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Effective Writing and Avoiding Plagiarism
- 1. EFFECTIVE WRITING Finding AppropriateResources Giving Credit to Sources Avoiding Plagiarism April Aultman Becker Education Coordinator Research Medical Library MD Anderson Cancer Center avaultman@mdanderson.org
- 2. WHY WORRY ABOUT WRITING WELL? •Reputation •Professionalachievement •Liability issues •Lack of clarity can lead to lawsuit •Critical thinking skills •Communication skills
- 3. CHOOSING APPROPRIATE RESOURCES •Timely or historicallysignificant •Internet references should be chosen carefully and used sparingly •Use scholarly sources
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- 5. HOW TO FIND SCHOLARLY RESOURCES •SCOPUS •CINAHL •EBooks Alldatabases, journals, and eBooks can be found on the Research Medical Library homepage or in the Sakai Library Portal
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- 10. DAY 2 EFFECTIVE WRITING FindingAppropriate Resources Giving Credit to Sources Avoiding Plagiarism April Aultman Becker Education Coordinator Research Medical Library MD Anderson Cancer Center avaultman@mdanderson.org
- 11. WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? “The unauthorizeduse or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work.” -American Heritage Dictionary
- 12. WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OFPLAGIARISM? •A charge of plagiarism can have severe consequences •MD Anderson Policy on Academic Dishonesty http://www.lib.utexas.edu/services/instruction/learningmodules/plagiarism/
- 13. OBVIOUS PLAGIARISM •Buying, stealing, orborrowing a paper. •Hiring someone to write your paper for you •Copying large sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation.
- 14. WHAT ARE THE CAUSESOF PLAGIARISM? •Fear failure •Poor time-management skills •View the assignment as unimportant •Failed enforcement of appropriate penalties
- 15. ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM •Using the wordsof a source too closely when paraphrasing •Building on someone's ideas without citing their work.
- 16. WHAT ARE THE CAUSESOF PLAGIARISM? •Students may not know how to cite sources •Plagiarism defined differently or more stringently than in students’ earlier education •Students from other cultures may not be familiar with the conventions
- 17. SELF PLAGIARISM •Copying yourown previously- published work without citation •Submitting the same article to a different publication
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- 19. WHEN TO CITE •When indoubt •Someone else’s idea •Your interpretation of their idea •Your reaction to their idea •Making a factual claim
- 20. WHAT NEEDS TO BECITED •Words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium •Information you gain through interviewing •When you copy the exact words •Reprinted visual materials •Reposted electronically-available media
- 21. WHAT NOT TO CITE •Yourown experiences, observations, and thoughts •Your own results obtained through lab or field experiments •Your own artwork •Common knowledge
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- 23. CITING REFERENCES WITHIN TEXT References withinthe text should be listed in the order of citation, using superscript numerals. For more information, see the AMA Manual of Style.
- 24. CITING REFERENCES AT THE ENDOF TEXT References should be listed in the order of citation in a separate section at the end of the paper. For more information, see the AMA Manual of Style.
- 25. DAY 3 EFFECTIVE WRITING FindingAppropriate Resources Giving Credit to Sources Avoiding Plagiarism April Aultman Becker Education Coordinator Research Medical Library MD Anderson Cancer Center avaultman@mdanderson.org
- 26. HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM Use quotations,paraphrases, and summaries to incorporate other writers' work into your own writing, and always make sure to cite it appropriately.
- 27. QUOTATIONS, PARAPHRASES, AND SUMMARIES CAN: •Providesupport •Add credibility •Refer to work •Points of view •Call attention to a position •Highlight •Expand
- 28. QUOTES •Identical to theoriginal •Cited •Don’t over quote
- 29. SHORT AND LONG QUOTES •Run On:less than 4 typed lines, it is included in the normal text •Block: 4 or more typed lines, it is set off in block style from http://www.docstyles.com/amastat.htm
- 30. QUOTING INDIRECT SOURCES •Indirect source isa source that someone else used in a paper. •Be clear about your second hand source. Image from http://westlibrary.txwes.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/ama_citation_style.pdf
- 31. GUIDELINES FOR QUOTING •Keep thesource author's name •Quotation marks •Use ellipsis points •To give context to a quote, place added words in brackets
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- 33. CITING TABLES •Only for crucialdata •Placed close to text •Numbered •Titled •Cited Image from https://www.asrt.org/media/pdf/pubs/AG08_all.pdf
- 34. PARAPHRASE •Putting a passageinto your own words •Cited •Usually shorter
- 35. PARAPHRASING IS A VALUABLE SKILL •Controlsthe temptation to quote too much. •Understand the original text.
