This document provides an overview of earthquake engineering and seismic design of buildings. It discusses the causes of earthquakes, types of faulting, characteristics of ground motion, and how earthquakes affect different types of buildings. Key aspects of seismic design are covered, including foundations, load paths, stiffness, ductility, and seismic features like shear walls, base isolation, and dampers. The document emphasizes the importance of building codes in ensuring earthquake safety and reducing seismic impacts through proper design and construction according to code provisions. Overall, the document outlines important earthquake engineering concepts for analyzing building response to seismic activity and improving seismic performance.

1. SHAILENDRA HARIOUDH <18123012>
M. TECH (GEOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY)
EARTH SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
IIT KANPUR (U.P.)

2. CONTENT
• EARTH QUAKE AND ITS CAUSE
• GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS
• STRATEGY OF EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
• CONSTRUCTION FEATURES IMPORTANT TO SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
• MASONRY BUILDING BEHAVIOUR IN EARTHQUAKE
• HOW TO REDUCE EQ. EFFECTS ON BUILDING
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

3. EARTH QUAKE AND ITS CAUSE
• AN EARTHQUAKE IS THE SHAKING OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, RESULTING FROM THE SUDDEN
RELEASE OF ENERGY IN THE EARTH'S LITHOSPHERE THAT CREATES SEISMIC WAVES.
• THE SEISMICITY, OR SEISMIC ACTIVITY, OF AN AREA IS THE FREQUENCY, TYPE AND SIZE OF EARTHQUAKES
EXPERIENCED OVER A PERIOD OF TIME.
• EARTHQUAKES ARE CAUSED MOSTLY BY RUPTURE OF GEOLOGICAL FAULTS, BUT ALSO BY OTHER EVENTS
SUCH AS VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, LANDSLIDES, MINE BLASTS, AND NUCLEAR TEST.

4. EARTHQUAKE FAULT TYPE
NORMAL AND REVERSE FAULTING ARE EXAMPLES OF DIP-SLIP,
WHERE THE DISPLACEMENT ALONG THE FAULT IS IN THE
DIRECTION OF DIP AND MOVEMENT ON THEM INVOLVES A
VERTICAL COMPONENT
STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS ARE STEEP STRUCTURES WHERE THE TWO
SIDES OF THE FAULT SLIP HORIZONTALLY PAST EACH OTHER;
TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES ARE A PARTICULAR TYPE OF STRIKE-
SLIP FAULT.
Source : www.wikipedia.com

5. GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS
• EARTHQUAKE ORIGINATES BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH DUE
TO RUPTURE OF BED-ROCK
• THIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH RELEASE OF STORED STRAIN ENERGY
THAT SPREADS OUT IN ALL DIRECTIONS FROM THE FAULT REGION IN
THE FORM OF SEISMIC WAVES THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE BODY
AND ALONG THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
• THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND SHAKING CONTROL
EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF BUILDINGS, IN ADDITION TO THE
BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS.
• THE GROUND MOTION CAN BE MEASURES IN THE FORM OF
ACCELERATION, VELOCITY OR DISPLACEMENT.
Source : FEMA USA, NEHRP Recommendations manual

6. EARTH SCIENTIST AND ENGINEER’S INTEREST
• EARTH SCIENTISTS ARE INTERESTED IN CAPTURING THE SIZE AND ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES
WORLDWIDE, AND MEASURE FEEBLE GROUND DISPLACEMENTS EVEN AT GREAT DISTANCES FROM THE
EPICENTER OF THE EARTHQUAKES.
• ENGINEERS ARE INTERESTED IN STUDYING LEVELS OF GROUND SHAKING AT WHICH BUILDINGS ARE
DAMAGED, AND ARE CONVERSANT WITH FORCES (AS PART OF THE DESIGN PROCESS OF BUILDING).
• “IF A CIVIL ENGINEER IS TO ACQUIRE FRUITFUL EXPERIENCEIN A BRIEF SPAN OF TIME, EXPOSE HIM TO THE
CONCEPTS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, NO MATTER IF HE IS LATER NOT TO WORK IN EARTHQUAKE
COUNTRY.”
~ EMILO ROSENBLEUTH, EMINENT PROFESSORS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING IN MEXICO.

