Introduction
METHODS USED IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Cultural method
Biological control method
Breeding method for disease resistance
TYPES OF RESISTANCE
CONCEPT OF RESISTANCE
Fastidious vascular bacteria (FVB), also known as Rickettsia-like bacteria or Rickettsia-like organisms, are small, non-motile bacteria that inhabit the vascular system of plants and reproduce by binary fission. They are transmitted by insect vectors and cause diseases in various crop plants such as citrus greening, Pierce's disease of grapevines, and clover club leaf. FVB that inhabit the xylem cause symptoms like leaf necrosis, stunting, and yield reduction, while those limited to the phloem cause stunting, yellowing, and premature death. Examples include Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli in sugarcane and Xylella fastid
Classification of chromista and description about important diseases especially Pythium and Phytophthora and their general characters and life cycles will give us an detail description and idea about diseases comes under this group
This document discusses various methods for controlling plant diseases. The major methods discussed are cultural control methods, biological control methods, and chemical control methods. Cultural control methods include avoiding contact between the pathogen and host plant through proper field selection, resistant varieties, and modifying cultural practices. Biological control uses other organisms like fungi, bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi to control pathogens. Chemical control involves the use of fungicides, bactericides, and other chemical treatments to directly kill or inhibit pathogens.
This document summarizes the roles of enzymes, toxins, exopolysaccharides, and polypeptide signals in plant disease development. It discusses how enzymes secreted by pathogens break down plant cell walls and nutrients, allowing pathogens to utilize these resources. Different types of enzymes like hydrolases, hemicellulases, and proteolytic enzymes are described. Toxins directly act on and kill plant cells, causing disease symptoms. Exopolysaccharides protect bacterial biofilms and provide nutrients. Finally, the polypeptide signal systemin is discussed, which activates plant defense genes and functions long-distance within the plant in response to wounding or predator attacks.
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
This power-point presentation related to the importance, objectives & scope of plant pathology. This is a brief guide for the students looking for to choose the Plant Pathology as their field of study. I hope you will like it.
This document discusses methods for identifying plant pathogens. Traditional visual examination can only identify damage after it has already occurred. More sensitive early diagnosis methods are needed to treat pathogens before irreparable damage. Modern methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological techniques can identify pathogens before visible symptoms appear, allowing treatment before significant yield losses. These methods help identify the causal agent through DNA analysis and other laboratory techniques.
The document discusses the role of enzymes, toxins, and growth regulators in plant pathology and disease development. It defines plant pathology and describes how diseases develop through a complex process influenced by environmental factors and stress. The summary is:
1) Plant pathology studies plant diseases and their causes and controls. Disease develops through interactions between pathogens, hosts, and the environment.
2) Key stages of disease development include inoculation, penetration, infection, pathogen growth and reproduction, and dissemination. Disease occurs when conditions are suitable for the pathogen but not the host.
3) Factors like temperature, moisture, light, soil properties, and wind influence disease development by affecting the pathogen, host, or their interaction. Understanding
Fastidious vascular bacteria (FVB), also known as Rickettsia-like bacteria or Rickettsia-like organisms, are small, non-motile bacteria that inhabit the vascular system of plants and reproduce by binary fission. They are transmitted by insect vectors and cause diseases in various crop plants such as citrus greening, Pierce's disease of grapevines, and clover club leaf. FVB that inhabit the xylem cause symptoms like leaf necrosis, stunting, and yield reduction, while those limited to the phloem cause stunting, yellowing, and premature death. Examples include Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli in sugarcane and Xylella fastid
Classification of chromista and description about important diseases especially Pythium and Phytophthora and their general characters and life cycles will give us an detail description and idea about diseases comes under this group
This document discusses various methods for controlling plant diseases. The major methods discussed are cultural control methods, biological control methods, and chemical control methods. Cultural control methods include avoiding contact between the pathogen and host plant through proper field selection, resistant varieties, and modifying cultural practices. Biological control uses other organisms like fungi, bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi to control pathogens. Chemical control involves the use of fungicides, bactericides, and other chemical treatments to directly kill or inhibit pathogens.