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- 37. SUMMARIZE •Main idea intoyour own words •Cited or attributed •Broad overview of the source material.
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- 41. HOW CAN THE RESEARCH MEDICALLIBRARY HELP YOU? •Classes •Study rooms •ILLIAD •Librarians •Phone: 713-792-2282 •Email: RML-Help@mdanderson.org •Chat: http://www3.mdanderson.org/library/
- 42. SOURCES AMA Manual ofStyle http://www.amamanualofstyle.com/oso/public/index.html ASRT Guide for Authors with AMA Citation Style https://www.asrt.org/media/pdf/pubs/AG08_all.pdf Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism: The WPA Statement http://wpacouncil.org/node/9 Kresge Library, Oakland University Plagiarism Tutorial http://library.oakland.edu/tutorials/plagiarism/ The Plagiarism Policy of the American Journal of Nursing http://www.nursingcenter.com/library/JournalArticle.asp?Article_ID=727942 Purdue OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/1/ University of the Rockies Writing Center http://www.rockies.edu/docs/Hoffman_Effective_Writing.pdf
Editor's Notes
- #2 Welcome to the three-part effective writing/avoiding plagiarism seminar. I’m April, and I’m here from the RML, which is on the 21st floor of Pickens, and we’re open everyday from 7:30am until 7:00pm, so please stop by to browse, relax, or ask for help.I hope that most of this will be a review for you guys, but you may learn something, and it all bears repeating.
- #3 As health professionals, your reputation is on the line when you write, and especially when you publish.Writing poorly, or worse, plagiarizing another’s work will hinder your professional achievement.Writing incorrectly can bring up liability issues in the health care environment.Lacking clarity in your writing could lead to a lawsuitGood things come from writing well, like it improves your critical thinking and communication skills, both important in health care, your job, and your future.
- #4 At this point in your career and education, writing begins when you get an assignment. In the future, you may choose or be required to publish professional articles. Either way, once you have a topic, you must gather resources. You may be a leader in your field, but you don’t know everything, so you have to turn to the experts.References should be timely or historically significant, and sufficiently support your topicInternet references should be chosen carefully and used sparingly; they should represent reliable research sources, such as government Web sites (e.g., National Institutes of Health), universities or online scientific and medical journals (e.g., Radiology). Avoid using marketing or trade publications. Totally skip Wikipedia or almost anything you find in a Google search.Use scholarly resources, Gather twice as many resources as you need; then narrow down the ones you will use.
- #5 What are scholarly sources? Scholarly journals contain articles written by, and addressed to, experts in a discipline. They are concerned with academic study, especially research, and demonstrate the methods and concerns of scholars. The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report original research or experimentation and to communicate this information to the rest of the scholarly world. The language of scholarly journals reflects the discipline covered, as it assumes some knowledge or background on the part of the reader. Scholarly journals always rigorously cite their sources in the form of footnotes or bibliographies. Many scholarly journals are published by professional organizations.Many scholarly journals use a process of peer review prior to publishing an article, whereby other scholars in the author's field or specialty critically assess a draft of the article. Peer-reviewed journals (also called refereed journals) are scholarly journals that only publish articles that have passed through this review process. The review process helps ensure that the published articles reflect solid scholarship in their fields.Peer Review Status - How do you find that? Google the journal title to find peer reviewed policy, or limit database to “peer reviewed”Audience - Who was the book written for? Again, by Googling you should be able to see who the audience isAuthor affiliation - How do you find that? Google the author or click on hyperlink of his/her name. Some databases will link for you or allow you to limit.
- #6 MDA library offers almost all articles to you full-text and free of charge. 92% can be accessed on our databases, we can get the others through ILLIADSCOPUS: has 100% MEDLINE coverage, indexes over 16,000 journals; contains 36 million referencesCINAHL: nursing and allied health databaseEbooks – Gale Virtual Library
- #7 Scholarly resource?Historically significant?Peer reviewed?Intended audience?Author affiliation?
