxide (CO2); together these gases compose the emitted biogas. Methanogens, which are strict anaerobes, are responsible for the last step of anaerobic digestion and it is through their metabolism that methane is generated
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000505.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Prime research material
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/
Evaluation of Gamma Irradiation Effects on Brazilian Orange Melon (Cucumis me...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Orange flesh melons (Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus) is widely cultivated in Brazil, especially in the Northeast region. The study was carried out to determine the effects of gamma irradiation at doses 0.5 and 1.0 kGy on the carotenoids, sugars, volatile, flavor and sensory characteristics. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) were used to identify and quantify carotenoids, sugars and volatile compounds. Sensorial analysis was performed by untrained tasters using a just right scale. Were evaluated the suitability of the intensity of firmness. There were no significant changes in the parameters of pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids analyzed on samples. Determinations of total carotenoids, volatile compounds, the levels of sugar and flavor and firmness parameters indicated that the best irradiation dose was 0.5 kGy. The orange melon is good source of carotenoids (23,800μg.100g-1), being the major compound β-carotene, can be employed to combat hypovitaminosis A.
Vitalink is a project management firm with an extensive Sales and Marketing
background and a strong IT infrastructure. We do consulting, supply chain,
marketing & technology services and outsourcing.
Development of a Bioactive Food Additive for Controlling of Fungal GrowthIJEAB
Fresh foods have a great importance in human nutrition. However, they are marketed with greatly reduced shelf life mainly due to fungal spoilage. In this work, cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma asperellum T00 (TCWDE) were immobilized onto cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) in order to evaluate the potential use of this material as food additive aiming to increase the shelf life by inhibiting fungal growth. Results from factorial design (32) evidenced that the best conditions for TCWDE immobilization was achieved with 20 min of reaction using 1 mmol L-1 of NaIO4. On these conditions it was observed 91% of retention yield for NAGase (30.1 ± 0.38 U mL-1), 41% for chitinase (0.67 ± 0.05 U mL-1), and 24% for β-1,3-glucanase (0.017± 0.001 U mL-1). CGP/TCWDE was effective for growth inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. and the inhibition mechanism seems to involve changes in the cell wall of those microorganisms. Finally, the CGP/TCWDE presented high stability after drying, maintaining enzymatic and biological activity after 200 days of storage at room temperature (25 ºC).
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
Oxygen Interference in Methane Generation from Biodegradation of Solid Waste ...crimsonpublisherspps
The main solid wastes from tanneries are wet-blue shavings (chrome tanned leather) and sludge emitted mainly from waste-water treatment plants (WWTP). The main degradation process that occurs on solid media is anaerobic digestion. In this process the main products are methane (CH4), which has a high calorific value, and carbon dioxide (CO2); together these gases compose the emitted biogas. Methanogens, which are strict anaerobes, are responsible for the last step of anaerobic digestion and it is through their metabolism that methane is generated
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000505.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Prime research material
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/
Evaluation of Gamma Irradiation Effects on Brazilian Orange Melon (Cucumis me...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Orange flesh melons (Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus) is widely cultivated in Brazil, especially in the Northeast region. The study was carried out to determine the effects of gamma irradiation at doses 0.5 and 1.0 kGy on the carotenoids, sugars, volatile, flavor and sensory characteristics. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) were used to identify and quantify carotenoids, sugars and volatile compounds. Sensorial analysis was performed by untrained tasters using a just right scale. Were evaluated the suitability of the intensity of firmness. There were no significant changes in the parameters of pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids analyzed on samples. Determinations of total carotenoids, volatile compounds, the levels of sugar and flavor and firmness parameters indicated that the best irradiation dose was 0.5 kGy. The orange melon is good source of carotenoids (23,800μg.100g-1), being the major compound β-carotene, can be employed to combat hypovitaminosis A.
Vitalink is a project management firm with an extensive Sales and Marketing
background and a strong IT infrastructure. We do consulting, supply chain,
marketing & technology services and outsourcing.