This document summarizes the roles of enzymes, toxins, exopolysaccharides, and polypeptide signals in plant disease development. It discusses how enzymes secreted by pathogens break down plant cell walls and nutrients, allowing pathogens to utilize these resources. Different types of enzymes like hydrolases, hemicellulases, and proteolytic enzymes are described. Toxins directly act on and kill plant cells, causing disease symptoms. Exopolysaccharides protect bacterial biofilms and provide nutrients. Finally, the polypeptide signal systemin is discussed, which activates plant defense genes and functions long-distance within the plant in response to wounding or predator attacks.
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
This power-point presentation related to the importance, objectives & scope of plant pathology. This is a brief guide for the students looking for to choose the Plant Pathology as their field of study. I hope you will like it.
This document discusses methods for identifying plant pathogens. Traditional visual examination can only identify damage after it has already occurred. More sensitive early diagnosis methods are needed to treat pathogens before irreparable damage. Modern methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological techniques can identify pathogens before visible symptoms appear, allowing treatment before significant yield losses. These methods help identify the causal agent through DNA analysis and other laboratory techniques.
The document discusses the role of enzymes, toxins, and growth regulators in plant pathology and disease development. It defines plant pathology and describes how diseases develop through a complex process influenced by environmental factors and stress. The summary is:
1) Plant pathology studies plant diseases and their causes and controls. Disease develops through interactions between pathogens, hosts, and the environment.
2) Key stages of disease development include inoculation, penetration, infection, pathogen growth and reproduction, and dissemination. Disease occurs when conditions are suitable for the pathogen but not the host.
3) Factors like temperature, moisture, light, soil properties, and wind influence disease development by affecting the pathogen, host, or their interaction. Understanding
Role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesisansarishahid786
This document discusses the role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesis. It defines toxins as metabolites excreted or released by pathogens that damage host cells. Toxins are classified based on their source and specificity. Host-specific toxins only affect a pathogen's host, while non-host specific toxins can damage unrelated plants. Toxins disrupt cell permeability, metabolic processes, and growth regulation, injuring and killing host cells. They play an important role in disease development and symptom expression.
Diseases of Onion and garlic and their managementVAKALIYA MUSTUFA
This document provides information on diseases that affect onion and garlic crops and their management. It discusses several fungal diseases including downy mildew, purple blotch, stemphylium blight, basal rot/bulb rot, and rust. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, disease cycle, favorable conditions for development, and recommendations for management through cultural practices and fungicide applications. The overall document aims to review the major diseases of onion and garlic and provide strategies to control them.
Toxins produced by plant pathogens play an important role in disease development. There are three classes of toxins: pathotoxins which cause disease symptoms, phytotoxins which may contribute to disease, and vivotoxins which function in disease production but are not the initial cause. Toxins can be host-specific, affecting only the pathogen's host, or non-host specific. Host-specific toxins like T-toxin and victorin are primary determinants of disease in susceptible hosts by disrupting mitochondrial function or stimulating cell death. Non-host specific toxins like tabtoxin and tentoxin do not have host specificity and can affect plant physiology. Toxins cause effects like
This document summarizes downy mildew of bajra or pearl millet. It affects crops grown in Africa and India, causing epidemics in 1970 and 1983. Symptoms appear as light green or yellow patches on leaves and ear heads. The fungus has non-septate, intercellular mycelium and elliptical sporangia. Oospores remain in soil for 5 years and cause primary infection in seedlings. Secondary infection occurs via sporangia. Favorable conditions for the fungus include high humidity, leaf moisture, and temperatures of 15-25 degrees Celsius. Management strategies include using healthy seed, removing infected plants, crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide seed treatments or sprays.