7. BUILDING BEHAVIOUR UNDER A GROUND MOTION
Source : BMTPC ( building material tech promotion council )

8. GROUND MOTION
MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE FROM EARTHQUAKES OR EXPLOSIONS
In design codes, the vertical design acceleration is taken as ½ to 2/3 of the horizontal design acceleration.
Source : FEMA, NEHRP

9. MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY
• MAGNITUDE IS A QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF THE ACTUAL SIZE OF
THE EARTHQUAKE.
• INTENSITY IS A QUALITATIVE MEASURE OF THE ACTUAL SHAKING AT
A LOCATION DURING AN EARTHQUAKE, AND IS ASSIGNED AS
ROMAN CAPITAL NUMERALS.
• THE MAGNITUDE OF THE EARTHQUAKE IS A SINGLE VALUE FOR A
GIVEN EARTHQUAKE. ON THE OTHER HAND, INTENSITY IS AN
INDICATOR OF THE SEVERITY OF SHAKING GENERATED AT A GIVEN
LOCATION.
• PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION (PGA) IS EQUAL TO THE MAXIMUM
GROUND ACCELERATION THAT OCCURRED DURING EARTHQUAKE
SHAKING AT A LOCATION.
Source : GSDMA, Gujarat State Disaster Management Agency

10. PAST EARTHQUAKE AND ITS NATURE
Source : Internet

11. BASIC STRATEGY OF EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
• CALCULATE MAXIMUM ELASTIC FORCES AND REDUCE BY A
FACTOR TO OBTAIN DESIGN FORCES.
• BUILDINGS WERE DESIGNED TO REMAIN ELASTIC DURING THE
EXPECTED STRONG GROUND SHAKING AND THEREBY
PERMITTING DAMAGE.
• BUT, SUFFICIENT INITIAL STIFFNESS IS REQUIRED TO BE
ENSURED TO AVOID STRUCTURAL DAMAGE UNDER MINOR
SHAKING.
• THUS, SEISMIC DESIGN BALANCES REDUCED COST AND
ACCEPTABLE DAMAGE, TO MAKE THE PROJECT VIABLE. Lateral DeflectionΔ
roof
Actual Structure
Elastic Structure
0
Maximum Force,
if the structure remains elastic
MinimumDesign Force,
that codes require to be used
Reductionin Design Force
when some damage can be allowed
Lateral Force H
Source : National Information Centre for Earthquake Engg.

12. EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR BUILDINGS
• (A) MINOR (FREQUENT) SHAKING – NO/HARDLY ANY DAMAGE,
• (B) MODERATE SHAKING – MINOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE, AND
SOME NON-STRUCTURAL DAMAGE,
• (C) SEVERE (INFREQUENT) SHAKING – STRUCTURAL DAMAGE, BUT
NO COLLAPSE
Source : www.fema.gov, www.nicee.com

13. EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
• BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE SHAKING AT THEIR BASE
OSCILLATE BACK AND FORTH IN ALL THREE DIRECTIONS
• AMPLITUDES OF SHAKING AND DIRECTIONS OF SHAKING ARE DEPENDENT ON
HOW THEY ARE PROPORTIONED GEOMETRICALLY AND IN TERMS OF
STIFFNESS THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING IN PLAN AND ELEVATION
• DAMAGE TYPE AND SEQUENCE OF DAMAGE IN VARIOUS STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS IS THE MAIN FOCUS OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN
• INTER-RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND BEHAVIOR
DETERMINE THE OVERALL SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF A BUILDING

14. EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF NEW BUILDINGS
Source : NICEE, IITK BMTPC EQ. TIPS

15. EQ. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS
RETROFITTING REFERS TO THE ADDITION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY OR FEATURES TO OLDER SYSTEMS
Fig.(a) BEFORE EARTHQUAKE Fig.(b) AFTER EARTHQUAKE
Source : BMTPC Earthquake Tips

