An ecosystem consists of the organisms living in a particular area and their relationships with each other and their physical environment. It includes the biocenosis, which is the set of living beings, and the biotope, which is the inorganic physical and chemical elements. Relationships within an ecosystem include those among living beings, such as producers and consumers, and between living beings and their environment. Organisms exhibit adaptations that allow them to survive in their environment.
Ecology is the scientific study of the intricate relationships between living organisms and their environment. It seeks to understand how organisms interact with one another and their surroundings, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest ecosystems. One fundamental aspect of ecology is the examination of biogeochemical cycles, which are essential processes that govern the flow of elements and compounds through the Earth's ecosystems. These cycles encompass the movement of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water between the living and non-living components of the environment. For example, the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, plants, and animals, regulating the levels of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and influencing climate. The nitrogen cycle is another vital process, as it controls the availability of nitrogen for plants and, subsequently, for all organisms in a given ecosystem. Biogeochemical cycles are critical to maintaining the delicate balance of nutrients and elements necessary for life on Earth, and any disruptions to these cycles can have profound ecological consequences. Understanding these cycles is crucial for environmental conservation and for addressing global challenges like climate change and nutrient pollution. In sum, ecology and biogeochemical cycles are intimately linked, providing the foundation for understanding how life and the environment are intricately interconnected and interdependent.
Ecology is the scientific study of the intricate relationships between living organisms and their environment. It seeks to understand how organisms interact with one another and their surroundings, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest ecosystems. One fundamental aspect of ecology is the examination of biogeochemical cycles, which are essential processes that govern the flow of elements and compounds through the Earth's ecosystems. These cycles encompass the movement of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water between the living and non-living components of the environment. For example, the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, plants, and animals, regulating the levels of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and influencing climate. The nitrogen cycle is another vital process, as it controls the availability of nitrogen for plants and, subsequently, for all organisms in a given ecosystem. Biogeochemical cycles are critical to maintaining the delicate balance of nutrients and elements necessary for life on Earth, and any disruptions to these cycles can have profound ecological consequences. Understanding these cycles is crucial for environmental conservation and for addressing global challenges like climate change and nutrient pollution. In sum, ecology and biogeochemical cycles are intimately linked, providing the foundation for understanding how life and the environment are intricately interconnected and interdependent.
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1. ECOSYSTEMS
The organisms which live in a particular
area, the relationships between them,
and their physical environment.
2. ECOSYSTEM
COMMUNITY OR BIOCENOSIS:
the set of living beings
BIOTOPE:
The inorganic part.
Physical and chemical elements
RELATIONSHIPS:
Among the
living beings
Betweeen living beings
and the environment
3. Are they part of the biocenosis
or the biotope?
• Soil.
• Plants.
• Wind.
• Animals.
• Water.
• Algae.
• Temperature.
• Humidity.
• Microorganisms.
• Light.
• Oxygen.
• Fungi.
4.
5. ECOSYSTEM
COMMUNITY OR BIOCENOSIS:
the set of living beings
BIOTOPE:
The inorganic part.
Physical and chemical elements
RELATIONSHIPS:
Producers
Consumers
Soil
Temperature
Humidity
Light
Salinity, etc
Among the
living beings
Betweeen living beings
and the environment
6. Are they producers or consumers?
• Cow.
• Zebra.
• Lion.
• Pine tree.
• Rabbit.
• Grass.
• Crocodile.
• Bush.
• Eagle.
• Fungi.
• Daisy.
7.
8. Relationship between living beings and their environment.
They have special characteristics called
ADAPTATIONS
9. ADAPTATIONS
• It has a thick coat.
• It can store water.
• It is a good swimmer.
• It is white for
camouflage.
• It produces little urine.
• It does not sweat.
• Its sandy color provides
camouflage
• Cold weather
(polar bear)
• Hot desserts
(camel)
10. ECOSYSTEM
COMMUNITY OR BIOCENOSIS:
the set of living beings
BIOTOPE:
The inorganic part.
Physical and chemical elements
RELATIONSHIPS:
Among the living
beings
Producers
Consumers
Soil
Temperature
Humidity
Light
Salinity, etc
Between the living beings
and the environment:
ADAPTATION
Intraspecic
relations
Interspecific
relations
24. ECOSYSTEM
COMMUNITY OR BIOCENOSIS:
the set of living beings
BIOTOPE:
The inorganic part.