This document discusses the mechanism of olfaction in insects and how bad odors can repel insects. It covers the distribution of olfactory receptors on insects, the structure of sensory organs, and the cellular and neurological processes of detecting odors. Examples are given of natural insect repellents derived from plants like neem, eucalyptus, and cocoa that emit unpleasant odors to insects like mosquitoes and ants. The conclusion is that insects can distinguish specific odor signals and orient towards or away from scents through their olfactory system.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Fungicides have been
used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat affected by Fusarium head blight, but most
fungicides developed so far have not been sufficiently effective to be useful for managing
mycotoxins associated with other diseases has been found that the use of cymoxanil is effective in
combatting or preventing fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is a foliar fungicide with protective and
curative action. It has Contact and local systemic activity, and it also inhibits sporulation. It can be
used for controlling Peronosporales, especially Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara and
Fusarium spp. Chlorothalonil is a chloronitrile non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
action.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines from crop losses of 30-50% in some areas. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients can influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using practices like sanitation, crop rotation, and regulating the environment, along with developing host resistance. The key message is that prayer and respecting one's mother are more protective than any security.
This document provides an introduction to the course PPATH 503: Epidemiology and Forecasting of plant disease. It defines key epidemiological concepts such as epidemic, epidemiology, monocyclic and polycyclic pathogens. It discusses how host, pathogen and environmental factors influence disease development. It also examines the history of epidemiology from ancient times to modern developments. Disease progress curves and mathematical modeling of epidemics are introduced.
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects pea plants, especially in dry seasons. The disease first appears as a white powdery growth on old leaves that later spreads to other plant parts like tendrils and pods. Symptoms include white powdery spots that increase transpiration and decrease photosynthesis, resulting in smaller, shrunken grains and yield loss. The causal organism is the fungus Erysiphe polygoni, which can survive in seeds and soil. Disease management strategies include selecting mildew-resistant varieties, removing plant debris, early sowing, seed treatment, and fungicide sprays.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
This document discusses pest management in organic farming. It emphasizes using natural methods like biological controls and cultural practices to minimize pest damage rather than chemicals. Specific biological controls are recommended for common pests of rice, cotton, sugarcane, and sorghum, including the use of resistant varieties, predators, parasites, and pathogens. The benefits of pest management in organic farming include reducing chemicals, being sustainable and environmentally friendly, and producing safe, high-quality foods.
Downy mildew of maize is caused by the fungus Pernosclerospora sorghi. It causes chlorotic streaks and stunted growth in maize plants. White, downy growth appears on the lower leaf surfaces and proliferation of buds occurs. The fungus grows as white downy growth consisting of sporangiophores and sporangia. It spreads primarily through airborne conidia and survives in soil, plant debris and other graminaceous plants. Management practices include deep plowing, crop rotation, rogueing infected plants, seed treatment, and fungicide spray.
This document summarizes information about the banana freckle leaf spot disease, caused by the fungus Guignardia musae. It affects banana plants globally, causing an estimated 78% yield loss. Symptoms include small brown spots on leaves and fruit that give them a rough, sooty appearance. The disease spreads via spores carried by rain or infected plant material. Management strategies include bagging bunches, removing diseased leaves, growing resistant varieties, and applying fungicide sprays in severe cases.
This document provides an outline and overview of pest risk analysis (PRA). It discusses the history and development of PRA through international conventions. The key stages and steps of conducting a PRA are described, including pest categorization, assessing the probability of entry, establishment and spread, evaluating economic consequences, and determining overall risk. The document also reviews various international standards and guidelines for PRA and provides examples of case studies and models used in risk assessment.
This document discusses several classes of systemic fungicides, including benzimidazoles, oxathiins, acylalanines, and triazoles. It provides the chemical names, trade names, and controlled diseases for various fungicides from each class. Specifically, it covers methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), benomyl, carboxin, oxycarboxin, metalaxyl, and tricyclazole. It also describes the fungicidal mechanisms and effects of some of these compounds, such as MBC and benomyl inhibiting DNA synthesis, and tricyclazole preventing melanization and appressorium penetration in blast fungus.
The document discusses integrated plant disease management (IDM), which is a decision-based process that coordinates the use of multiple tactics to optimize pathogen control in an ecologically and economically sound manner. The key components of an IDM approach include cultural controls like crop rotation, physical controls such as hot water treatment of seeds, biological controls using organisms like Trichoderma fungi, chemical controls when needed, and host plant resistance. The overall goals are to simultaneously manage multiple pathogens, monitor impacts and natural enemies, and integrate suppressive tactics to promote sustainable disease management with reduced environmental and health risks.