16. IMPORTANCE OF SEISMIC DES. CODE ( I. S. )
• STRUCTURES NEED TO BE DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND FORCES AND DEFORMATIONS. SEISMIC CODES HELP TO IMPROVE THE BEHAVIOR OF
STRUCTURES SO THAT THEY MAY WITHSTAND THE EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF LIFE AND PROPERTY.
• B.I.S. HAS THE FOLLOWING SEISMIC CODES -
oIS 1893 (PART I), 2002, INDIAN STANDARD CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES (5TH REVISION);6TH
REVISION (2016)
oIS 4326, 1993, INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS (2ND
REVISION)
oIS 13828, 1993, INDIAN STANDARD GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF LOW STRENGTH MASONRY BUILDINGS
o IS 13920, 1993, INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DUCTILE DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO
SEISMIC FORCES
oIS 13935, 1993, INDIAN STANDARD GUIDELINES FOR REPAIR AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS
• THE KEY TO ENSURING EARTHQUAKE SAFETY LIES IN HAVING A ROBUST MECHANISM THAT ENFORCES AND
IMPLEMENTS THESE DESIGN CODE PROVISIONS IN ACTUAL CONSTRUCTIONS.

17. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FEATURES IMPORTANT TO SEISMIC
PERFORMANCE
• TO SATISFY THE PERFORMANCE GOALS OF THE NEHRP RECOMMENDED SEISMIC PROVISIONS, A
NUMBER OF CHARACTERISTICS ARE IMPORTANT TO THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES TO
ENSURE THAT THEY WILL BEHAVE ADEQUATELY IN STRONG EARTHQUAKES. THESE INCLUDE -
• STABLE FOUNDATIONS,
• CONTINUOUS LOAD PATHS,
• ADEQUATE STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH,
• REGULARITY,
• DUCTILITY AND TOUGHNESS
Source : BMTPC (MASONARY BUILDING)

18. FOUNDATION AND LOAD-PATH
• FOUNDATION SYSTEM MUST BE ABLE TO RESIST EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED
OVERTURNING FORCES AND BE CAPABLE OF TRANSFERRING LARGE LATERAL
FORCES BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE AND THE GROUND.
• IF ALL THE COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING OR STRUCTURE ARE NOT TIED
TOGETHER, THE INDIVIDUAL PIECES WILL MOVE INDEPENDENTLY AND CAN PULL
APART, ALLOWING PARTIAL OR TOTAL COLLAPSE TO OCCUR.
Directions of earthquake shaking
???
Directions of earthquake
shaking
Source : www.fema.gov, www.cipee.com

19. STIFFNESS AND REGULARITY
• IF A STRUCTURE HAS INADEQUATE LATERAL STIFFNESS OR
STRENGTH, THESE LATERAL FORCES CAN PRODUCE LARGE
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS IN THE STRUCTURE AND
POTENTIALLY CAUSE INSTABILITY.
• REGULAR STRUCTURES TEND TO DISSIPATE THE
EARTHQUAKE’S ENERGY UNIFORMLY THROUGHOUT THE
STRUCTURE, RESULTING IN RELATIVELY LIGHT BUT WELL-
DISTRIBUTED DAMAGE.
Source : NICEE, IITK

20. DUCTILITY AND TOUGHNESS
• DUCTILITY AND TOUGHNESS ARE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES THAT RELATE TO THE
ABILITY OF A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT TO SUSTAIN DAMAGE WHEN OVERLOADED .
• THESE ARE EXTREMLY IMPORTANT PROPERTIES FOR STRUCTURES DESIGNED TO
SUSTAIN DAMAGE WITHOUT COLLAPSE.
• THE BUILDING CODES SPECIFY THE MEASURES TO USE TO PROVIDE DUCTILITY
AND TOUGHNESS .
Source : NICEE, IITK BMTPC EQ TIPS

