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PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
1
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
PRESENTED BY
NAVEED UR REHMAN
BS-7TH, MICROBIOLOGY
• Contents
1. Introduction
2. METHODS USED IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
I. Cultural method
II. Biological control method
III. Breeding method for disease resistance
3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE
4. CONCEPT OF RESISTANCE
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
3
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
1. INTRODUCTION:
• Plant disease control is eminent process in crop yielding without complete or partial
eradication of pathogen
• Control measures of disease cannot get good crop yield results without proper control
amendments of disease or pathogen
Fig. 1: Fruits are infected by pathogenPLANT MICROBIOLOGY
4
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
1. INTRODUCTION:
• The major aspect of plant disease control is to “eliminate or eradicate the pathogen
from plant / crop, and control the loss of crop yield
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
5
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
2. METHODS USED IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
I. AVOIDENCE OF PATHOGENS
II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS
III. BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
6
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
I. AVOIDENCE OF PATHOGEN
• Diseases can be prevented by a proper selection of the land or field, choice of time of
sowing, selection of varieties, seed and plant stock and by modification of cultural
practices
• The aim of these measures is to enable the host to avoid contact with the pathogen
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
7
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
i. PROPER SELECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
• Many fungal & bacterial diseases are more severe in wet areas than in dry areas, crop which
are susceptible to these diseases, if grown in wet areas are likely to be effected by plant
pathogens
• For example, smut disease of bajra caused by Tolyposporium pencillariae
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
8
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
ii. SELECTION OF FIELD
• The selection of suitable area or field for cultivation is very important from the point
of view of better yield's, as well as protection of the crop from the ravages in the case
of many soil borne pathogens
• Hence it is advisable not to grow in the same field, where there is high incidence of
disease appearing, due to build-up of inoculum potential
• For example, the drainage conditions of the field are also important , low lying,
water logged fields favor such diseases as red rot of sugarcane and downy mildews
of bajra
• In case of fruit orchards the selection of suitable site is very important
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
9
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
iii. CHOICE OF TIME OF
SOWING
• Pathogens are able to infect susceptible
plants only under certain environmental
conditions
• For example, Rhizoctina root rot of
gram is severe if gram is sown
immediately after the rains, due to the
pathogen develops rapidly under high
temperate and moisture conditions
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
10
Fig. 2: Time of sowing (Google image)
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
iv. DISEASE ESCAPING VARITIES
• Certain varieties escape the onslaught of the pathogen and resist the attack due to
their inherent characteristic's
• For example, maturing varieties of wheat or pea escape damage due to Puccinia
graminis Tritici and Esiphe polygoni respectively.
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
11
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
v. SELECTION OF SEED
AND PLANTING STOCK
• Since many plants propagate by
vegetative parts, the selection of
diseases free planting material, forms a
very important control measures
• The planting of disease-free fields is
often an important control measures for
certain diseases such as red rot of sugar
cane and black scruff of potato etc
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
12
Fig. 3: Selection of seed and plant stock
II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
METHODS
• The term biological control clearly
implies control of a disease through
some biological agency
• The term biological agency, means a
living micro organism or macro
organism other than the diseased or
damaged plant acting as host and the
pathogen or pest causing the disease or
damage Fig. 4: Biological control (Google image)
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
13
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS
• According to Garrett (1965) “ biological control of plant disease may be defined as
• Any condition or practice whereby survival or activity of a pathogen is reduced
through the agency of any other living organism (except man himself)
• The result that there is a reduction in the incidence of the disease caused by the
pathogen
• For example, Trichoderma viride, a common saprophytic fungus, is able to parasitize
the mycelia of other fungi.
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
14
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
III. BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
• The use of disease resistant varieties for controlling plant diseases has been termed
the “painless method” because it does not cost the farmer anything
• The use of resistant cultivars and hybrids has several other advantages it eliminates
the hazards to human health and wild life which is caused by large scale use of
dangerous fungicides and pesticides
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
15
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
III. BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
• It also reduces pollution which results from the use of poisonous chemicals and their
residues, resistant crop varieties check epidemics of pathogens and pests
• It help to maintain the biological balance environment
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
16
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE
• Plant pathologists commonly divide resistance into monogenic, Polygenic, and
Oligogenic according to whether the resistance is governed by one or many genes, or
a few genes resistance can be described as genetic, mechanical or epidemiological
• Oligogenic resistance is determined by 2 to several genes
• Polygenic resistance involves many genes which are more difficult to analyze and
which are known to be included in a large no of diseases such as cotton wilt
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
17
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE
• FEW STEPS INCLUDED
• Extra chromosomal inheritance
• Gene interaction
• Modifier genes
• Reversal of dominance
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
18
FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
4. Concept of vertical and horizontal resistance
• Methods of selection of resistant on geno types
• Selection from existing crops
• 1. Selection from crops that escape damage in infected fields
• 2. Pure line selection
• 3. Plant introduction
• 4. Hybridization
• 5. Selection from wild verities
• 6. Induced mutations
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
19
THANK YOU
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
20
ANY QUESTION ?
