Ecosystems
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The document discusses key concepts relating to ecosystems, including their biotic and abiotic components. It defines ecosystems as consisting of a biocenosis (living beings) and biotope (physical environment). Biotic factors like competition and predation affect organisms, as do abiotic factors like temperature, humidity, and salinity. The distribution of organisms is influenced differently in terrestrial versus aquatic ecosystems due to varying important abiotic factors. Trophic relationships and food chains/webs are also examined, showing the transfer of matter and energy between producers, consumers, and decomposers at different trophic levels.
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Ecosystem components
An ecosystem consists of the organisms living in a particular area and their relationships with each other and their physical environment. It includes the biocenosis, which is the set of living beings, and the biotope, which is the inorganic physical and chemical elements. Relationships within an ecosystem include those among living beings, such as producers and consumers, and between living beings and their environment. Organisms exhibit adaptations that allow them to survive in their environment.
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The document discusses the elements of ecosystems in three types of forests: Mediterranean forests, Atlantic forests, and forests of the Canary Islands. It examines the biotope, biocenosis, and interactions for each forest ecosystem. It also provides information on the ecosphere and biosphere, defining the ecosphere as the area around a star suitable for life and noting Earth and Mars comprise our solar system's ecosphere, and the biosphere as all living things on Earth inhabiting the troposphere, hydrosphere, and upper geosphere.
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1) The document discusses the ecosystem of Barangay Valenzuela and some of the interactions between living and non-living things in the environment.
2) Improper garbage disposal and the presence of junk shops containing used oils and chemicals are polluting the soil and could block drainage during storms.
3) Residents need to clean up the area, segregate waste, and plant more plants to help prevent environmental damage and restore balance to the local ecosystem.
Lesson 20 speciation
Speciation occurs through four main stages: 1) the development of evolutionary changes within populations, 2) genetic isolation of the new population, 3) gradual differentiation, and 4) the formation of a new species. Genetic isolation can occur through either allopatric or sympatric speciation. Allopatric speciation involves geographical barriers separating populations, while sympatric speciation is the emergence of reproductive barriers within the same geographical area, such as through sexual, physiological, chromosomal, or behavioral differences.
Lesson 21 present day evolutionary theories
Neo-Darwinism explains variation through Mendel's laws of inheritance, sexual reproduction allowing for gene recombination during meiosis, and mutation causing rapid gene changes. It views the population, not the individual, as the unit of natural selection. The synthetic theory of evolution combines Darwin's ideas with modern genetics and the understanding of gene frequencies. The selfish gene theory proposes that genes are the true units of evolution and compete to increase their own frequencies within a population. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotic cells originated from the fusion of bacteria, with some bacteria becoming cellular organelles through symbiotic relationships.
Lesson 18 the theory of natural selection
1) Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection in the 1840s and began writing a book compiling evidence for evolution and explaining how natural selection provides a mechanism for the origin of species.
2) In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed a nearly identical theory of natural selection, prompting Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
3) Darwin's book used evidence from animal breeding, biogeography, and embryology to argue that species evolved over generations through a process of natural selection, where favorable heritable traits increase the survival and reproduction of individuals.
Lesson 26 relationship between species
Intraspecific relationships are those between members of the same species and can include cooperation or competition. Interspecific relationships are between different species and can be favorable, harmful, or neutral. Examples of interspecific relationships include competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, symbiosis, commensalism, and inquilinism. Predation benefits the predator species and harms the prey species. Parasitism also benefits one species, called the parasite, and harms the other, called the host. Mutualism provides benefits to both species involved in the relationship.
Lesson 22 biodiversity
This document defines and describes biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including genetic diversity within species, diversity of species, and diversity of ecosystems. It provides examples of genetic diversity within species like different fur colors in rabbits. It notes there are over 1.8 million classified species, with arthropods making up over half, and estimates of total species ranging from 8.7 to 2.2 million undiscovered species still remain. Ecosystem diversity is defined as the variability in structure, function, and dynamics of communities of living and non-living interactions within an environment.
Lesson 28 changes in the ecosystems
Populations have characteristics like size, density, and age distribution that can vary over time. Populations can be categorized into three types based on their growth: expanding, stable, or declining. Biotic potential refers to the maximum growth rate of a population with unlimited resources and no predators or environmental resistance. Factors like litter size, breeding frequency, reproductive span, and survival rate determine a species' biotic potential. Populations cannot grow exponentially indefinitely due to environmental resistance and eventually reach carrying capacity, where growth stabilizes.
