A transesophageal echocardiogram, or TEE, is an alternative way to perform an echocardiogram. A specialized probe containing an ultrasound transducer at its tip is passed into the patient's esophagus. This allows image and Doppler evaluation which can be recorded. It has several advantages and some disadvantages compared with a transthoracic echocardiogram.
Critical Care Summit Egypt 2015 Common Arrhythmias in the ICUDr.Mahmoud Abbas
Lecture presented by Dr Khaled Farouk at Egyptian Critical Care Summit 2015, the leading ICU event and medical exhibition in Egypt. www.criticalcareegypt.com
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
A transesophageal echocardiogram, or TEE, is an alternative way to perform an echocardiogram. A specialized probe containing an ultrasound transducer at its tip is passed into the patient's esophagus. This allows image and Doppler evaluation which can be recorded. It has several advantages and some disadvantages compared with a transthoracic echocardiogram.
Critical Care Summit Egypt 2015 Common Arrhythmias in the ICUDr.Mahmoud Abbas
Lecture presented by Dr Khaled Farouk at Egyptian Critical Care Summit 2015, the leading ICU event and medical exhibition in Egypt. www.criticalcareegypt.com
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
A rapid guide for short-term learning of electrocardiography history and the applications of electrocardiogram in cardiac monitoring and the diagnosis of heart pathologic conditions. Would be useful for the students who want to begin to learn this topic and the healthcare practitioners who need a review.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
4. P Wave
P wave is always positive in lead II and
always negative in lead aVR during sinus
rhythm
5. P-Pulmonale
The presence of tall, peaked P waves
(>2.5 mm) in lead II is a sign of right atrial
enlargement, usually due to pulmonary
hypertension (e.g. cor pulmonale from
chronic respiratory disease).
6. Q wave
Considered Pathological if
• > 40 ms (1 mm) wide
• > 2 mm deep
• > 25% of depth of QRS complex
• Seen in leads V1-3
Signifies Old MI
7. R wave
Abnormalities:
1. Dominant R wave in V1
2. Dominant R wave in aVR (TCA,
Dextrocardia)
3. Poor R wave progression
8. Dominant R wave in V1
Normal in Children and Young Adults
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Pulmonary Embolus
- RBBB
Posterior Wall MI
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
9. Poor R wave Progression
Defined as R wave < 3mm height in V3
Causes:
• LVH
• Prior Antero Septal MI
• Inaccurate Lead Placement
• Normal Variant
10. T wave
Upright in all leads except aVR and V1
Amplitude: < 5 mm in limb leads ; < 10 mm in
precordial leads
11. Peaked T wave (narrow & symmetrically
peaked)
Hyperkalemia
12. Hyperacute T wave (broad &
asymmetrically peaked)
Early stages of ST elevated
MI, often preceding
occurrence of ST elevation
and Q waves.
13. T wave Inversion
Normal in children
Pulmonary embolism
Ventricular hypertrophy
(Strain Pattern)
Raised ICP
T wave inversion in lead III
is normal variant.
Pathological T wave
inversion is usually
symmetrical and deep (> 3
mm)
15. Camel Hump T waves
Prominent U wave fused to
end of T wave ( severe
Hypokalemia)
Hidden P wave embedded in
T wave ( Sinus Tachycardia,
Heart Blocks)
16. U wave
Normally, inversely proportional to heart rate.
Grows bigger as heart rate slows down. (visible at
HR < 65)
Normal, < 25 % T wave voltage or < 1-2 mm
amplitude
19. QRS
Narrow Complex <100 ms (
Supraventricular)
Broad Complex >120 ms (
Ventricular or aberrant supra
ventricular conduction -
Hyperkalemia,BBB)
Sinus rhythm with frequent ventricular ectopics
20. RBBB
• In RBBB, activation of the right ventricle is delayed as depolarisation has to spread across the
septum from the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle is activated normally, meaning that the early part of the QRS complex is
unchanged.
• The delayed right ventricular activation produces a secondary R wave (R’) in the right
precordial leads (V1-3) and a wide, slurred S wave in the lateral leads.
