Ecology Of Fungi
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Fungi are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by breaking down and absorbing organic matter using digestive enzymes and thread-like mycelium. As decomposers, fungi recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organisms and waste. Some fungi are also parasites that can cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Fungi also form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic organisms like lichens and plant roots through mycorrhizae.
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Fungi play important ecological roles as saprobes, in symbiotic relationships, and as decomposers or parasites. As saprobes, fungi obtain nutrients from decaying organic matter. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organisms. Mycorrhizae are a beneficial relationship between plant roots and fungi. Fungi also act as decomposers that recycle nutrients or as parasites that can cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans.
General characters of pteridophytes
- Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants that evolved vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. They reproduce via spores and have alternation of generations with separate sporophyte and gametophyte phases.
- They are divided into four classes - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida - based on characteristics of their vascular tissues, sporangia, and other structures.
- Pteridophytes can have different types of steles like protosteles, siphonosteles, and others to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
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Lichens have several applications and provide economic importance. They can be used as food by humans and animals. Lichenometry is a technique used to determine the age of rock surfaces. Lichens also aid in biodegradation by breaking down polyester resins. Many lichens produce pigments and compounds that are useful as dyes. Lichens are also economically important as they help form soil, are used as food, in medicines to treat diseases, for coloring fabrics and paints, and in industries like tanning and brewing.
Bryophytes
This document summarizes the key characteristics of bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. It describes their structures, life cycles, habitats, and classification. Bryophytes are small non-vascular plants that grow in moist shady places and require water to complete their life cycles. They differ from vascular plants in lacking true roots, vascular tissue and a cuticle. Their life cycles involve an alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
Lichens
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
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Oomycetes
Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are fungus-like protists that feed by absorbing nutrients through their cellulose cell walls. They reproduce both sexually, through oogonia and antheridia forming oospores, and asexually via biflagellate zoospores. While commonly found in water, many oomycetes are terrestrial. Some are parasitic on animals, plants, and crops, causing diseases like late blight of potato. They have characteristics like diploid nuclei, cellulose cell walls, and two flagella per motile spore that distinguish them from true fungi.
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- Pteridophytes can have different types of steles like protosteles, siphonosteles, and others to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
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Lichens have several applications and provide economic importance. They can be used as food by humans and animals. Lichenometry is a technique used to determine the age of rock surfaces. Lichens also aid in biodegradation by breaking down polyester resins. Many lichens produce pigments and compounds that are useful as dyes. Lichens are also economically important as they help form soil, are used as food, in medicines to treat diseases, for coloring fabrics and paints, and in industries like tanning and brewing.
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The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
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METHODS USED IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
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Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams that were the dominant vegetation 230-280 million years ago. They have well-developed vascular systems and reproduce via spores. Their plant bodies are sporophytic and differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves. Reproduction involves the production of spores that germinate into gametophytes on which gametes are produced. Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote and the growth of a new sporophyte, completing the life cycle. Major characteristics include a lack of cambium and secondary growth, and the presence of xylem tracheids and phloem sieve tubes.
Pteriduphytes 2
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Puccinia engages in intricate interactions with its host plants, employing various strategies to infect and manipulate host physiology. The establishment of infection involves the recognition of host signals, penetration of host tissues, and the suppression of plant defenses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these interactions provides insights into host specificity, immune evasion, and the co-evolutionary dynamics between Puccinia and its hosts.
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Bryophytes are a diverse group of land plants.
Have large ecological impact.
23,000 described species world wide.
Largest group of land plants except for the flowering plants.
Integral part of natural environment of forest ecosystems.
Bryophytes are of small size.
Some of them attain a height up to half meter or a little more.
Store large amount of water, nutrients and carbon in their biomass.
In peatlands, bryophytes function as carbon sinks, which is a matter of great concern when considered with the rise of global carbon dioxide level.
Ability to remain alive for a long period without water even
under high temperature, and then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by rain or dew.
Most bryophytes are ectohydric, i.e., ability to absorb water, inorganic nutrients and mineral elements directly from the atmosphere rather than the soil and substratum.
Bryophytes possess short-lived sporophytic and dominant gametophytic phase.