Role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesisansarishahid786
This document discusses the role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesis. It defines toxins as metabolites excreted or released by pathogens that damage host cells. Toxins are classified based on their source and specificity. Host-specific toxins only affect a pathogen's host, while non-host specific toxins can damage unrelated plants. Toxins disrupt cell permeability, metabolic processes, and growth regulation, injuring and killing host cells. They play an important role in disease development and symptom expression.
Diseases of Onion and garlic and their managementVAKALIYA MUSTUFA
This document provides information on diseases that affect onion and garlic crops and their management. It discusses several fungal diseases including downy mildew, purple blotch, stemphylium blight, basal rot/bulb rot, and rust. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, disease cycle, favorable conditions for development, and recommendations for management through cultural practices and fungicide applications. The overall document aims to review the major diseases of onion and garlic and provide strategies to control them.
Toxins produced by plant pathogens play an important role in disease development. There are three classes of toxins: pathotoxins which cause disease symptoms, phytotoxins which may contribute to disease, and vivotoxins which function in disease production but are not the initial cause. Toxins can be host-specific, affecting only the pathogen's host, or non-host specific. Host-specific toxins like T-toxin and victorin are primary determinants of disease in susceptible hosts by disrupting mitochondrial function or stimulating cell death. Non-host specific toxins like tabtoxin and tentoxin do not have host specificity and can affect plant physiology. Toxins cause effects like
This document summarizes downy mildew of bajra or pearl millet. It affects crops grown in Africa and India, causing epidemics in 1970 and 1983. Symptoms appear as light green or yellow patches on leaves and ear heads. The fungus has non-septate, intercellular mycelium and elliptical sporangia. Oospores remain in soil for 5 years and cause primary infection in seedlings. Secondary infection occurs via sporangia. Favorable conditions for the fungus include high humidity, leaf moisture, and temperatures of 15-25 degrees Celsius. Management strategies include using healthy seed, removing infected plants, crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide seed treatments or sprays.
This document discusses the mechanism of olfaction in insects and how bad odors can repel insects. It covers the distribution of olfactory receptors on insects, the structure of sensory organs, and the cellular and neurological processes of detecting odors. Examples are given of natural insect repellents derived from plants like neem, eucalyptus, and cocoa that emit unpleasant odors to insects like mosquitoes and ants. The conclusion is that insects can distinguish specific odor signals and orient towards or away from scents through their olfactory system.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Fungicides have been
used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat affected by Fusarium head blight, but most
fungicides developed so far have not been sufficiently effective to be useful for managing
mycotoxins associated with other diseases has been found that the use of cymoxanil is effective in
combatting or preventing fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is a foliar fungicide with protective and
curative action. It has Contact and local systemic activity, and it also inhibits sporulation. It can be
used for controlling Peronosporales, especially Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara and
Fusarium spp. Chlorothalonil is a chloronitrile non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
action.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines from crop losses of 30-50% in some areas. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients can influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using practices like sanitation, crop rotation, and regulating the environment, along with developing host resistance. The key message is that prayer and respecting one's mother are more protective than any security.
This document provides an introduction to the course PPATH 503: Epidemiology and Forecasting of plant disease. It defines key epidemiological concepts such as epidemic, epidemiology, monocyclic and polycyclic pathogens. It discusses how host, pathogen and environmental factors influence disease development. It also examines the history of epidemiology from ancient times to modern developments. Disease progress curves and mathematical modeling of epidemics are introduced.