Nutritional Diagnosis of "Hass" Avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) Soil Fertili...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In recent years, the avocado has become an important fruit species in Mexico, where it is distributed in six states, among which there is the state of Morelos. For the study, two agrohabitats with eight-year-old avocado orchards located in Tepoztlán, Morelos were selected. Soil fertility of the orchards was evaluated, as well as the quality of irrigation water, and the nutritional state of the leaves; sufficiency ranges were calculated, and the Deviation from Optimum Percentage method was used to interpret the results. Soils and the quality of irrigation water showed different chemical characteristics that had an influence on nutrient concentration in avocado leaves. The Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) method allowed us to identify requirements of N, Zn, Mn, Fe and B in agrohabitat one, and deficiencies of P, K, Ca, S, Zn and Mn in agrohabitat two, which must be taken into account to implement a fertilization program in the studied orchards.
Modelagem de Negócios Inovadores - Lean Startup: Montagem dos ExperimentosThiago Ribeiro
Aula sobre o pensamento Lean Startup do Curso de Modelagem de Negócios Inovadores, oferecido pela Escola de Extensão do Instituto de Economia da Unicamp, no 4º Bimestre de 2016.
New Funding & Development Opportunities for InnovatorsIsabelle Sparrow
On November 8th GM AHSN invited innovators from the region to an event at the Nowgen Centre in Manchester. The event provided information about some of the current funding and support opportunities available to healthcare innovators, including programmes from GM AHSN's Innovation Nexus, SBRI Healthcare and the Business Growth Hub.
Knowledge Management systems are the set of processes developed in an organization to create, gather, store, maintain, and disseminate the firm's knowledge.
Teatro de la sensacion laboratorio intensivo de expresion y comunicacion Miguel Muñoz de Morales
TALLER INTENSIVO-ENERO -2017- Laboratorio de Expresión Corporal y Comunicación “Hablar con el otro”
TEATRO DE LA SENSACIÒN.
ESCUELA DE ARTES ESCÉNICAS DE CASTILLA LA MANCHA
Ciudad Real-Castilla La Mancha -España.
Callejón de las Monjas nº 1 · Tfnos: 691232739 - 926922776
info@teatrodelasensación.es · http://teatrodelasensacionela.blogspot.com/
CP.:13003 Ciudad Real-España
De Lunes a Jueves. Del Lunes 30 al Jueves 2 de Febrero Horario: de 20:30 a 22:30 H. Ponente: Juan de Dios López Carneros Director de Cia.El Botón Perdido.
Política de Públicos y Precios_ Precio del Taller: 35.-€ 15% de descuento en Talleres y Cursos Intensivos. Estudiantes, Alumnas/os y Comunidad Universitaria de CLM
TEATRO DE LA SENSACIÒN.
ESCUELA DE ARTES ESCÉNICAS DE CASTILLA LA MANCHA
Ciudad Real-Castilla La Mancha -España.
Callejón de las Monjas nº 1 · Tfnos: 691232739 - 926922776
info@teatrodelasensación.es · http://teatrodelasensacionela.blogspot.com/
CP.:13003 Ciudad Real-España
Socias/os, Jubiladas/os y Desempleadas/os. Interesadas/os, para más información:
Teatro de La Sensación/Calle Monjas nº1 Tfnos: 691232739-926922776 E mail teatrodelasensacio@yahoo.es Persona de contacto: Miguel Muñoz de Morales. Organiza: Teatro de la Sensación. Escuela de Artes Escénicas de Castilla La Mancha Proyecto de Formación de Teatro de La Sensación de Ciudad Real. Coordinador general: Miguel Muñoz de Morales
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
Fungal cellulase xylanase production and corresponding hydrolysis using pretr...zhenhua82
Three pretreated corn stover (ammonia fiber expansion, dilute acid, and dilute alkali) were used as carbon source to culture Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 for cellulase and xylanase production. The results indicated that the cultures on ammonia fiber expansion and alkali pretreated corn stover had better enzyme production than the acid pretreated ones. The consequent enzymatic hydrolysis was performed applying fungal enzymes on pretreated corn stover samples. Tukey’s statistical comparisons exhibited that there were significant differences on enzymatic hydrolysis among different combination of fungal enzymes and pretreated corn stover. The higher sugar yields were achieved by the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute alkali pretreated corn stover.