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Viroids are the smallest known agents of infectious disease that cause disease in plants. They are composed of short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA that can self-replicate using the host cell's machinery. In 1971, viroids were discovered by Theodor Diener who found an acellular particle that infected potato plants, causing tuber deformities. There are 30 known viroid species classified into two families based on their structure and composition. Viroids can infect a wide range of plants such as potatoes, coconut palms, avocados, and citrus trees, causing diseases marked by symptoms like stunting, chlorosis, and fruit deformities.
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Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams that were the dominant vegetation 230-280 million years ago. They have well-developed vascular systems and reproduce via spores. Their plant bodies are sporophytic and differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves. Reproduction involves the production of spores that germinate into gametophytes on which gametes are produced. Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote and the growth of a new sporophyte, completing the life cycle. Major characteristics include a lack of cambium and secondary growth, and the presence of xylem tracheids and phloem sieve tubes.
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Puccinia fungi exhibit a complex life cycle involving multiple spore stages and host alternation. The distinct morphological characteristics of Puccinia, including its specialized structures called uredinia and telia, contribute to its identification. The life cycle encompasses both sexual and asexual reproduction, with different spore types facilitating dispersal and survival. The spore stages, from basidiospores to urediniospores and teliospores, play pivotal roles in the infection process and completion of the life cycle.
Ecology :
Puccinia fungi are known for their plant-specific parasitism, and their ecological impact extends to various ecosystems. Understanding the ecological relationships between Puccinia and its host plants sheds light on the dynamics of plant-fungus interactions. Puccinia species demonstrate host specificity, affecting a wide range of economically important crops, including wheat, barley, and coffee. The environmental factors influencing Puccinia prevalence and the consequences of its infections on host populations are crucial aspects of its ecological role.
Economic Importance :
The economic significance of Puccinia cannot be overstated, as it impacts global agriculture and food security. Rust diseases caused by Puccinia species affect a multitude of crops, leading to substantial yield losses. The devastation caused by stem rust (Puccinia graminis) on wheat crops in historical famines underscores the urgency of managing and understanding these pathogens. The economic consequences extend beyond crop losses, affecting trade, livelihoods, and food prices. Developing strategies for sustainable management and control of Puccinia-induced diseases is crucial for global agriculture.
Plant-Fungus Interactions:
Puccinia engages in intricate interactions with its host plants, employing various strategies to infect and manipulate host physiology. The establishment of infection involves the recognition of host signals, penetration of host tissues, and the suppression of plant defenses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these interactions provides insights into host specificity, immune evasion, and the co-evolutionary dynamics between Puccinia and its hosts.
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Puccinia stands as a testament to the complexity and adaptability of fungi in ecological systems. Its dual role as a devastating pathogen and an organism with unique ecological functions necessitates a holistic approach to research and management. As we delve deeper into the secrets of Puccinia, we pave the way for innovative solutions.
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Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Ectocarpus
Ectocarpus is a genus of brown algae found worldwide in marine and some freshwater environments. It grows as delicate, highly branched filaments attached to rocks. The thallus has a prostrate system that attaches to the substrate and an erect system of branches. Growth occurs through intercalary meristems. Ectocarpus reproduces asexually through haploid zoospores produced in one-celled or many-celled sporangia, and sexually through isogamous or anisogamous gametes that fuse to form diploid zygotes. This alternates between a haploid gametophyte generation and diploid sporophyte generation in its life cycle.
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The document provides information about the general characteristics and fascinating aspects of fungi. It defines fungi as eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and have cell walls containing chitin. Fungi can exist unicellular as yeasts or multicellular as molds, and reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores. The document highlights that fungi play important roles in decomposition, relationships with plants, and uses like food and medicine.
Bryophytes as ecological indicators
Bryophytes are a diverse group of land plants.
Have large ecological impact.
23,000 described species world wide.
Largest group of land plants except for the flowering plants.
Integral part of natural environment of forest ecosystems.
Bryophytes are of small size.
Some of them attain a height up to half meter or a little more.
Store large amount of water, nutrients and carbon in their biomass.
In peatlands, bryophytes function as carbon sinks, which is a matter of great concern when considered with the rise of global carbon dioxide level.