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects pea plants, especially in dry seasons. The disease first appears as a white powdery growth on old leaves that later spreads to other plant parts like tendrils and pods. Symptoms include white powdery spots that increase transpiration and decrease photosynthesis, resulting in smaller, shrunken grains and yield loss. The causal organism is the fungus Erysiphe polygoni, which can survive in seeds and soil. Disease management strategies include selecting mildew-resistant varieties, removing plant debris, early sowing, seed treatment, and fungicide sprays.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
This document discusses pest management in organic farming. It emphasizes using natural methods like biological controls and cultural practices to minimize pest damage rather than chemicals. Specific biological controls are recommended for common pests of rice, cotton, sugarcane, and sorghum, including the use of resistant varieties, predators, parasites, and pathogens. The benefits of pest management in organic farming include reducing chemicals, being sustainable and environmentally friendly, and producing safe, high-quality foods.
Downy mildew of maize is caused by the fungus Pernosclerospora sorghi. It causes chlorotic streaks and stunted growth in maize plants. White, downy growth appears on the lower leaf surfaces and proliferation of buds occurs. The fungus grows as white downy growth consisting of sporangiophores and sporangia. It spreads primarily through airborne conidia and survives in soil, plant debris and other graminaceous plants. Management practices include deep plowing, crop rotation, rogueing infected plants, seed treatment, and fungicide spray.
This document summarizes information about the banana freckle leaf spot disease, caused by the fungus Guignardia musae. It affects banana plants globally, causing an estimated 78% yield loss. Symptoms include small brown spots on leaves and fruit that give them a rough, sooty appearance. The disease spreads via spores carried by rain or infected plant material. Management strategies include bagging bunches, removing diseased leaves, growing resistant varieties, and applying fungicide sprays in severe cases.
This document provides an outline and overview of pest risk analysis (PRA). It discusses the history and development of PRA through international conventions. The key stages and steps of conducting a PRA are described, including pest categorization, assessing the probability of entry, establishment and spread, evaluating economic consequences, and determining overall risk. The document also reviews various international standards and guidelines for PRA and provides examples of case studies and models used in risk assessment.
This document discusses several classes of systemic fungicides, including benzimidazoles, oxathiins, acylalanines, and triazoles. It provides the chemical names, trade names, and controlled diseases for various fungicides from each class. Specifically, it covers methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), benomyl, carboxin, oxycarboxin, metalaxyl, and tricyclazole. It also describes the fungicidal mechanisms and effects of some of these compounds, such as MBC and benomyl inhibiting DNA synthesis, and tricyclazole preventing melanization and appressorium penetration in blast fungus.
The document discusses integrated plant disease management (IDM), which is a decision-based process that coordinates the use of multiple tactics to optimize pathogen control in an ecologically and economically sound manner. The key components of an IDM approach include cultural controls like crop rotation, physical controls such as hot water treatment of seeds, biological controls using organisms like Trichoderma fungi, chemical controls when needed, and host plant resistance. The overall goals are to simultaneously manage multiple pathogens, monitor impacts and natural enemies, and integrate suppressive tactics to promote sustainable disease management with reduced environmental and health risks.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves using pesticides only when disease incidence reaches economic threshold levels, promoting natural biocontrol agents. IDM uses cultural, biological, and limited chemical controls to keep disease below economic levels. It has four components: host resistance, biological control, need-based chemical control, and culture control like intercropping and crop rotation.
Crop disease management aims to improve plant health at the population level through sustainable practices. Traditional methods focused on pathogens, but now focus on host plant health and interactions between plants, pathogens, and the environment. Key principles include manipulating the environment to favor hosts over pathogens through resistance, avoidance, elimination, and remedies. Cultural practices like crop rotation, selection of planting times and locations, and sanitation are widely used to control diseases.
Fungi can serve as effective biocontrol agents for controlling plant diseases. Some fungi, such as species of Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Ampelomyces, and Coniothyrium produce enzymes or antibiotics that directly inhibit plant pathogens through antagonism. Other fungi indirectly control pathogens by competing for space and nutrients or inducing resistance in plants. Trichoderma is a commonly used biocontrol agent that employs mechanisms like mycoparasitism, competition, and inducing plant defenses to reduce pathogen populations and disease severity. Biological control using fungi provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to disease management in agriculture.