Physical and chemical elements
RELATIONSHIPS:
Soil
Temperature
Humidity
Light
Salinity, etc
Among the living
beings
Producers
Consumers
Intraspecic
relations
Between the living beings
and the environment:
ADAPTATION
Interspecific
relations
+ - Depredation
+ - Paratism
++ Mutualism
- - Competence
+0 Comesalism
Editor's Notes
Read the definition and pay attention to the three components of each ecosystems: 1) living beings, 2)environment, 3)relationships. This will be shown on the nexte slide.
In this slide we repeat the same concepts but the students are learning two new words: biocenosis and biotope. They have to copy the scheme.
Are they part of the biocenosis or the biotope? Soil (biotope), plants (biocenosis), wind (biotope), animals (biocenosis), water (biotope), algae (biocenosis), temperatura (biotope), humidity (biotope), microorganisms (biocenosis), light (biotope), oxygen (biotope), fungi (biocenosis).
Can you tell me any component of the biocenosis? (Fish, eagle, algae, plants…)
Any component of the biotope? (Sunshine, mild weather, water, slope…)
Looking at the biocenosis we can distinguish two types of organisms: producers and consumers. Producers are living beings which make their own organic matter using energy from the Sun. Consumers are living beings which cannot produce their own organic matter, so they have to feed on other organisms.
Are they producers or consumers? Cow (c), zebra (c.), lion (c.), pine tree (p), rabbit (c), grass (p), crocodile (c), bush (p), eagle (c), fungi (c), daisy (p).
Ask the students to describe this ecosystem in this order: producers, consumers and biotope. Producers: algae. Consumers: fish, two species. Biotope: aquatic ecosystem, water is not very clean and it seems to be moving.
Adaptation. Crocodile color si similar to water and it moves gently in order its preys cannot see it.
Match them
They can go on completing this slide. In this case we’re explaing two types or biotic relations: interspecific and intraspecific.
Interspecific relations are interactions among organisms of different species.
Intraspecific relations ara interactions among organisms of the same species.
Are they intraspecific or interspecific relations?
Intraspecific. They are two young bears, and they are playing. A familiar relation.
Are they intraspecific or interspecific relations?
Flower and butterfly: an interspecific relation.
Are they intraspecific or interspecific relations?
Bees: an intraspecific relation. They form a society which means work is distributed within the group.
Are they intraspecific or interspecific relations?
Lions and hippopotamus: interspecific relation. This is called “depredation”: lions are predator and hippopotamus is the prey.
Are they intraspecific or interspecific relations?
Chimpanzee. Intraespecific relation. They are helping each other to take out some bugs. This conduct is called grooming.
We can distinguish several types of biotic relations according to their effect on both organisms.
+ and – means one species gets a benefit and the other gets a damage.
+ and + means both get a benefit.
And – means the relations is bad for both organisms.
+ and 0 means one species gets a benefit but the other gets neither benefit nor damage.
+ -
+ lion, -hippopotamus. This is called depredation (predator and prey).
(+ +) + for the butterfly that gets nectar and + for the flower because it is being pollinated. This relation is called mutualism (mutual benefit).
Volture and hyena: - - Competence. They both figth for the food.
Bettles and cow (+ 0): mutualism
Relation between spider and grasshopper: + - Depredation.
Louse and girl. Relation +-. This is called parasitism. It’s similar to depredation (+-) but nobody dies. One species (parasite) lives at the expense of another species (the host).
++ Mutualism. The bird gets some food from the sheep and the sheep gets rid of some parasites.
This slide shows the last concepts you have explained. They have to copy the lower right corner.
Final task: they write a description of this ecosystem taking into account all the concepts from the diagram. For instance: the biocenosis of this ecosystem includes some bush and trees which are the producers and giraffes, zebras and gazelles which are de consumers. As biotope characteristics we can remark the hot and dry weather, and the flat terrain. All the herbivores are adapted to eat here, most of them eat grass from the floor but giraffes, because of their long necks, can eat leaves from the upper branches of the trees. The relationship between gazelles and zebras is called competence because both look for the same food.