Ability to remain alive for a long period without water even
under high temperature, and then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by rain or dew.
Most bryophytes are ectohydric, i.e., ability to absorb water, inorganic nutrients and mineral elements directly from the atmosphere rather than the soil and substratum.
Bryophytes possess short-lived sporophytic and dominant gametophytic phase.
Viroid
Viroids are the smallest known agents of infectious disease that cause disease in plants. They are composed of short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA that can self-replicate using the host cell's machinery. In 1971, viroids were discovered by Theodor Diener who found an acellular particle that infected potato plants, causing tuber deformities. There are 30 known viroid species classified into two families based on their structure and composition. Viroids can infect a wide range of plants such as potatoes, coconut palms, avocados, and citrus trees, causing diseases marked by symptoms like stunting, chlorosis, and fruit deformities.
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2. The vegetative plant is a sporophyte with a rhizome, adventitious roots, and compound leaves with four leaflets arranged in a cross-like pattern.
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This document provides an overview of microbiology techniques. It begins by defining microbiology as the study of microorganisms, which are living things too small to see with the naked eye and include bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses. It then discusses the importance of microorganisms in areas like medicine, nutrient recycling, and food production. The document proceeds to classify the major types of microbes like archaebacteria, eubacteria, and fungi. It describes bacterial structure, shapes, arrangements and differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Key fungal traits and examples are also outlined. The summary concludes with a high-level overview of microbiology techniques.
21 3 Ecology Of Fungi
Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers and symbionts. Many fungi are saprobes that break down decaying matter for food. Others are parasites that live in and harm other organisms. Fungi also form beneficial symbiotic relationships, such as lichens with photosynthetic organisms and mycorrhizal relationships with plants. Fungi can also cause diseases in humans, plants and animals through the release of digestive enzymes and infection by microscopic spores.
Presentation2.pptx
This document discusses microorganisms and provides information about different types. It describes that microorganisms can only be seen under a microscope and can be single-celled or multicellular. The main types discussed are bacteria, algae, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. Bacteria are single-celled and come in different shapes. Algae live in water and require sunlight, water, and nutrients. Viruses are non-cellular and infect other living cells. Fungi live on or in other plants and reproduce through spores. Protozoa are one-celled animals found worldwide. The document also discusses how some microorganisms are helpful and harmful.
Micro organisms
Microorganisms are microscopic organisms that include bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, algae, and some animals. They play important roles in environments and processes like decomposition, nutrient cycling, and carbon cycling. There are four main types of microorganisms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria are prokaryotic microbes that have diverse shapes and live in many environments. Viruses can only replicate inside host cells and come in different shapes and sizes but are usually 100 times smaller than bacteria. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic organisms including some motile species. Microorganisms are also used in food production and have medical applications but some can cause diseases if
Science review second bimonthly term2
This document provides information about various types of microorganisms. It discusses the characteristics of bacteria, including their cell structure, sizes, and modes of obtaining energy and reproducing. It also describes the roles of bacteria in nature, how infectious diseases spread, examples of bacterial and viral diseases, and ways to prevent disease transmission. Additionally, it outlines the three main groups of protists - animal-like protists, plantlike algae, and fungus-like protists - and provides examples of organisms from each group along with their characteristics. Key terms related to microorganisms are also defined.
Kingdom Fungi
Introduction to the Kingdom Fungi. Main characteristics, classification and different types of fungi. Translation revision by Steven T. Gosch.
Trabjo irene y paula
This document summarizes key aspects of living things, including their vital functions of nutrition, reproduction, and interaction with the environment. It describes the structures and functions of cells, tissues, organs, systems, and whole organisms. It also explains the processes of photosynthesis, nutrition in plants and animals, and asexual and sexual reproduction.
Grade 11
1. The document discusses the biodiversity of plants, classifying them into four kingdoms: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
2. It explains the characteristics of each kingdom, including their reproductive structures and cycles. Bryophytes reproduce via spores while vascular plants like ferns, conifers, and flowering plants reproduce via spores or seeds.
3. Angiosperms have evolved the closest relationship with other organisms through flower pollination and fruit/seed dispersal. Their seeds are protected within an ovary and later fruit structure.