Fungi can be used as biocontrol agents to control plant diseases. Some key fungal biocontrol agents include Trichoderma species, Gliocladium virens, Coniothyrium minitans, and Ampelomyces quisqualis. Trichoderma reduces plant pathogens through direct antagonism mechanisms like mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition. Commercial products containing Trichoderma are used as biopesticides. Fungal biocontrol agents can also be used to control nematodes, insects, and other pests through parasitism and production of toxins. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological insecticide against various insect
This document discusses biological control of plant diseases. It describes biological control as using natural enemies like beneficial microorganisms to control pathogen populations. Mechanisms of biological control include competition, parasitism, predation, induced resistance, and antimicrobial production. While biological control shows promise, its use can be limited by environmental conditions. Integrated disease management is presented as a better approach, combining biological, cultural, and chemical controls tailored to each crop system. The disease triangle concept illustrates how a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment must intersect for disease to occur.
Plant disease management involves various principles and methods to control diseases and increase crop yields. These include avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, host resistance, and therapy. An integrated approach is most effective, using strategies like maintaining nursery hygiene, controlling access, using disease tolerant varieties, seed treatment, roguing infected plants, removing weeds, and applying an integrated mix of methods ecologically and economically. The goal of integrated disease management is to reduce disease introduction, avoid conditions for spread, manage multiple pathogens simultaneously, and apply multiple suppressive tactics only as needed.
Principles of plant disease managementRanjan Kumar
This document discusses principles of plant disease management. It explains that a plant disease is caused by the impairment of a plant's normal physiological functioning due to irritation from pathogens. Disease management aims to prevent disease incidence, reduce pathogen inoculum, and minimize crop losses. It does this by eliminating interactions between susceptible hosts, virulent pathogens, and suitable environments. The key principles of disease management are avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, use of resistant varieties, and therapy. Each principle is described in detail with examples.
This document discusses plant pests, diseases, and disorders. It provides examples of common plant pests like mites, scale, aphids, and moths. It also discusses the four main types of plant pathogens - fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Finally, it outlines methods for identifying, treating, and preventing plant pests and diseases, including cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls.
ABSTRACT- Fruits and vegetables are mainly consumed for their nutritive value. India ranks high in the world in
production of these commodities. But, a major part of the yield is lost due to a number of factors. Post harvest decay due
to attack by a variety of pathogen is one of the main reason responsible for such losses. Most of the fruits and vegetable
are prone to attack by post harvest pathogens. But, perishable fruits are at maximum risk due high moisture content
present in them. Various control measures have been practiced against the fungal pathogens. Tradionally used methods
like irradiation, use of chemical fungicides etc. have certain environmental and health hazards associated with them.
Recent trends are shifting towards safe and consumer friendly strategies to control the post harvest decay of perishable
fruits. Presently, trends are focusing on enhancement of the shelf life of perishables along with the minimization of the
losses in quantitative as well as qualitative terms. In the recent past, a metamorphic change in the post harvest
management scenario has been observed. Emerging trends are aimed at use of biological control measures to combat the
post harvest losses.
Key-words- Post harvest decay, Perishables, Fungal pathogens, Biological control, Post harvest management, Emerging
trends, Consumer friendly strategies
R21 bio deteroration of grains ans risk of mycotoxinsBarun Kumar Yadav
This document contains the details of Praveen Kumar who gave a seminar on the bio-deterioration of grains and the risk of mycotoxins. The seminar discussed how molds can grow on stored grains producing toxic metabolites known as mycotoxins. It explained the major molds that produce important mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and trichothecenes. The seminar highlighted the significance of mycotoxins for human and animal health as well as strategies for controlling mold growth and mycotoxin contamination in grains.
Integrated Disease Management on Tikka disease of GroundnutMuhammed Ameer
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is recommended for managing Tikka disease of groundnut. Tikka disease causes circular leaf spots and is caused by the fungi Cercospora arachidicola and C. personata. IDM involves using cultural, biological, and chemical controls as needed to keep disease incidence below economic thresholds. Key practices include crop rotation, resistant varieties, removing crop residues, neem extracts, and fungicide sprays of Bordeaux mixture, Dimethane M-45, or carbendazim. The goal of IDM is to promote natural farming methods while keeping diseases under control.