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
21

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FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES

  • 2. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES PRESENTED BY NAVEED UR REHMAN BS-7TH, MICROBIOLOGY
  • 3. • Contents 1. Introduction 2. METHODS USED IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT I. Cultural method II. Biological control method III. Breeding method for disease resistance 3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE 4. CONCEPT OF RESISTANCE PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 3
  • 4. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES 1. INTRODUCTION: • Plant disease control is eminent process in crop yielding without complete or partial eradication of pathogen • Control measures of disease cannot get good crop yield results without proper control amendments of disease or pathogen Fig. 1: Fruits are infected by pathogenPLANT MICROBIOLOGY 4
  • 5. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES 1. INTRODUCTION: • The major aspect of plant disease control is to “eliminate or eradicate the pathogen from plant / crop, and control the loss of crop yield PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 5
  • 6. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES 2. METHODS USED IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT I. AVOIDENCE OF PATHOGENS II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS III. BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 6
  • 7. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES I. AVOIDENCE OF PATHOGEN • Diseases can be prevented by a proper selection of the land or field, choice of time of sowing, selection of varieties, seed and plant stock and by modification of cultural practices • The aim of these measures is to enable the host to avoid contact with the pathogen PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 7
  • 8. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES i. PROPER SELECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL AREA • Many fungal & bacterial diseases are more severe in wet areas than in dry areas, crop which are susceptible to these diseases, if grown in wet areas are likely to be effected by plant pathogens • For example, smut disease of bajra caused by Tolyposporium pencillariae PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 8
  • 9. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES ii. SELECTION OF FIELD • The selection of suitable area or field for cultivation is very important from the point of view of better yield's, as well as protection of the crop from the ravages in the case of many soil borne pathogens • Hence it is advisable not to grow in the same field, where there is high incidence of disease appearing, due to build-up of inoculum potential • For example, the drainage conditions of the field are also important , low lying, water logged fields favor such diseases as red rot of sugarcane and downy mildews of bajra • In case of fruit orchards the selection of suitable site is very important PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 9
  • 10. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES iii. CHOICE OF TIME OF SOWING • Pathogens are able to infect susceptible plants only under certain environmental conditions • For example, Rhizoctina root rot of gram is severe if gram is sown immediately after the rains, due to the pathogen develops rapidly under high temperate and moisture conditions PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 10 Fig. 2: Time of sowing (Google image)
  • 11. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES iv. DISEASE ESCAPING VARITIES • Certain varieties escape the onslaught of the pathogen and resist the attack due to their inherent characteristic's • For example, maturing varieties of wheat or pea escape damage due to Puccinia graminis Tritici and Esiphe polygoni respectively. PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 11
  • 12. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES v. SELECTION OF SEED AND PLANTING STOCK • Since many plants propagate by vegetative parts, the selection of diseases free planting material, forms a very important control measures • The planting of disease-free fields is often an important control measures for certain diseases such as red rot of sugar cane and black scruff of potato etc PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 12 Fig. 3: Selection of seed and plant stock
  • 13. II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS • The term biological control clearly implies control of a disease through some biological agency • The term biological agency, means a living micro organism or macro organism other than the diseased or damaged plant acting as host and the pathogen or pest causing the disease or damage Fig. 4: Biological control (Google image) PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 13
  • 14. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS • According to Garrett (1965) “ biological control of plant disease may be defined as • Any condition or practice whereby survival or activity of a pathogen is reduced through the agency of any other living organism (except man himself) • The result that there is a reduction in the incidence of the disease caused by the pathogen • For example, Trichoderma viride, a common saprophytic fungus, is able to parasitize the mycelia of other fungi. PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 14
  • 15. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES III. BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE • The use of disease resistant varieties for controlling plant diseases has been termed the “painless method” because it does not cost the farmer anything • The use of resistant cultivars and hybrids has several other advantages it eliminates the hazards to human health and wild life which is caused by large scale use of dangerous fungicides and pesticides PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 15
  • 16. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES III. BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE • It also reduces pollution which results from the use of poisonous chemicals and their residues, resistant crop varieties check epidemics of pathogens and pests • It help to maintain the biological balance environment PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 16
  • 17. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES 3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE • Plant pathologists commonly divide resistance into monogenic, Polygenic, and Oligogenic according to whether the resistance is governed by one or many genes, or a few genes resistance can be described as genetic, mechanical or epidemiological • Oligogenic resistance is determined by 2 to several genes • Polygenic resistance involves many genes which are more difficult to analyze and which are known to be included in a large no of diseases such as cotton wilt PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 17
  • 18. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES 3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE • FEW STEPS INCLUDED • Extra chromosomal inheritance • Gene interaction • Modifier genes • Reversal of dominance PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 18
  • 19. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES 4. Concept of vertical and horizontal resistance • Methods of selection of resistant on geno types • Selection from existing crops • 1. Selection from crops that escape damage in infected fields • 2. Pure line selection • 3. Plant introduction • 4. Hybridization • 5. Selection from wild verities • 6. Induced mutations PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 19
  • 21. ANY QUESTION ? PLANT MICROBIOLOGY 21