- #8 Authors may cite a reference to support their own arguments or lay the foundation for their theses (documentation);As a credit to the work of other authors (acknowledgment); Avoid using one source throughout your paper and then forcing 4 others in a single citation to meet the minimum requirements of outside sources,having several paragraphs citing just one source, then the next citing another source, etc. Instead, references should be mixed and well integrated into your paper.Citations direct people to your sources or direct the reader to more detail or additional resourcesIncorrect use of reference and reference citations can lead to accidental plagiarism
- #9 Relating to your past assignment about defining antiseptics and disinfectants, let’s take a look at the linked the articlehttp://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/disease-health/difference-between-antiseptic-and-disinfectant/Would we consider this to be an internet source or a scholarly resource?Is this a historically significant article? How can we decide?If your instructor said that the source you got the information from must be peer reviewed, how could we figure that out?How can we figure out the intended audience of this article?What about author affiliation?After all that, you use this article or not in a paper?
- #10 Relating to your past assignment about defining antiseptics and disinfectants, let’s take a look at the linked the articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88911/Would we consider this to be an internet source or a scholarly resource?Is this a historically significant article? How can we decide?If your instructor said that the source you got the information from must be peer reviewed, how could we figure that out?How can we figure out the intended audience of this article?What about author affiliation?After all that, you use this article or not in a paper?
- #12 Most writers rely on the ideas and data of others, but doing so without naming the source is a form of plagiarism.Plagiarism is theft, even comes from the latin word for kidnapper!
- #13 A charge of plagiarism can have severe consequences, including expulsion from a university or loss of a job, not to mention a writer's loss of credibility and professional standing. American Journal of Nursing policy:When plagiarism is detected, by either peer reviewers or staff editors, before or after acceptance, during editing, or at any time before publication, AJN staff will alert the author, asking her or him to rewrite or quote exactly and to cite the original source. If the plagiarism is extensive-the article may be rejected and the author's employer notified of the infraction. If plagiarism is detected after publication, the editors will notify readers of the infraction through an editor's note in the journal, and the author's employer may be notified of the breach.Official MD Anderson Policy on Academic Dishonesty:Provisions: ConductUnacceptable conduct that would subject a student to disciplinary action includes but is not limited to the following:Engaging in scholastic dishonesty such as cheating, plagiarism, collusion, submitting another person's work or materials for credit, taking an examination for another person, acting in a manner that would give unfair advantage to himself or herself or another student or attempting to commit such act.Provisions: SanctionsThe following penalties may be assessed by the dean or the dean's designee:Disciplinary probationWithholding of grades, official transcript and/or degreeBar against readmissionRestitution or reimbursement for damage to or misappropriation of institutional or The University of Texas System propertySuspension of rights and privileges, including participation in extracurricular activitiesAssignment of a failing grade for an examination, assignment or course and/or cancellation of all or any portion of a prior course creditDenial of degreeSuspension from the institution for a specified period of timeExpulsion (permanent separation) from the institutionRevocation of degree and withdrawal of diplomaOther penalties as deemed appropriate under the circumstances
- #14 There are some actions that can almost unquestionably be labeled plagiarism. Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper. Hiring someone to write your paper for youCopying large sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation.When most people think of PLAGIARISM, they usually think of the intentional copying of the words of another and claiming them as one's own. This is one aspect of the problem, but not the only one. Plagiarism is a form of "intellectual dishonesty"
- #15 Students may fear failure or fear taking risks in their own work.Students may have poor time-management skills or they may plan poorly for the time and effort required for research-based writing, and believe they have no choice but to plagiarize.Students may view the course, the assignment, the conventions of academic documentation, or the consequences of cheating as unimportant.Teachers may present students with assignments so generic or unparticularized that students may believe they are justified in looking for canned responses.Instructors and institutions may fail to report cheating when it does occur, or may not enforce appropriate penalties.
- #16 But then there are actions that are usually in more of a gray area. Plagiarism may be unintentional, Using the words of a source too closely when paraphrasingBuilding on someone's ideas without citing their work. Also called misuse of sources.