Lichen General Characters by Dr D.Nagaraju
Lichens=(Algae+Fungi) Symbiotic Association (Phycobiont+ Mycobiont), Idealistic marriage, Pioneers species of Xerosere succession Shows Dual Nature, Trinity=(One Algae+Two Fungi), Natural farmers, it melt stone convert stone to soil particles
2 the origin of life-2012
This document discusses the origin of life on Earth. It describes early theories on how life may have originated from organic molecules formed from chemical reactions, including the Miller-Urey experiment. It also discusses how early life may have originated near hydrothermal vents and how the first cells were prokaryotic. The document then covers the development of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis and the oxygenation of the atmosphere by cyanobacteria, enabling the evolution of more complex multicellular life.
Microorganisms: Friend and Foe
Microorganisms can be classified into five major groups: bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and protozoa. They are found all over the world, living in water, soil, air, inside other organisms, and in various other habitats. Microorganisms can be beneficial, aiding in food production, waste decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and medicine production, or harmful, causing diseases.
Microbes, diversity, discovery & development
Microorganisms are tiny living things that are too small to see with the naked eye. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and archaea. The document discusses the diversity of microorganisms and how they have adapted to live in nearly every environment on Earth. It also summarizes some of the major discoveries in microbiology, including the development of the field and techniques like Koch's postulates, recombinant DNA technology, and uses of microorganisms in areas like bioremediation and gene therapy.
The Germs of Life Our ancestors were bacterial communities .docx
The Germs of Life
Our ancestors were bacterial communities
by Lynn Margulis and Emily Case
Published in the November/December 2006 issue of Orion magazine
http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/182/
WATCH TV FOR AN HOUR. Flip through a mainstream magazine. Peruse personal
hygiene or cleaning products in a store. You’ll feel the need to defend yourself with
antibacterial soaps and cleaning agents, even antimicrobial pillows and socks. Fear of
bacteria has reached a feverish pitch recently, thanks in large part to the work of ever-
industrious advertisers.
In our efforts to eliminate these “germs” we have had devastating effects—not on the
bacteria, but on ourselves.
The bacteria that now pose the greatest threats to humans are products of our own
making. The evolution of pests and pathogens resistant to human poisons has a long, well-
documented history. Hospitals, where antibacterial drugs, soaps, and cleaners are used in
volume, are hotbeds of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Farmers feed livestock
excessive amounts of antibiotics, thereby selecting for bacteria that are resistant to those
medicines—versions of which are also used for humans.
But our xenophobia also blinds us to a more fundamental insight: the health of our
environment, and our bodies, depends on bacterial communities. Indeed, they are
responsible, as ancestors, for our very existence.
If Life had a yearbook, bacteria would win all of the awards, especially “most likely to
succeed.” A bacterium is an organism made up of one or more small prokaryotic cells, those
that have DNA genes but lack nuclei and chromosomes. Bacteria inhabit the farthest reaches
of the biosphere. They live in the hottest, coldest, deepest, saltiest, and most acidic
environments. They are the most ancient lifeform, having lived on Earth for at least 3.8
billion years, over 80 percent of its history. By contrast, humans have occupied a narrow
range of environmental conditions—and for only about 0.003 percent of the Earth’s
existence. If we even made it into the yearbook, the caption would have read “photo not
available.”
Earth’s environment is in large part the product of bacterial metabolism. Bacterial
nitrogen fixation enriches the soil at no cost to us. And the photosynthesis that excretes
oxygen and makes food for all life is carried out by the blue-green bacteria called
cyanobacteria—both the free-living kind and those that became chloroplasts in the cells of
algae and plants. These are just two of bacteria’s life-sustaining processes, invented at least 2
billion years ago. We should view them as the wisdom of the ancients.
sperrault
Highlight
Even disease-causing bacteria—exceedingly rare despite the fear-mongering of
marketers—play a part in ecological health. Anthrax spores, for example, float in the dust of
over-eaten and sun-exposed fields, enter the lungs and blood of vulnerable or weak grazers,
and kill them. Fields ...
Microorganisms.pptx
this presentation will tell you about the mico-organisms how can they be friendly and how can they harm us. please hit a like if you liked it.