21. MULTI STOREY BUILDING’S BEHAVIOUR
Source : www.fema.gov,

22. IRREGULARITY
Open-Ground Storey Buildings are
vulnerable during EARTHQUAKE
Source : NICEE, IITK BMTPC EQ. TIPS

23. OPEN GROUND STOREY BUILDINGS OR BUILDINGS ON STILTS.
Source : YOUTUBE.COM, KATHMANDU NEPAL

24. BRITTLE FAILURE
Source : NICEE, IITK BMTPC EQ. TIPS

25. MASONRY BEHAVIOUR IN EQ.
Source : IITK BMTPC EQ. TIPS

26. IMPORTANCE OF BOX ACTION IN MASONRY
Source : NICEE, IITK BMTPC EQ. TIPS

27. HOW TO REDUCE EQ. EFFECTS ON BUILDING
• BUILDINGS WITH SHEAR WALLS PREFERRED IN SEISMIC REGIONS.
• RC BUILDINGS OFTEN HAVE VERTICAL PLATE-LIKE RC WALLS CALLED SHEAR WALLS IN-
ADDITION TO SLABS, BEAMS AND COLUMNS.
• SHEAR WALLS ARE LIKE VERTICALLY-ORIENTED WIDE BEAMS THAT CARRY EARTHQUAKE
LOADS DOWNWARDS TO THE FOUNDATION.
• LIKE REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC) BEAMS AND COLUMNS, RC SHEAR WALLS ALSO
PERFORM MUCH BETTER IF DESIGNED TO BE DUCTILE.
• SHEAR WALLS ARE EFFICIENT, BOTH IN TERMS OF CONSTRUCTION COST AND
EFFECTIVENESS IN MINIMIZING EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE IN STRUCTURE.
• SEISMIC DAMPERS ARE USED IN PLACE OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, LIKE DIAGONAL
BRACES, FOR CONTROLLING SEISMIC DAMAGE IN STRUCTURES. IT PARTLY ABSORBS THE
SEISMIC ENERGY AND REDUCES THE MOTION OF BUILDINGS.
• SEISMIC BASE ISOLATOR IS A COLLECTION OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS WHICH SHOULD
SUBSTANTIALLY DECOUPLE A SUPERSTRUCTURE FROM ITS SUBSTRUCTURE RESTING ON A
SHAKING GROUND THUS PROTECTING A BUILDING .
Source : NICEE, IITK BMTPC EQ. TIPS

28. BASE ISOLATION, DAMPER AND SHEAR WALL
Source : NICEE, IITK BMTPC EQ. TIPS

29. SEISMIC DAMPER DEMO
Source : YOUTUBE.COM, M.I.T.

30. LOAD PATH IN BUILDING
Source : NICEE, IITK BMTPC EQ. TIPS

31. Source : YOUTUBE.COM, KATHMANDU NEPAL

32. CONCLUSION
• WHILE THE EQ. ARE INEVITABLE, BUT EACH EQ. NEED NOT TO CONVERT INTO A DISASTER.
• ONE OF THE PRIMARY WAYS A COMMUNITY PROTECTS ITSELF AND ITS INDIVIDUAL
CITIZENS FROM POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS IS BY ADOPTING AND ENFORCING
A BUILDING CODE WITH APPROPRIATE SEISMIC DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
REQUIREMENTS.
• THE ENGINEER DON’T ATTEMPT TO MAKE EQ.-PROOF BUILDINGS THAT WILL NOT GET
DAMAGED, EVEN DURING THE RARE BUT STRONG EARTHQUAKE; SUCH BUILDINGS WILL
BE TOO ROBUST AND ALSO TOO EXPENSIVE.
• INSTEAD ENGINEER’S INTENTION IS TO MAKE BUILDING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT.
• SUCH BUILDING RESIST THE EFFECT OF GROUND SHAKING, ALTHOUGH GET DAMAGED
SEVERELY BUT WOULD NOT COLLAPSE , THUS SAFETY OF PEOPLE IS ASSURED.

33. REFERENCES
• ANIL K. CHOPRA, (2007), “DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES : THEORY AND APPLICATIONS TO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING” N.J.
PEARSON/PRENTICE HALL PUBLICATION
• ARNOLD C., AND REITHERMAN R., (1982), “BUILDING CONFIGURATION AND SEISMIC DESIGN”, JOHN WILEY, USA
• IITK-BMTPC (BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION COUNCIL, NEW DELHI) EARTHQUAKE TIPS
• IS 13920, (1993), “INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DUCTILE DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC FORCES,” BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI
• IS 1893(PART 1) (2002), “INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES,” BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI
• NATIONAL INFORMATION CENTRE OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING (WWW.NICEE.ORG)
• SP 123, (1991), “DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE,” SPECIAL PUBLICATION, AMERICAN CONCRETE
INSTITUTE, USA
• PAULAY T., AND PRIESTLEY, M.J.N., (1992), “SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND MASONRY BUILDINGS,” JOHN
WILEY & SONS, USA

34. THANK YOU.
P.C. –SHAILENDRA HARI.