- #17 Students may not know how to integrate the ideas of others and document the sources of those ideas appropriately in their texts. Gaining a familiarity of these rules is critically important, as inadvertent mistakes can lead to charges of plagiarism, which is the un-credited use (both intentional and unintentional) of somebody else's words or ideas.This level of academia may define plagiarism differently or more stringently than have instructors in students’ earlier education or in other writing situations.College instructors may assume that students have already learned appropriate academic conventions of research and documentation.Students from other cultures may not be familiar with the conventions governing attribution and plagiarism in American colleges and universities.Research-based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers. While some cultures may not insist so heavily on documenting sources of words, ideas, images, sounds, etc., American culture does
- #18 Self-plagiarism refers to the practice of an author using portions of their previous writings on the same topic in another of their publications, without specifically citing it formally in quotes. The author's copying of her or his own previously published material: duplicate publication or "self-plagiarism." If an author has published an article in Journal A, she or he may not send the same article with a few minor adjustments to Journal B. Nor may she or he take verbatim portions of the first article without quotation marks for use in a second article. Each publication should contain fresh writing, even if there is nothing new to report on the topic.This practice is widespread and sometimes unintentional, as there are only so many ways to say the same thing on many occasions, particularly when writing the Methods section of an article. Probably for this reason self-plagiarism is not regarded in the same light as plagiarism of the ideas and words of other individuals.
- #19 What is plagiarism quiz
- #20 When in doubt cite your source!When it is someone else’s idea When it’s your interpretation of their ideaWhen it’s your reaction to their ideaWhen you are making a factual claim
- #21 Words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other mediumInformation you gain through interviewing another person, face to face, over the phone, or in writingWhen you copy the exact words or a unique phraseWhen you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, or other visual materialsWhen you reuse or repost any electronically-available media, including images, audio, video, or other media
- #22 Your own lived experiences, observations, thoughts, and conclusions about a subjectYour own results obtained through lab or field experimentsYour own artwork, digital photographs, video, audio…Common knowledge, things like folklore, common sense observations, myths, urban legends, and historical events (but not historical documents). Generally speaking, you can regard something as common knowledge if you find the same information undocumented in at least five credible sources.
- #23 What is plagiarism quiz
- #24 References must be cited in two places: within the text and at the end of the article.References within the text should be listed in the order of citation, using superscript numerals.
- #25 References should be listed in the order of citation in a separate section at the end of the paper
- #28 Provide support for claims Add credibility to your writingRefer to work that leads up to the work you are now doingGive examples of several points of view on a subjectCall attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree withHighlight a particularly striking phrase, sentenceExpand the breadth or depth of your writing
- #29 Quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so. Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must be attributed to the original author.Don’t over quoteUse quotes that will have the most rhetorical, argumentative impact in your paper; too many direct quotes from sources may weaken your credibility, as though you have nothing to say yourself, and will certainly interfere with your style
- #30 Short = run on quoteLong = Block quote
- #31 You should only cite sources which you have read directly. If you don’t have the original, you need to be clear in your citation that this is a second hand source.Give the name of the original author to set up the quote
- #32 Keep the source author's name in the same sentence as the quoteMark the quote with quotation marks, or set it off from your text in its own blockTo shorten quotes by removing extra information, use ellipsis points (...) to indicate omitted text.To give context to a quote or otherwise add wording to it, place added words in brackets, []; be careful not to editorialize or make any additions that skew the original meaning of the quote—do that in your main text, e.g.,
- #33 How to quote and cite from a passage
- #34 You can use another’s data in your table, but you must cite itTables are efficient, enabling the researcher to present a large amount of data in a small amount of space; however, overuse of tables may be confusing for a reader. Therefore, reserve tables for crucial data that are directly related to the content of your article and for simplifying text that otherwise would be dense with numbers. Table parameters. Place tables in the text close after where they are first mentioned. Number tables consecutively. The table number is followed by a label or title in heading caps. "Each table should have a brief, specific, descriptive title, usually written as a phrase rather than as a sentence, that distinguishes the table from other data displays in the article.“Tables should be spaced for clarity. A contrasting font is also suggested in the text. Abbreviations may be used in column headings or row studs.
- #35 Putting a passage from source material into your own words. Paraphrasing is NOT: replacing every fifth word from a passage. replacing words in a passage with synonyms. keeping sentence structure but changing some words.All of the above are actually plagiarism.A paraphrase must be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.
- #36 It helps you control the temptation to quote too much.It helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original text.
- #38 Putting the main idea into your own wordsIt is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.
- #39 Summarize the main idea of the passage
- #40 Relating to your past assignment about defining antiseptics and disinfectants, let’s take a look at the linked the articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88911/Pull one quote from this article and set it up correctly in either long or short format.Paraphrase the first two sentences and set it up correctly.Summarize the entire paragraph.
- #41 Post test
- #42 Classes are available on searching databases like SCOPUS and PubMedStudy rooms are available to bookILL services through ILLIADLibrarians are available by phone, email, chat, or appointment