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Ecosystems
The document discusses different types of ecosystems and relationships between organisms within ecosystems. It describes the main types of terrestrial ecosystems as forest, desert, grassland, and mountain ecosystems. It also discusses aquatic ecosystems, distinguishing between marine and freshwater ecosystems. Various relationships between organisms are examined, including mimicry, coevolution, competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Ecological interactions are classified based on their effects and mechanisms.
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Ecosystems
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- 3. The ecosystem whichis found only on landforms The main factor which differentiates the terrestrial ecosystems from the aquatic ecosystems is the relative shortage of water in the terrestrial ecosystems and as a result the importance that water attains in these ecosystems due to its limited availability.
- 4. The main typesof terrestrial ecosystems are: the forest ecosystems the desert ecosystems the grassland ecosystems and the mountain ecosystems.
- 9. FOREST ECOSYSTEM have anabundance of flora or plants and hence in these ecosystems a large number of organisms live in a small space. have a high density of living organisms. A small change in this ecosystem could affect the whole balance, effectively bringing down the whole ecosystem.
- 10. They are further dividedinto…….
- 11. Tropical evergreen forest Receivea mean rainfall of 80 for every 400 inches annually. Dense vegetation which comprises tall trees at different heights. Each level is shelter to different types of animals.
- 12. Tropical deciduous forest There,shrubs and dense bushes rule along with a broad selection of trees. Found in quite a few parts of the world while a large variety of fauna and flora are found there. These forests grow in moderately warm places where there is a lot of rain.
- 13. Temperate evergreen forest Those have quite a few number of trees as mosses and ferns make up for them. Trees have developed spiked leaves in order to minimize transpiration.
- 14. Temperate deciduous forest The forest is located in the moist temperate places that have sufficient rainfall. Summers and winters are clearly defined and the trees shed the leaves during the winter months.
- 15. Taiga The taiga isdefined by evergreen conifers. As the temperature is below zero for almost half a year, the remainder of the months, it buzzes with migratory birds and insects.
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- 17. Desert Ecosystem Located inregions that receive an annual rainfall less than 25. 17 percent of all the land on our planet. insects, birds, camels, reptiles all of which are adapted to the desert (xeric) conditions.
- 18. Grassland Ecosystem both thetropical and temperate regions of the world though the ecosystems vary slightly. little number of trees and shrubs. The main vegetation includes grasses, plants and legumes that belong to the composite family.
- 19. The two mainkinds of grasslands ecosystems are: Savanna: The tropical grasslands are dry seasonally and have few individual trees. They support a large number of predators and grazers. 1.Prairies: It is temperate grassland, completely devoid of large shrubs and trees. Prairies could be categorized as mixed grass, tall grass and short g
- 21. Prairies It is temperategrassland, completely devoid of large shrubs and trees. Prairies could be categorized as mixed grass, tall grass and short grass prairies.
- 23. Mountain Ecosystem Provides ascattered and diverse array of habitats where a large number of animals and plants can be found. At the higher altitudes, the harsh environmental conditions normally prevail, and only the treeless alpine vegetation can survive.
- 24. Aquatic Ecosystems The ecosystemfound in a body of water. It encompasses aquatic flora, fauna and water properties, as well. There are two main types of aquatic ecosystem - Marine and Freshwater.
- 26. Marine Ecosystem The biggestecosystems, which cover around 71% of Earth's surface and contain 97% of out planet's water. Water in Marine ecosystems features in high amounts minerals and salts dissolved in them.
- 28. Freshwater Ecosystem The freshwaterecosystem covers only 0.8% of Earth's surface and contains 0.009% of the total water. Most lakes and ponds are freshwater ecosystems. The water in each of these ecosystems does not move much.
- 30. Three basic kindsof freshwater ecosystems exist: Lentic: Slow-moving or till water like pools, lakes or ponds. Lotic: Fast-moving water such as streams and rivers. Wetlands: Places in which the soil is inundated or saturated for some lenghty period of time.
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- 32. Ecological Relationships the effectsorganisms in a community have on one another. All living things on the earth are connected in some way.
- 33. Mimicry a similarity ofone species to another which protects one or both. This similarity can be in appearance, behaviour, sound, scent or location. Mimics are found in the same areas as their models.
- 34. Is related tocamouflage, in which a species resembles its surroundings or is otherwise difficult to detect. an animal will MIMIC another to avoid predators. If it can trick its enemy into thinking it is something less tasty or more dangerous, it will survive.
- 35. Classification Batesian mimicry, wherea harmless mimic poses as harmful Müllerian mimicry, where two or more harmful species mutually advertise themselves as harmful Mertensian mimicry, where a deadly mimic resembles a less harmful but lesson-teaching model.
- 36. Vavilovian mimicry, whereweeds resemble crops, is important for several reasons; and humans are the agent of selection. Aggressive mimicry describes preda -tors which share the same characte - ristics as a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey Reproductive mimicry occurs when the actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's reproduction.
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- 38. evolution of onespecies in response to characteristics of another Differs from other types of evolution in two ways: Species A evolves an adaptation in response to species B Species B evolves in response to the adaptation of species A
- 39. Coevolution involves mutual responsesin the two species predator species evolves to be faster, allowing it to catch more results in greater selection on speed in the prey for “regular” evolution, there isn’t any response by the environment
- 40. Coevolution promotes diversity ofadaptations evolution often converges on the same solution for the same problems coevolution involves specific, unique responses to specific challenges
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- 42. Neutralism relationship between twospecies that interact but do not affect each other. It describes interactions where the health of one species has absolutely no effect whatsoever on that of the other.
- 43. Amensalism An interaction wherean organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other.
- 44. Antagonism antagonistic interactions, one speciesbenefits at the expense of another.
- 45. COMMENSALISM One organism andthe other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. It occurs when one organism takes benefits by interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not affected.
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- 47. Symbiosis The termsymbiosis (Greek: living together) can be used to describe various degrees of close relationship between organisms of different species. an intimate relationship between different species in which at least one species depends upon the relationship to survive.
- 48. PARASITISM In parasitism,one organism benefits and the other is harmed. The organism that benefits is called the parasite The organism that is harmed is called the host
- 49. COMPETITION occurs when twoor more individuals seek to utilize the same resource. defined as an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another.
- 50. Competition between speciesat the same trophic level of an ecosystem, who have common predators, increases drastically if the frequency of the common predator in the community is decreased by a large margin.
- 51. COOPERATION the act ofworking or acting together
- 52. Mutualism both organisms benefitfrom one another. Mutualism is an interaction between two or more species, where species derive a mutual benefit
- 53. For example: Aclownfish and a sea anemone have a mutualistic relationship. The fish is protected by the anemone and the anemone receives scraps of food from the clownfish.
- 54. Example of Mutualism Acaciaants live in acacia trees. The tree provides big hollow thorns as a home for the ants.
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