Decomposers
Decomposers are organisms such as bacteria and fungi that break down dead or decaying organisms and recycle nutrients in an ecosystem. They carry out the natural process of decomposition by releasing enzymes that digest dead matter and make nutrients soluble and available to other organisms. Examples of decomposers include fungi, bacteria, earthworms, flies, and wasps. Without decomposers, dead organic material would accumulate in ecosystems.
Similar to Ecology Of Fungi (20)
The Germs of Life Our ancestors were bacterial communities .docx
The Germs of Life Our ancestors were bacterial communities .docx
More from Mr. Kyle Collins
Science fungi p.point
The document discusses the classification of fungi in the kingdom, describing how they are classified based on their structure and reproduction methods. It identifies some common types of fungi, including molds, zygomycetes, sac fungi known for their reproductive sacs, club fungi named for their club-shaped reproductive structures, and imperfect fungi whose reproductive phases are not observable. It provides links to additional information and sources.
Amazing Sperm Plants
Flowering plants first appeared around 135 million years ago and have since diversified greatly. They have flowers that attract pollinators like bees, helping the plants reproduce. There are over 500 ways to classify flowers based on their many variations from crossed genes between species. Angiosperms can be divided into two main classes - monocots and dicots - based on their seeds and seedling structure. Monocots have one seed and dicots have two. Angiosperms can also be classified as woody, herbaceous, annual, perennial, or biennial based on characteristics like their stem structure and lifespan.
Cnidarians
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydroids. They live in oceans around the world, from the surface waters to the deep sea. Cnidarians have two life stages - a free-swimming medusa stage and a stationary polyp stage, where they are attached to a surface. Their life cycle often involves both a medusa and polyp form.
Stems
Stems perform several functions like producing leaves, branches, and flowers. They transport substances between roots and leaves and hold leaves up towards sunlight. Monocots have vascular bundles arranged in the stem, while dicots and gymnosperms have vascular bundles arranged in cylinders with xylem and phloem tissue. Primary growth occurs through cell division at the stem tip in all seed plants, resulting in increased length. Secondary growth occurs through thickness, with cork cambium forming the outer covering and vascular cambium between vascular tissues producing new layers of xylem wood.
Gretchen Harrigan
Fungi are living organisms that are more closely related to animals than plants. They absorb nutrients from decaying matter in the soil rather than producing their own food through photosynthesis. Fungi are made up of fine threads called hyphae that intertwine to form a tangled web-like structure called a mycelium. Hyphae may contain cross walls that divide them into separate cells. Fungi play an essential role in the environment by aiding plant root function and breaking down dead organic material.
Chordates
Seedless vascular plants reproduce without seeds and have structures that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. They include club mosses, horsetails and ferns, which have roots, leaves and stems. The dominant stage in a fern's life cycle is the sporophyte, which is diploid.
Leaves, Roots, And Stems
Sponges are multicellular animals that live attached to surfaces in marine environments. They filter feed by drawing water through their bodies to absorb nutrients while releasing waste. Sponges can reproduce both sexually through internal fertilization or asexually. There are over 5,000 known sponge species. Sponges were some of the earliest forms of animal life on Earth.
This Is My Power Point
Leaves are the main organs for photosynthesis in plants. They are made up of a thin flattened blade connected by a petiole stalk to the stem. The blade is covered by an epidermis layer and vascular tissues which transport water and nutrients. Mesophyll tissue inside the leaf contains chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis, producing carbohydrates that move through phloem vessels to the rest of the plant. Sunlight is absorbed by palisade mesophyll cells at the top and travels through spongy mesophyll cells at the bottom. Stomata pores allow gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out for photosynthesis. Water lost through transpiration is replaced through xylem vessels in the vascular tissue
Powerpoint
Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in that they lack peptidoglycan and have distinct membrane lipids, and their DNA sequences are more similar to eukaryotes. Archaebacteria thrive in harsh environments like digestive tracts, salty lakes, and oxygen-depleted mud. Prokaryotes use flagella for movement and undergo cellular respiration for energy. They can also exchange genes between cells through conjugation. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, doubling in size before dividing into two daughter cells.