Integrated disease management in organic
farming combines the use of various measures. The
usefulness of certain measures depends on the specific
crop-pathogen combination. In many crops,
preventative measures can control diseases without
the need of plant protection products. However, for
certain disease problems, preventative measures are
not sufficient. For example, organic apple production
strongly depends on the multiple use plant protection
products
- Fungi can be effective biocontrol agents for controlling plant pathogens and insect pests. They compete for nutrients and space with pathogens, produce toxins, and act as parasites.
- Beauveria bassiana is a commonly used fungal biocontrol agent that naturally infects many arthropod species. It is commercially developed as an insecticide under the name Panther BB.
- While biocontrol reduces pesticide use and is environmentally friendly, it also has disadvantages like high production costs, requirement for additional control methods, and difficulty mass producing some agents. Overall, biocontrol provides a sustainable alternative to chemicals for integrated pest management.
Biological Control for Pest Disease Managementgreenjeans76
This document discusses biological control for plant disease management. It begins with introducing biological control products and their effectiveness, noting that understanding options and effectiveness is key to disease management. It then reviews factors that influence the effectiveness of biological control, finding that disease pressure, aerial vs soilborne diseases, and annual vs perennial crops do not significantly impact efficacy. Fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents and pathogens also show no difference in efficacy. The document dives deeper into analyzing specific products like Trichoderma spp., their active ingredients, uses, mechanisms of suppression, and evaluations. It finds products like RootShield with T. harzianum generally work well but may be affected by dry conditions and lack registration.
The document discusses biofungicides, which are biologically active substances derived from organisms that prevent and treat plant diseases. There are three main types of biofungicides: agricultural antibiotics produced through microbial fermentation, bacteria-based fungicides like Bacillus subtilis that inhibit fungi and promote growth, and fungal fungicides including Trichoderma species that control various plant pathogens. Biofungicides have advantages over chemical fungicides in that their active ingredients are naturally occurring microorganisms that are less toxic and help improve soil health.
This document presents a simplified and efficient process for producing insulin in Pichia pastoris yeast. Key points:
- Insulin production is currently done in E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the S. cerevisiae process has up to 15 purification steps.
- The present study uses P. pastoris, which secretes correctly folded insulin directly into culture medium. A high-density fermentation achieved a high yield of 2.26 g/L of insulin precursor.
- A novel two-step purification process using tangential flow filtration and cation exchange chromatography achieved high loading capacity and purity.
- The purified insulin precursor was then converted to human insulin through an enzymatic
Introduction, Issues on GM Food, Health issues and food safety, Changing God’s creation and tampering with nature, Al-Qur’an and Al-hadith views regarding GM foods and products, Al-Qur’an and Al-hadith points of views regarding the issue of changing God's creation
Antibiotics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of antibiotics
1.3 Production of antibiotics
1.4 Mechanism of action
methods
2. Vaccine
2.1 Definition
2.2 Types of vaccines
2.3 Types of manufacturing
2.4 Mechanism of action
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
2. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
PRESENTED BY
NAVEED UR REHMAN
BS-7TH, MICROBIOLOGY
3. • Contents
1. Introduction
2. METHODS USED IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
I. Cultural method
II. Biological control method
III. Breeding method for disease resistance
3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE
4. CONCEPT OF RESISTANCE
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
3
4. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
1. INTRODUCTION:
• Plant disease control is eminent process in crop yielding without complete or partial
eradication of pathogen
• Control measures of disease cannot get good crop yield results without proper control
amendments of disease or pathogen
Fig. 1: Fruits are infected by pathogenPLANT MICROBIOLOGY
4
5. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
1. INTRODUCTION:
• The major aspect of plant disease control is to “eliminate or eradicate the pathogen
from plant / crop, and control the loss of crop yield
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
5
6. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
2. METHODS USED IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
I. AVOIDENCE OF PATHOGENS
II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS
III. BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
6
7. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
I. AVOIDENCE OF PATHOGEN
• Diseases can be prevented by a proper selection of the land or field, choice of time of
sowing, selection of varieties, seed and plant stock and by modification of cultural
practices
• The aim of these measures is to enable the host to avoid contact with the pathogen
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
7
8. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
i. PROPER SELECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
• Many fungal & bacterial diseases are more severe in wet areas than in dry areas, crop which
are susceptible to these diseases, if grown in wet areas are likely to be effected by plant
pathogens