Optimization of Experimental Biomethanation Applied to Poultry Droppings for ...IJEAB
The fight against climate change is first and foremost passed by the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG). Mainly in the form of methane CH4, the GHGs emitted by the waste originate from the decomposition of organic matter which is more commonly known as Anaerobic Digestion (AD) or Biomethanation. Livestock manure is one of the major hazards to the environment and human health due to the nuisances and pollution generated. The present study consists of optimizing the methane fermentation applied to poultry droppings. This optimization focuses on the daily monitoring of experimental digesters, on the physico-chemical characterization of the inputs used and on the study of the effect of temperature and inoculum changes on the daily production of biogas and its composition (CH4, CO2 and H2S). The main results show, on the one hand, that the stability of the DA process after initial filling depends on experimental conditions, the general characteristics of the anaerobic digester, the initial biomass activity and the nature of the introduced inoculum. On the other hand, the production of biogas is better at a temperature of 35°C than at a temperature of 55°C and the addition of the inoculum has improved the production of biogas and the CH4 content, especially the use Of liquid poultry digestate.
Multiple response optimization analysis for pretreatments of Tequila’s stilla...Roberto Bolaños
The objective of this work was study the effect of three pretreatments (alkalinization, thermical treatment, and sonication) on Tequila’s
stillages hydrolysis process in acidogenesis stage, through the following response variables: soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs),
total sugar and volatile fatty acids profile and the hydrogen production at the time. The stillages were subject to these pretreatments
(according to a 23 factorial design); afterward they were transferred to a batch reactor at 35 C and inoculated with an anaerobic digestor
sludge. Multiple response optimization (MRO) analysis was done to find the global optimum for the response variables described above.
This optimum is able to maximize simultaneously all these variables. It was found adequate to be useful hydrolyzing the organic matter
present in Tequila’s stillages. Mathematical models were fitted to observe the estimated effects of pretreatments on each response variable,
then the MRO was applied.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
UV Mutagenesis Enhanced Biotransformation Efficiency of Rutin to Isoquercitri...iosrjce
In order to obtain high biotransformation efficiency of rutin to isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-Oglucoside),
Bacillus litoralis C44 was treated by UV mutagenesis to screen the thermo- and alkali-tolerant
mutants, for these conditions allow for a very high substrate concentration. The optimal mutagen dose for strain
C44 was irradiation for 50s with a 15W UV lamp from 30 cm away. The mutants were preliminary screened by
quantitative TLC, and 16 mutant strains were faced to second-screening by HPLC. As a result, a genetic stable
mutant strain UV-2-45 was obtained, which got a biotransformation rate of 3.9 times more than the original
strain Bacillus litoralis C44, and its mole yield reached as high as 91% from 3 g/L of rutin in glycine-sodium
hydroxide buffer (pH 9.0) at 45°C for 2 days.
Influence Of Different Nitrogen And Organic Carbon Sources On Microalgae Grow...iosrjce
Microalgae based biofuels are getting attention due to energy crisis and enviromental protection. In
the present study, the Chlorella sp. was cultivated in BG-11 medium at batch mode. The effect of different
nitrogen (sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea) and organic carbon (glucose, glycerol and sucrose)
sources were analyzed on growth and lipid accumulation on this species. The highest biomass growth and
biomass productivity of chlorella sp. was found 1.29±0.04 g/l, 76.96±4.5mgl-1
d
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1 in urea. However in case of
organic sources, the biomass growth and productivity was found maximum in glucose (1.43±0.075 g/l 86.04±3.2
mgl-1
d
-1
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source (11.84%) . Among organic carbon sources, the maximum lipid content (13.22% and lipid yield 189.94
mg/l were found in case of glucose, followed by glycerol and sucrose. Various properties of biodiesel obtained
from chlorella sp. such as Cetane number, Saponification value, Iodine value and Degree of unsaturation were
followed standerds set by the national petroleum agency (ANP255), ASTMD6751 and EN14214.
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cassava Waste Water and Abdominal Cow Dung under Ch...IJCMESJOURNAL
Anaerobic co-digestion of cassava waste water (CWW) and abdominal cow dung (ACD)in different proportions was studied in five treatments under changing meteorological conditions. The five treatment cases T1: 100% CWW; T2: 100% ACD; T3: 90%CWW +10%ACD; T4:70%CWW+30%ACD; T5: 50%CWW+50%ACD were digested under anaerobic conditions in model batch, metallic bio digesters of same working volume (32.0 liters) for 30 days retention period. Results indicated that T2 system flamed on the 20th day, T5 on the 20th day while T1, T4 and T3 systems didn’t flame. T1 had cumulative gas yield of 12.7 liters; T2 had 28.85 liters; T3 had 12.5 liters,T4 had 11.1 liters while T5 had cumulative gas yield of 15.8 liters per 24kg mass of slurry. T2had 91.20% methane; while T5 produced 92.999% methane. Daily biogas yields were modeled as functions of meteorological parameters. Results indicated that many parameters showed good correlations with ambient temperature.