Lesson 19 evidence of evolution
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1. Anatomical evidence such as homologous organs with the same pattern but different functions, analogous organs that evolved independently to serve the same purpose, and vestigial organs that are evolutionary remnants.
2. Fossil evidence showing that ancient species share similarities with modern species and intermediate forms that show evolutionary transitions between groups.
3. Embryonic evidence that embryos of different but related species resemble each other, indicating their shared evolutionary history.
4. Biogeographical evidence of how species are distributed geographically.
5. Molecular evidence from similarities in DNA and proteins.
6. Other unspecified evidence supporting evolution
Lesson 24 ecological niche
1) An ecological niche refers to the function a species carries out in its habitat through its use of resources and interactions with other community components.
2) If two species occupy the same exact ecological niche, competition will occur until one species dominates.
3) All species that live in the same habitat have some differences in their niches that allow them to avoid competition, even if aspects of their niches overlap.
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ecosystem of environment.
An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
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are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
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considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
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nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Ecosystems
- 1. Can they be considered ecosystems? Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 2. What is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is formed by a set of living beings, the physical environment where they live and the relationships between them. Thus, ecosystems have two components: – Biocenosis (living component) – Biotope (non living component) Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 3. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 4. Biotope • It is made up of the environmental conditions such as air composition, type of soil, water, temperature, mineral salts, humidity, light, salinity … • It refers to a particular place or geographical area where the biocenosis lives. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 5. Biocenosis • It is made up of all the living beings that live in the ecosystem. • We can distinguish 3 levels: – Organisms – Populations – Biological communities Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 6. There are 2 types of factors that affect living beings in an ecosystem: – Biotic factors are the effects which living beings have on other organisms (competition, predation, reproduction . . .) – Abiotic factors are the physical and chemical elements in an ecosystem that affect living beings (temperature, humidity, salinity . . .) Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 7. Distribution of organisms in Ecosystems Which type of factor do you think is most responsible for the distribution of organisms in ecosystems? Biotic or abiotic? Would these factors be the same for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems? Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 8. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS • Temperature • Light • Humidity Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 9. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS • Light • Temperature • Oxygen • Pressure • Salinity Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 10. TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS In an ecosystem, seveal interactions take place between the different organisms in terms of who eats who. These are called trophic relationships. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 11. • Producers - organisms which can make their own organic matter (plants, algae, some bacteria) • Consumers – organisms that consume already made organic matter (they can be herbivores, carnivores or omnivores). • Decomposers – organisms which feed on dead organic matter from the environment (fungi, bacteria and some animals like earthworms). Depending on their source of food, living beings can be classified into 3 groups: Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 12. What is a food chain? • Food chains show which organisms eat other organisms Grass Rabbit Fox • The arrows show the transfer of matter and energy from one organism to the next. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 13. • Each level of a food chain is known as a trophic level. • Food chains always start with a producer. Producers are always on the first trophic level. • Consumers can be classified as primary, secondary, tertiary, top predators and scavengers. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 14. Food Chains Oak Tree Beetle Wood mouse Owl Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer First trophic level Second trophic level Third trophic level Fourth trophic level Each level of a food chain is known as a trophic level Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 15. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 16. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 17. • The first one is a food chain. • The second one is a food web. • Soooooooo…..what do you think is the difference between the two of them? mmmmmm mm? What? Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 18. Questions 1. What will happen to the number of clown fish if the sharks become vegetarian? 2. What effect will this have on the number of zooplankton? 3. What will happen to the Blue Regal fish if a disease wipes out the small invertebrates. Great White Shark Clown Fish Sea Turtle Algae Blue Regal Zooplankton Small Invertebrates Food Web Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 19. Food chains and food webs • A food web consists of all the interconnected food chains found in an ecosystem. Thus, a food web gives more information about the ecosystem than a food chain. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 20. SOMETIMES A SMALL CHANGE . . . …HAS BIG CONSEQUENCES. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 21. Trophic pyramids A trophic pyramid is a representation of a characteristic of the trophic levels of an ecosystem. There are different kinds of trophic pyramids: - Number pyramid - Biomass pyramid - Energy pyramid Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 22. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 23. In ecosystems matter and energy are transmitted through the food relationships between organisms. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 24. So we could say that there are two processes occurring at once: a one way flow of energy and a closed cycle of matter. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 25. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 26. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja
- 27. Prof. Ignacio Álvarez Calleja