• For example, smut disease of bajra caused by Tolyposporium pencillariae
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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9. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
ii. SELECTION OF FIELD
• The selection of suitable area or field for cultivation is very important from the point
of view of better yield's, as well as protection of the crop from the ravages in the case
of many soil borne pathogens
• Hence it is advisable not to grow in the same field, where there is high incidence of
disease appearing, due to build-up of inoculum potential
• For example, the drainage conditions of the field are also important , low lying,
water logged fields favor such diseases as red rot of sugarcane and downy mildews
of bajra
• In case of fruit orchards the selection of suitable site is very important
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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10. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
iii. CHOICE OF TIME OF
SOWING
• Pathogens are able to infect susceptible
plants only under certain environmental
conditions
• For example, Rhizoctina root rot of
gram is severe if gram is sown
immediately after the rains, due to the
pathogen develops rapidly under high
temperate and moisture conditions
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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Fig. 2: Time of sowing (Google image)
11. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
iv. DISEASE ESCAPING VARITIES
• Certain varieties escape the onslaught of the pathogen and resist the attack due to
their inherent characteristic's
• For example, maturing varieties of wheat or pea escape damage due to Puccinia
graminis Tritici and Esiphe polygoni respectively.
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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12. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
v. SELECTION OF SEED
AND PLANTING STOCK
• Since many plants propagate by
vegetative parts, the selection of
diseases free planting material, forms a
very important control measures
• The planting of disease-free fields is
often an important control measures for
certain diseases such as red rot of sugar
cane and black scruff of potato etc
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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Fig. 3: Selection of seed and plant stock
13. II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
METHODS
• The term biological control clearly
implies control of a disease through
some biological agency
• The term biological agency, means a
living micro organism or macro
organism other than the diseased or
damaged plant acting as host and the
pathogen or pest causing the disease or
damage Fig. 4: Biological control (Google image)
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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14. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
II. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS
• According to Garrett (1965) “ biological control of plant disease may be defined as
• Any condition or practice whereby survival or activity of a pathogen is reduced
through the agency of any other living organism (except man himself)
• The result that there is a reduction in the incidence of the disease caused by the
pathogen
• For example, Trichoderma viride, a common saprophytic fungus, is able to parasitize
the mycelia of other fungi.
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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15. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
III. BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
• The use of disease resistant varieties for controlling plant diseases has been termed
the “painless method” because it does not cost the farmer anything
• The use of resistant cultivars and hybrids has several other advantages it eliminates
the hazards to human health and wild life which is caused by large scale use of
dangerous fungicides and pesticides
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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16. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
III. BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
• It also reduces pollution which results from the use of poisonous chemicals and their
residues, resistant crop varieties check epidemics of pathogens and pests
• It help to maintain the biological balance environment
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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17. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE
• Plant pathologists commonly divide resistance into monogenic, Polygenic, and
Oligogenic according to whether the resistance is governed by one or many genes, or
a few genes resistance can be described as genetic, mechanical or epidemiological
• Oligogenic resistance is determined by 2 to several genes
• Polygenic resistance involves many genes which are more difficult to analyze and
which are known to be included in a large no of diseases such as cotton wilt
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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18. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
3. TYPES OF RESISTANCE
• FEW STEPS INCLUDED
• Extra chromosomal inheritance
• Gene interaction
• Modifier genes
• Reversal of dominance
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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19. FUTURE TRENDS IN PLANT DISEASES
4. Concept of vertical and horizontal resistance
• Methods of selection of resistant on geno types
• Selection from existing crops
• 1. Selection from crops that escape damage in infected fields
• 2. Pure line selection
• 3. Plant introduction
• 4. Hybridization
• 5. Selection from wild verities
• 6. Induced mutations
PLANT MICROBIOLOGY
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