Ecosanoids
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This document discusses the synthesis of three classes of organic compounds: eicosanoids, glycerolipids, and isoprenoids. It mentions the enzymes cyclooxygenase and IPP isomerase which are involved in the synthesis pathways. The formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate is also noted. Cholesterol synthesis from IPP is outlined, going through squalene monooxygenase, 2,3-oxidosqualene, lanosterol cyclase, and 20 steps to ultimately produce cholesterol.
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Non covalent bonds
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Prostaglandins
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This document discusses drugs that act to stop pain and inflammation by targeting autacoids, the major ones being histamines and prostaglandins. It outlines that antihistamines block histamine receptors, while NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by binding to cyclooxygenase. Alpha2-adrenergic agonists also provide pain relief by a central nervous system mechanism of action.
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This document summarizes the biosynthesis, receptors, and pharmacological actions of eicosanoids including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, and leukotrienes. It describes that these molecules are derived from arachidonic acid and produced via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. The document outlines the different receptors for each eicosanoid class and their downstream signaling effects. It also provides details on the physiological and pathological roles of eicosanoids in various organ systems such as the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and immune systems.
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A comprehensive presentation on cholesterol metabolism for MbBS,BDS,,BPharm & Biotechnology students.
Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids are compounds derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They act as paracrine hormones involved in processes like reproduction, inflammation, blood clotting, and gastric acid secretion. There are two main classes of eicosanoids - prostanoids and leukotrienes/lipoxins. Prostanoids include prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes, which are synthesized from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway. Prostaglandins have short lifespans and act locally as hormones, influencing processes like inflammation and blood pressure regulation. Prostacyclins inhibit platelet aggregation and promote vasodilation
Non covalent bonds
A non-covalent interaction differs from a covalent bond in that it does not involve the sharing of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or within a molecule.
Cholesterol biosynthesis
Cholesterol is a lipid that plays several important roles in the body. It is synthesized primarily in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can also be obtained through diet. Cholesterol synthesis is a multi-step process regulated by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. High levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream, especially LDL cholesterol, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The body maintains cholesterol homeostasis through mechanisms like reverse cholesterol transport that move cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
Autacoids
Autacoids are endogenous compounds that act as local hormones near their site of synthesis. They have short half-lives and include substances like histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and kinins. Autacoids are involved in processes like inflammation, allergic reactions, neurotransmission, and gastric acid secretion. Histamine promotes smooth muscle contraction and gastric acid secretion by interacting with H1 and H2 receptors. Serotonin is derived from tryptophan and is found in the GI tract, blood platelets, and CNS, where it contributes to feelings of well-being. H1 receptor antagonists are used to treat allergic reactions while H2 receptor antagonists reduce gastric acid secretion and treat ulcers.
CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS
Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in a multi-step process located in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the rate-limiting step and is regulated by transcription, covalent modification, and competitive inhibitors like statins. Cholesterol is transported by LDL and HDL and is used for cell membrane structure, steroid hormone synthesis, or storage.
Autacoids....With Slide No
The document discusses several autacoids including histamine, bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), eicosanoids, and platelet activating factor (PAF). It describes their synthesis, mechanisms of action, functions, and pharmacological properties. Histamine is involved in allergic responses and acts on H1 and H2 receptors. Bradykinin causes pain and vasodilation. 5HT is involved in platelet aggregation and gastrointestinal motility. Eicosanoids like prostaglandins are lipid-derived autacoids formed from arachidonic acid. PAF causes potent vasodilation and increases vascular permeability.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins and related compounds called eicosanoids are locally-acting hormones produced from arachidonic acid. They have various roles including in inflammation, fever, blood pressure regulation, and reproduction. Prostaglandins are synthesized through a cyclic pathway involving the enzyme prostaglandin H2 synthase and a linear pathway using lipoxygenases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis to reduce inflammation, pain, and fever.
Autacoides
Presentacion de Farmacologia sobre tema de Autacoides. Incluye Histamina, Serotonina, Eicosanoides y peptidos vasoactivos.
Histamine
Histamine is a biogenic amine found in many tissues that is involved in allergic and inflammatory processes as well as gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils and released during allergic reactions. Histamine exerts its effects through four receptor subtypes (H1-H4), with H1 and H2 receptors having drugs that target them clinically. H1 receptor antagonists are used to treat allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and motion sickness, while H2 receptor antagonists suppress gastric acid secretion. New drugs targeting H3 and H4 receptors may provide treatments for neurological and inflammatory conditions, respectively.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are a group of fatty acids derived from membrane phospholipids that act as local hormones and mediate diverse physiological functions. They are synthesized through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins regulate processes like inflammation, uterine contraction, bronchodilation, gastrointestinal integrity and platelet aggregation. They are used therapeutically for labor induction, abortion, treatment of peptic ulcers and glaucoma, and to maintain ductus arteriosus patency in newborns. Side effects include fever, diarrhea and hypotension.
Antihistamines - Pharmacology
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils before being released in response to stimuli. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, with the H1 and H2 receptors being clinically relevant drug targets. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking H1 receptors, and H2 receptor blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion. First-generation antihistamines have greater sedative and anticholinergic side effects than second-generation drugs due to interactions with other receptors.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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