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Production of bioethanol from biomass of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-2, February- 2016]
Page | 110
Production of bioethanol from biomass of microalgae Dunaliella
tertiolecta
Nancy Varela-Bojórquez1*
, Rosabel Vélez-de la Rocha2
, Miguel Ángel Angulo
Escalante3
, J. Adriana Sañudo-Barajas4*
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Unidad Culiacán, Carr. a El Dorado km 5.5 Campo El Diez, AP
32-A, C.P. 80129, Sinaloa, México
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella
tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim
of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture
of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1
of dry basis
(db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13%
db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar
characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids.
The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed
biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1
of ethanol. In conclusion, D.
tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Keywords— biofuels, microalgae, bioethanol, fermentation, composition.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, biofuels are being highly studied due to the interest of reducing the emissions of green house gases that affect the
environment and humans. Oceans absorbs great concentrations of the CO2 released into the atmosphere, which causes a
decrease in pH and impacts in negative changes to the marine ecosystem (Mata et al., 2010).
The increase in fossil fuel prices and the attempts to mitigate environmental pollution, have evolved in new energy resources,
but the development of new process is needed particularly in the production of liquid biofuels such as bioethanol (Vertés et
al., 2010).
The bioethanol is gaining popularity among other fuels by the wide variety of raw materials that can be used for production.
The main producers of bioethanol used as raw material sugar cane and cereals rich in sugar and starch, such as corn
(Gazzoni, 2009). However, the growth of the biofuel industry in the world is limited by the availability of land suitable for
agriculture and biomass yields per hectare. Therefore, obtaining biofuel from microalgae biomass appears as a promising
alternative for long term, this is because the algae is able to grow practically anywhere where enough sunlight and water is
guaranteed. Other positive aspects is that these microorganisms might achieve a complete growth cycle in a few days, do not
compete for agricultural areas with the food industry because do not require large areas or fertile land for the propagation.
Microalgae biofuel also contributes to environmental improvement by capturing CO2 (Yun et al., 1997; Benjumea et al.,
2009; Zah et al., 2010).
Microalgaes are photosynthetic organisms with the ability to transform solar energy into macro molecules for chemical
energy storage, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (De Schamphelaire and Vestraete, 2009).
One of the uses of microalgae is the production of secondary metabolites, which can be used as antibiotics, algaecides,
toxins, pharmaceutical active compounds, and also for extraction of macromolecules such as lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids (Kumar and Verma, 2009). On the other hand, the components of biomass can also be used in the production of
biofuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas, among others (Demirbas, 2010).
Dunaliella tertiolecta presents high tolerance to changes in salinity, temperature and light, so its cultivation is relatively easy
compared to other sensitive species. Once this species rise the adaptation, its rate of growth is very high improving its yield
(Chen et al., 2011a).
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-2, February- 2016]
Page | 111
In this research, D. tertiolecta culture was established on a pilot basis, and the biomass was collected and characterized
previously to ethanolic fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Biomass cultivation
All material was immersed in 2 M HCl for 24 h, rinsed with distilled water, and finally autoclaved. Seawater recollected
from Altata bay (Sinaloa, Mexico) was subsequently filtered through a sieve (100 μm), activated carbon (5 μm) and nylon
membrane (0.45 μm). The salinity of the water was measured indirectly and adjusted with distilled water to 33 g·L-1
by
measuring total soluble solids using a refractometer (Mettler Toledo RE40D). Nutrient solutions for the f/2 medium were
prepared according to Guillard and Ryther (1962) for 20 L of culture. Four liters of D. tertiolecta culture provided by the
Institute of Marine Sciences and Limnology, UNAM (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico) were used as inoculum. The cultivation
was maintained under controlled conditions; temperature of 23 to 24 °C with 12 h light and 12 h darkness cycles and
connected to an aeration system with filters of activated carbon and silica. D. tertiolecta biomass was recovered by
centrifugation at 4 000 rpm and 10 °C, then washed with 0.5 M ammonium formate and lyophilized for preservation.
