Graphic materials are visual images used to inform, illustrate or entertain. They include photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs and more. There are several types of graphics commonly used for instruction like drawings, charts, diagrams and graphs. Audiovisual materials refer to works with both sound and visual components, and are widely used in education. Examples include PowerPoint presentations, videos, and interactive whiteboards. Audiovisual materials are important teaching tools as they help arouse learner interest, provide a clear view of concepts, guide learning, and enhance comprehension compared to only verbal instruction.

1. Graphic
Materials

2. Graphics
 Graphics (from Greek γραφικός graphikos, 'something written' e.g.
autograph) are visual images or designs on some surface, such as a
wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone to inform, illustrate, or
entertain.
 In contemporary usage it includes: pictorial representation of data, as
in computer-aided design and manufacture, in typesetting and the
graphic arts, and in educational and recreational software.
Examples are :
photographs, drawings, Line_Art, graphs, diagrams, typography,
numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering
drawings, or other images. Graphics often
combine text, illustration, and color, Graphic design .

3. Types of graphic – commonly found in an instructional setting.
1. Drawing - include sketches and diagrams that employ graphic
arrangement of lines to represent person, places, things and
concepts.
cartoon
line

4. 2. Charts - are graphic replacements of abstract relationships such
as chronologies, quantities and hierarchies. They may appear as
tables and flowcharts, periodic tables, time lines etc.
Flow chart
Time charts
Organizational chart

5. 3. Diagram – any line drawing that shows
arrangement and relation as of parts to
the whole, relatives values origins and
development, chronological fluctuations,
distribution.
Affinity diagram
Tree diagram

6. 4. Graphs- provide a visual representation of numerical data.
They also show relationships between units of the data
and trends in the data.
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Chart Title
Category 1Category 2Category 3Category 4
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
BAR GRAPH
PICTORIAL GRAPH
PIE GRAPH
LINE GRAPH

7. 5. Poster – visual combination of lines, color
and words and are intended to catch and hold
attention at least long enough to communicate
a brief message, usually a persuasive one.
Circ
ular
-
grap
hs to
sho
w
dire
ctio
nal
data
and
cycli
cal
patt
erns
in
data
.

8. Examples are :
photographs, drawings, Line_Art, graphs, diagrams, typography,
numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings,
or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration,
and color, Graphic design .
Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a
recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a
scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the
distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred.

9. Flow chart – is a visual way of
charting or showing a process
from beginning to end
 Tree Diagram – used to chart out,
increasing details
Organizational chart - is a
diagram that shows the
structure of an organization and
the relationships and relative
ranks of its parts and
positions/jobs.
Time chart – is a tubular chat that
presents date in ordinal sequence.
Affinity diagram – used to cluster complex
apparently unrelated data into natural and
meaningful groups
Fishbone diagram – also called cause and
effect diagram. It is most commonly used
to analyze
Work-related problem

10. Audiovisual
The term audiovisual (AV, or A/V) may refer to works with both
a sound and a visual component, the production or use of such works, or the
equipment used to create and present such works. Slide-tape presentations,
films, and television programs are examples of audiovisual presentations, as
are most major church services and other live theatre productions.
Business presentations are also often audiovisual. In a typical presentation,
the presenter provides the audio by speaking, and supplements it with a
series of images projected onto a screen, either from a slide projector, or
from a computer connected to a projector using presentation software.
In the developed world, there has been a huge uptake of computer-based
audiovisual equipment in the education sector, with many schools and
higher educational establishments installing projection equipment and often
using interactive whiteboard technology.

11. Type of audio visual
PowerPoint (or equivalent)
Microsoft PowerPoint is probably now the most commonly used form of visual aid. Used well, it can
really help you in your presentation; used badly, however, it can have the opposite effect. The
general principles are:
 You can't read it keep the
background simple when
appropriate but make things visual
use animations
 Don'tuse a big enough font
(minimum 20pt)make it so small
the image
 Don't over-do the animation - it
gets distracting use a
fussy

12. Overhead projector slides/transparencies
Overhead projector slides/transparencies are displayed on the overhead projector (OHP) -
a very useful tool found in most lecture and seminar rooms. The OHP projects and
enlarges your slides onto a screen or wall without requiring the lights to be dimmed.
White or black board
White or black boards can be very useful to help explain the sequence of ideas or
routines, particularly in the sciences. Use them to clarify your title or to record your key
points as you introduce your presentation (this will give you a fixed list to help you recap
as you go along)..

13. Paper handouts
Handouts are incredibly useful. Use a handout if your information is too
detailed to fit on a slide or if you want your audience to have a full record
of your findings
Flip chart
A flip chart is a large pad of paper on a stand. It is a very useful and
flexible way of recording information during your presentation

14. Video (DVD or VHS)
Video gives you a chance to show stimulating visual information. Use video to
bring movement, pictures and sound into your presentation. Always make sure
that the clip is directly relevant to your content. Tell your audience what to look
for. Avoid showing any more film than you need.
Artefacts or props
Sometimes it can be very useful to use artefacts or props when making a
presentation (think of the safety routine on an aeroplane when the steward shows
you how to use the safety equipment). If you bring an artefact with you, make sure
that the object can be seen and be prepared to pass it round a small group or move
to different areas of a large room to help your audience view it in detail.
Remember that this will take time and that when an audience is immersed in
looking at an object, they will find it hard to listen to your talk. Conceal large
props until you need them; they might distract your audience's attention.

15. The importance of audio visual materials
in teaching and learning
 On the other hand teaching can simply be defined as an act of impacting knowledge
in a group. But learning is a complex process, and can also be describe as a change
in attitude, thinking or relatively permanent change in behavior overtime.
 The use of audio visual materials as teaching aids has increased in recent years;
thanks to technological advancement. Today's technology offers many choices to
teachers, lecturers and curriculum developers who wish to capitalize on the new
generation’s appetite for multimedia presentations. According to studies and
research, some teachers claim that whenever they teach with some learning aids,
their students get more stimulated because the learning aids help students to
become more attentive. In addition, student's positive attitude generates more
interest for the lessons they teach, and as a result students participate better in the
class.

16. Below are some of the importance of audio visual
materials in teaching and learning:
1 .Audio visual material arouses learner's interest. Students get anxious and develop a
learning habit when the teaching method or medium appear real to them and are not
abstract. The material helps the teacher or the instructor to present his/her lessons
clearly and effectively and this in turn catches the attention of the pupils.
2 .Instructional materials are important because with them learners have a clear view of
what is being taught.
3 .Audio visual materials guide learners / students to learn well and it reduces the stress
involved in the process of teaching and learning.
4 .Audio visual aids in the classroom enhance teaching methods and improve student's
comprehension.

17. 5. Teaching materials help to get the attention of the students, makes the class
more realistic and it gives a viewpoint or key point on the topic
6 .Instructional materials give proficiency to teachers and also help students to get
the true picture of what is being taught.
In conclusion, people learn in different ways. Some people are good in retaining
information passed to them orally, while some others are extraordinarily good in
retaining information through what they read and others through pictures and
some other means. But generally, findings and statistics have shown that the best
means of facilitating or enhancing good teaching and learning is through the use of
instructional materials which encompass audio visual materials like radio, charts
and projectors of various kinds.