21. Diagnostic Criteria Of RBBB
• Broad QRS > 120 ms
• RSR’ pattern in V1-3 (‘M-shaped’ QRS complex)
• Wide, slurred S wave in the lateral leads (I, aVL, V5-6)
22. Causes of RBBB
Cor Pulmonale / Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Pulmonary Emboli
IHD
25. Hypokalaemia
Decreased extracellular potassium causes myocardial
hyperexcitability with the potential to develop re-entrant
arrhythmias
• Hypokalaemia is defined as a potassium level < 3.5 mEq/L
• Moderate hypokalemia is a serum level of < 3.0 mEq/L
• Severe hypokalemia is defined as a level < 2.5 mEq/L
26. Changes appear when K+ falls below about 2.7 mmol/l
• Increased amplitude and width of the P wave
• Prolongation of the PR interval
• T wave flattening and inversion
• ST depression
• Prominent U waves (best seen in the precordial leads)
• Apparent long QT interval due to fusion of the T and U
waves (= long QU interval)
27. With worsening hypokalaemia:
• Frequent supraventricular and ventricular
ectopics
• Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: AF, atrial
flutter, atrial tachycardia
• Potential to develop life-threatening ventricular
arrhythmias, e.g. VT, VF and Torsades de Pointes
28. Hyperkalemia
• Increased extracellular potassium reduces myocardial excitability, with depression of both pacemaking and
conducting tissues.
• Progressively worsening hyperkalaemia leads to suppression of impulse generation by the SA node and
reduced conduction by the AV node and His-Purkinje system, resulting in bradycardia and conduction blocks and
ultimately cardiac arrest.
• Hyperkalaemia is defined as a potassium level > 5.5 mEq/L
• Moderate hyperkalaemia is a serum potassium > 6.0 mEq/L
• Severe hyperkalaemia is a serum potassium > 7.0 mE/L
29. Serum potassium > 5.5 mEq/L is associated
with repolarization abnormalities:
• Peaked T waves (usually the earliest sign of
hyperkalaemia)
30. Serum potassium > 6.5 mEq/L is associated
with progressive paralysis of the atria:
• P wave widens and flattens
• PR segment lengthens
• P waves eventually disappear
31. Serum potassium > 7.0 mEq/L is associated with conduction
abnormalities and bradycardia:
• Prolonged QRS interval with bizarre QRS morphology
• High-grade AV block with slow junctional and ventricular escape
rhythms
• Any kind of conduction block (bundle branch blocks, fascicular
blocks)
• Sinus bradycardia or slow AF
• Development of a sine wave appearance (a pre-terminal rhythm)
32. Serum potassium level of > 9.0 mEq/Lcauses cardiac
arrest due to:
• Asystole
• Ventricular fibrillation
• PEA with bizarre, wide complex rhythm
34. ST Segment Elevation
Acute STEMI may produce ST elevation with either concave, convex or
obliquely straight morphology
Reciprocal ST depression in opposite leads.
35. Benign Early Repolarization
Causes mild ST elevation with tall T-waves mainly in the
precordial leads. Is a normal variant commonly seen in young,
healthy patients. There is often notching of the J-point — the “fish-hook”
pattern.
No reciprocal ST depression.
36. Less common causes of ST elevation:
• Pulmonary embolism and acute cor pulmonale
(usually in lead III)
• J-waves (hypothermia, hypercalcaemia)
• Hyperkalaemia
37. ST Segment Depression • ST depression can be either upsloping, downsloping, or
horizontal.
• Horizontal or downsloping ST depression ≥ 0.5 mm at the J-point
in ≥ 2 contiguous leads indicates myocardial ischaemia
(according to the 2007 Task Force Criteria).
• Upsloping ST depression is non-specific for myocardial
ischaemia.
38. Hypokalaemia causes widespread downsloping ST
depression with T-wave flattening/inversion, prominent
U waves and a prolonged QU interval.
39. Treatment with digoxin causes downsloping ST
depression with a “sagging” morphology, reminiscent
of Salvador Dali’s moustache.