2.2 Composition analysis
The AOAC method (988.05; Micro Kjeldahl) was used for protein determination. Briefly, 0.1 g sample was weighed, then
1.5 g of catalyst mixture (5% CuSO4 and 95% K2SO4) and 5 ml of H2SO4 were added. It was boiled in the digester micro
kjeldahl then distilled (Labconco Rapid Still I) and mixed with 40% NaOH. The distillate was titrated with 0.1 N HCl and the
protein content was calculated using a protein nitrogen factor of 6.25. Ashes were determined by the gravimetric method
AOAC (923.03). The sample was calcined into a muffle at 550 °C for 3 h, then it was cooled into a desiccator previously to
weighing. Mineral content was analyzed from the ashes according to the AOAC (955.06) method. The individual
determination of each mineral was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Varian Model SpectrAA-20). The
minerals Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn were determined by lamps at specific wavelengths, while the Cu and K were measured by flame
emission.
Lipids were extracted from the biomass by mixing with 8 ml of hexane for 30 min at 60 °C. Upper phase was separated by
spinning, transferred to a preweighed flask and rotovapped for lipid concentration. The content was calculated by weight
difference.
Total dietary fiber assay was determined according to AOAC (Method 985.29) with the commercial kit from Megazyme.
First, 0.6 g of sample was weighed by duplicated in flasks and 50 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) were added. The
enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with thermostable α-amylase (150 U) in a boiling water bath for 30 min at 100 °C,
protease (35 U, pH 7.5) and amyloglucosidase (40 U, pH 4.5) both during 30 min at 60 ° C. The solubilized dietary fiber was
subsequently mixed with 300 ml of ethanol (60 °C) for precipitation, after 2 h was recovered by filtration in crucibles with 1
g of celite and oven-dried (70 °C). After cooled and weighed; the crucibles were used for protein and ash quantification.
Total dietary fiber was determined by gravimetry. For starch determination, 30 mg of biomass was mixed with 30 U of α-
amylase and 20 min boiled in water bath for 20 min. Four ml of 200 mM sodium acetate and 20 U amyloglucosidase were
added and the samples incubated for 30 min at 50 °C. The volume was adjusted at 10 ml with distilled water and insoluble
material was pelleted by spinning (3,000 xg for 10 min). The supernatant was diluted and aliquotes were used for glucose
assay by GODOP method (glucose oxidase, peroxidase and 4-aminoantipyrine in hydroxybenzoic acid buffer and sodium
azide) (Megazyme). The absorbance was measured at 510 nm using a spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 1E) and calculations
based in glucose solutions of known concentration.
Lipids were extracted by the method of Folch et al. (1957). Extracted lipids were derivatized to methyl esters following the
AOAC (969.33). A gas chromatograph (Varian CP-3800) with FID detector (250 °C) and a capillary column 30 m x 0.32
mm was used. The injector and detector temperature were 250 and 275 °C, respectively. Identification and quantification of
fatty acids were performed by comparing the retention times of a standard mixture of 37 methylesters fatty acids C4-C24
(Supelco).
The composition of neutral sugars was determined by the method of alditol acetates (Albersheim et al., 1967).
Approximately 2 mg of sample were weighed and hydrolysed for 1 h at 121 °C (dry heat) with 500 μl of 2 N trifluoroacetic
acid (TFA) containing 100 μL·ml-1
myo-inositol. The TFA soluble supernatants were separated from the solid fraction by
centrifugation and dried, follow by the transformation to alditol acetates (Blakeney et al., 1983). For the analysis, the samples
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-2, February- 2016]
Page | 112
were injected into a gas chromatograph Varian CP-3800 with FID detector (250 °C), a DB-23 capillary column 30 m x 0.25
mm (210 °C) and helium as carrier (3 ml·min-1
). The calculation was performed from a calibration curve with known
concentrations of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and myo-inositol as an internal standard
(all standards were Sigma®).
2.3 Bioethanol production
Biomass was hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid 1% (v/v) at 120 °C for 15 min (ratio 1:100). The hydrolyzed was filtered with a
fiberglass filter in order to remove the solid residue. The saccharified product was neutralized with sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) 2 M and then autoclaved at 120 °C for 15 min.