Kyle Wood
1) Different types of algae, called protists, are described including euglenophytes, dinoflagellates, and chrysophytes.
2) Euglenophytes are plantlike protists that reproduce through binary fission and have two flagella but no cell wall.
3) Dinoflagellates can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic, reproduce through binary fission, and store DNA but not histones like other organisms.
Mammals
Mammals are classified into several groups based on how their young develop. Marsupials carry their young in pouches after they are born. Monotremes lay eggs that hatch outside the body. Placental mammals exchange nutrients between the mother and embryo through the placenta. There are many types of placental mammals including those that live on land or in water, fly, have hooves or trunks. Convergent evolution has led to similar structures developing in different mammals living in similar climates.
Fishes
This document discusses the characteristics, evolution, feeding, and respiration of fish. It notes that fish generally have paired fins, scales, and gills. Originally fish were armored and jawless, but in the Devonian Period fish evolved paired fins and jaws. Fish can feed in different ways depending on their environment, including herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and detritus feeders. Gas exchange occurs through gill filaments and blood circulates through fish in one loop.
Primates And Human Origins Powerpoint
The document discusses primates and human origins. It defines hominids and primates, noting that hominids evolved to walk upright and have opposable thumbs, while primates have binocular vision and well-developed brains and limbs. It outlines the two hypotheses for modern human evolution - the multi-regional model suggesting independent evolution in several places, and the out-of-Africa model where Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa from earlier species like Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus. It also discusses Homo neanderthalensis and evidence that Homo sapiens lived alongside them around 50,000-40,000 years ago.
Viruses Final Presentation!
There are three main types of bryophytes: mosses, which commonly grow in moist areas; liverworts, which resemble flat leaves attached to the ground and get their name from resembling a liver; and hornworts, which are found in soil damp year-round. Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that are typically found in damp, moist environments like evergreen forests and go through a life cycle of growth, reproduction, and dispersal.
Roots, Stems, and Leaves Power Point
Viruses are particles that can only reproduce by infecting living cells and contain nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes lipids. They do not have fossils but may have impacted life's history. Viruses use capsids made of protein to enter host cells. Some viruses infect bacteria while others contain RNA as their genetic material or are made solely of protein. Viral infections can be lytic, causing the cell to burst, or lysogenic where the virus embeds its DNA into the host cell DNA. Many human diseases are caused by viruses such as polio, measles, AIDS, influenza, and rabies.
Amphibians
Amphibians are vertebrates that typically live both on land and in water. They evolved adaptations like stronger bones and limbs that allowed them to move on land while still having lungs and gills. There are three main groups of amphibians - salamanders, frogs and toads, and caecilians. Amphibians have defenses like poisonous skin secretions and camouflage to protect themselves from predators.
Bryophytes
Viruses are particles that can only reproduce by infecting living cells and contain nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes lipids. They do not have fossils but may have impacted life's history. Viruses use capsids made of protein to enter host cells. Some viruses infect bacteria while others contain RNA as their genetic material or are made solely of protein. Viruses can cause lytic infections that burst cells or lysogenic infections where viral DNA embeds in the host. Many human diseases are caused by viruses like polio, measles, AIDS, influenza, and rabies.
Ecology Of Fungi
Fungi are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by breaking down and absorbing organic matter using digestive enzymes and thread-like mycelium. As decomposers, fungi recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organisms and waste. Some fungi are also parasites that can cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Fungi also form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic organisms like lichens and plant roots through mycorrhizae.
Spring Project Power Point (Deegan)
Birds have wings and feathers that allow them to fly. They maintain a constant internal body temperature and have specialized features like bills and digestive systems that help them survive. There are many groups of birds including songbirds, raptors, and flightless birds. Birds play important ecological roles like seed dispersal and pest control. They have been around for over 150 million years.
Reptiles Sigrid Ryan
Reptiles are scaly animals that live in warm areas and eat plants or small animals. There are several types of reptiles including lizards, snakes, crocodilians, turtles, and tortoises. Reptiles are ectothermic, meaning they rely on external heat sources like sunlight to regulate their body temperature. While dinosaurs were the largest reptiles to ever live, modern reptiles have diversified to fill ecological niches through evolution from a common ancestor.
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Ecology Of Fungi
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