Conditioning of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was made with a suspension 10% (w/v) of lyophilized yeast in sterile distilled
water. In 900 ml of distilled water 12 g tryptone, 24 g yeast extract and 12 ml of glycerol were dissolved, while in 100 ml of
distilled water, 9.4 g and 2.2 g of monobasic potassium phosphate. Both solutions were autoclaved and mixed (Harun et al.,
2009).
To prepare inoculum for the fermentation, 200 ml of Terrific Broth (TB) medium was transferred to a flask and 6 ml of the
yeast suspension was added and incubated for 24 h (200 rpm, 30°C). The incubation time was 21 to 24 h, it was previously
determined by measuring the optical density (OD) at 620 nm (Varian Cary 1E) each 3 h. OD readings and the incubation
time were used for the kinetics of growth. The yeast was recovered by centrifugation at 600 x g for 2 min, the supernatant
was removed and 3 washes (1% phosphoric acid) were needed to remove residual sugars (Harun and Danquah, 2011).
Kinetic curve for ethanol production was generated to determine the maximum rate production during the fermentation
process. Sampling was performed every 3 h (2 ml aliquots), until 66 h of incubation. Prior to chromatographic determination
of ethanol, the samples were centrifuged at 5 000 rpm for 5 min and filtered with 0.45 µm nylon membrane, then the sample
was placed in vials and 0.2% internal standard (1-propanol) was added, it was placed in an incubator at 60 °C for 15 min and
1 ml of headspace gas vial and injected into the gas chromatograph. The ethanol concentration was calculated using a
calibration curve with known standards of ethanol and 1-propanol.
The ethanol assay was performed with a chromatograph equipped with injector (200 °C) and FID detector (225 °C).The
initial column (DB-23, 30 m x 0.25 mm and 0.25 µm film thickness) temperature was 40 °C for 1.6 min then at 200 °C at
rate of 30 °C·min-1
. The injection volume was 1 μl with a split of 30. Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 3
ml·min-1
with an initial pressure of 6.5 psi and a ramp up to 11.6 psi, the total run time was 12 min.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Proximal analysis
Culture yields of D. tertiolecta were 0.153±0.038 g of dry biomass (db) per liter of culture, much minor amount than a
previous study where reported up to 0.5 g·L-1
(Chisti, 2007). The marked difference in yield may be caused by the mineral
content of the biomass, however the previous work does not report the mineral remotion from biomass before dehydration, in
consequence, sea-water minerals and probably the own culture medium might cause yield over-estimation. In this research
we performed exhaustive biomass washing with ammonium formate to minimize mineral interference. Previous reports
reached up to 60% in mineral content when not removed (Mageswaran and Sivasubramaniam, 1984).
The proximal characterization of D. tertiolecta showed that proteins had the highest proportion to a value of 37.1% db (Table
1); this value is consistent with previous studies reporting from 32 to 53% protein content (Vásquez-Suarez et al., 2007). The
ash content was 6.5%, indicating the success of washing and the culture remotion (Table 1). Little variation was found in the
mineral concentration of D. tertiolecta with respect to the species Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris and Isochrisis
galbana studied by Tokusoglu and Üunal (2003), and agreed with the mineral composition of algaes (Globblelaar, 2004),
indicating an adequate culture growth of D. tertiolecta (Table 2).
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-2, February- 2016]
Page | 113
TABLE 1
PROXIMAL COMPOSITION (DRY BASIS) OF THE BIOMASS OF D. tertiolecta.
Component Content (% or g· 100g-1
of biomass)
Protein 37.2 ± 2.80
Carbohydrates
Starch 27.1 ± 0.10
Fiber 8.5 ± 1.10
Ashes 6.5 ± 0.80
Lipids 13.0 ± 0.30
TABLE 2
COMPOSITION OF MINERALS IN THE BIOMASS OF D. tertiolecta
Mineral mg of mineral· g-1
biomass
Sodium (Na) 11.16 ± 0.10
Potassium (K) 4.29 ± 0.03
Calcium (Ca) 2.27 ± 0.09
Magnesium (Mg) 2.43 ± 0.08
Iron (Fe) 1.37 ± 0.02
Manganese (Mn) 0.03 ± 0.00
Zinc (Zn) 0.10 ± 0.00
Cupper (Cu) 0.02 ± 0.00
The lipid concentration was 13%, therefore it was considered low because for viable production of biodiesel, the lipid
content must range from 20-50% (Brennan and Owende, 2010); while Mata et al. (2010) mentioned a wider range up to 20-
70%. However the lipid content in microalgae biomass might be modificated by changing culture condition, like temperature,
salinity and nitrogen source (Wu and Hsieh, 2008). This result reveals the need of further studies focused to improve the lipid
content in D. tertiolecta biomass. The main fatty acids in D. tertiolecta were palmitic acid (C16:0) and linolenic acid (C18:3,
cis-9,12,15) with 19.08 ± 1.59 and 36.53 ± 1.18 respectively, which resulted into a typical behavior in this species of
microalgae as reported in previous studies (Volkman et al., 1989; Gouveia and Oliveira, 2009; Chen et al., 2011b).
From the total carbohydrate content for D. tertiolecta biomass (35.6%), glucose was the major neutral sugar component with
91% of the molar proportion. Other sugars were found in lower concentrations (5%), as shown in Figure 1. This content was
higher to previously reported by Brown et al. (1997) for five species of Clorophytes, including D. tertiolecta, where they
determined less than the 60% of glucose content, while values of sugars like galactose, rhamnose, mannose and fucose, were
higher to our findings in the present study. For the neutral sugar arabinose, similar concentrations were obtained. The
carbohydrate composition varies according to microalgae specie (Williams and Laurens, 2010). The high glucose content in
the biomass is due to the starch formed in the cell chloroplast, since this polysaccharide is conformed of chains of α-1,4-
glucose rearranged in linear (amylose) o branched (amylopectin) structures. For fermentable sugars releasing, it was
necessary to carry out an hydrolysis of the biomass, process known as a saccharification (Harun and Danquah, 2011; Ho et
al., 2013). Previous report of 37% of carbohydrate content in biomass of C. vulgaris, was named suitable for bioethanol
production (Hirano et al, 1997; Brennan and Owende, 2010), therefore our results might be considered favorable for this
purpose.
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-2, February- 2016]
Page | 114
FIGURE 1. NEUTRAL SUGAR COMPOSITION OF D. TERTIOLECTA DETERMINED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. THE BARS
INDICATE STANDARD DEVIATION (N=4). RHA, RAMNOSE; FUC, FUCOSE; ARA, ARABINOSE; XYL, XYLOSE; MAN, MANNOSE;
GAL, GALACTOSE; GLU, GLUCOSE.
3.2 Bioethanol production
The saccharified biomass was fermentated during 66 h as seen in Figure 2, and the maximum concentration of ethanol
occurred between 30 and 33 h of incubation at a efficiency of 0.6158 ± 0.06 ml ethanol·g-1
biomass (db), equal to 0.48 ± 0.05
g ethanol·g-1
biomass (db).
The advantage of saccharification was demonstrated by Harun et al. (2010) and Harun and Danquah (2011), when
unhydrolyzed biomass used as carbon source for ethanol production resulted in lower productivity as compared with
fermentation process over hydrolyzed carbon source. However, it is important to highlight that these differences in
fermentative efficiency are also influenced by the microalgae specie, culture conditions and fermentation process.
FIGURE 2. KINETICS OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION AT DIFFERENT FERMENTATION TIMES OF D. TERTIOLECTA BIOMASS
WITH S. CEREVISIAE. THE BARS INDICATE STANDARD DEVIATION (N = 3).
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-2, February- 2016]
Page | 115
IV. CONCLUSION
D. tertiolecta demonstrate good cultivation adaptability and its potential as raw material for the production of biofuels. The
amount and fermentability of carbohydrates composing the biomass of D. tertiolecta makes it suitable for the bioethanol
production, but lipid accumulation at the growing conditions was considered not competitive for biodiesel production.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We like to thank: Fundacion Produce Sinaloa (FPS) for project funding; to the members of CIAD, Werner Rubio Carrasco,
Eduardo Sanchez Valdez and Veronica Perez for technical assistance; to the members of Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y
Limnología, Rosalba Alonso Rodríguez and Any Noriega Astorga for the microalgae collection and technical support.
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