Early embryonic devlpmnt
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Embryonic development begins with fertilization forming a zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division through cleavage. This forms a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. The blastula then undergoes gastrulation where the cells rearrange into three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Organogenesis then transforms these germ layers into complete organs through a series of organized processes.
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Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Development of frog/ embryogenesis
1. The development of frog consists of copulation, spawning, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and post-embryonic development.
2. During gastrulation, epiboly, imboly, contraction of the blastopore, and involution occur, forming the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
3. Post-embryonic development includes neurogenesis forming the neural tube, notogenesis forming the notochord, and coelom formation separating the mesoderm into three layers.
morphogenetic movements-developmental biology
Morphogenetic movements involve the rearrangement of cells during embryonic development through processes like gastrulation, tubulation, and organogenesis. These movements are caused by large-scale cell movements and changes in cell behavior, and result in changes to embryonic shape and structure. Key morphogenetic processes include cell division, size, shape, adhesion, death, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Critical examples are the invagination of epithelial sheets during gastrulation and selective outgrowth of limb buds through differential proliferation.
Morphogen gradient
Morphogens are signals that form concentration gradients to specify multiple cell types during development. Cells respond to different morphogen thresholds to activate distinct gene expression. Bicoid is a transcription factor that acts as a morphogen gradient in Drosophila, turning on different genes in different embryo regions based on its concentration. It forms a gradient from anterior to posterior, with high concentrations specifying head structures and lower concentrations specifying more posterior structures. This gradient establishes the basic body plan of the fruit fly embryo.
Metamorphosis-amphibians, hormonal control
Metamorphosis in amphibians involves dramatic changes initiated by thyroid hormones that transform aquatic larvae into terrestrial adults. These changes include remodeling of tissues and organs like development of lungs and loss of gills to transition from aquatic to terrestrial respiration. Changes in skin, digestive system and other organs prepare the amphibian for life on land. The process is controlled by thyroid hormones which activate receptors that turn on genes driving tissue remodeling and metamorphosis.
ORGANOGENESIS
Organogenesis is the development of organs after the formation of the three germ layers in an embryo. Vulva formation in the nematode C. elegans is regulated by an inductive signaling process. Specifically, one cell called the anchor cell secretes LIN-3, a growth factor, which activates a receptor tyrosine kinase pathway in six vulva precursor cells. Based on their proximity to the anchor cell, these precursor cells are specified to one of three fates: the central cells directly beneath the anchor cell form the central vulval cells, the adjacent cells form the lateral vulval cells, and cells farther away form hypodermal cells instead of vulval cells.
Post embryonic development
This presentation gives a detailed analysis of post embryonic developmental changes with special emphasis on metamorphosis and aging.
Developmental biology
Developmental biologists are asking questions about how genetic information results in different cell types, how cell division and formation of organized structures are regulated, and how reproductive cells are set apart. They study development through comparative embryology, evolutionary embryology, teratology, and mathematical modeling. Some key concepts are epigenesis versus preformation, germ layers and induction, von Baer's principles of vertebrate development, fate maps, distinguishing analogous and homologous structures, and types of growth models.
Recommended
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Development of frog/ embryogenesis
1. The development of frog consists of copulation, spawning, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and post-embryonic development.
2. During gastrulation, epiboly, imboly, contraction of the blastopore, and involution occur, forming the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
3. Post-embryonic development includes neurogenesis forming the neural tube, notogenesis forming the notochord, and coelom formation separating the mesoderm into three layers.
morphogenetic movements-developmental biology
Morphogenetic movements involve the rearrangement of cells during embryonic development through processes like gastrulation, tubulation, and organogenesis. These movements are caused by large-scale cell movements and changes in cell behavior, and result in changes to embryonic shape and structure. Key morphogenetic processes include cell division, size, shape, adhesion, death, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Critical examples are the invagination of epithelial sheets during gastrulation and selective outgrowth of limb buds through differential proliferation.
Morphogen gradient
Morphogens are signals that form concentration gradients to specify multiple cell types during development. Cells respond to different morphogen thresholds to activate distinct gene expression. Bicoid is a transcription factor that acts as a morphogen gradient in Drosophila, turning on different genes in different embryo regions based on its concentration. It forms a gradient from anterior to posterior, with high concentrations specifying head structures and lower concentrations specifying more posterior structures. This gradient establishes the basic body plan of the fruit fly embryo.
Metamorphosis-amphibians, hormonal control
Metamorphosis in amphibians involves dramatic changes initiated by thyroid hormones that transform aquatic larvae into terrestrial adults. These changes include remodeling of tissues and organs like development of lungs and loss of gills to transition from aquatic to terrestrial respiration. Changes in skin, digestive system and other organs prepare the amphibian for life on land. The process is controlled by thyroid hormones which activate receptors that turn on genes driving tissue remodeling and metamorphosis.
ORGANOGENESIS
Organogenesis is the development of organs after the formation of the three germ layers in an embryo. Vulva formation in the nematode C. elegans is regulated by an inductive signaling process. Specifically, one cell called the anchor cell secretes LIN-3, a growth factor, which activates a receptor tyrosine kinase pathway in six vulva precursor cells. Based on their proximity to the anchor cell, these precursor cells are specified to one of three fates: the central cells directly beneath the anchor cell form the central vulval cells, the adjacent cells form the lateral vulval cells, and cells farther away form hypodermal cells instead of vulval cells.
Post embryonic development
This presentation gives a detailed analysis of post embryonic developmental changes with special emphasis on metamorphosis and aging.
Developmental biology
Developmental biologists are asking questions about how genetic information results in different cell types, how cell division and formation of organized structures are regulated, and how reproductive cells are set apart. They study development through comparative embryology, evolutionary embryology, teratology, and mathematical modeling. Some key concepts are epigenesis versus preformation, germ layers and induction, von Baer's principles of vertebrate development, fate maps, distinguishing analogous and homologous structures, and types of growth models.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
Post fertilization events
- Cell migration is key to embryo development and formation of germ layers. The blastula possesses polarity and symmetry, with distinct cell areas that give rise to different embryo parts.
- Tracking migrating cells helps map the locations of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, aiding understanding of early embryo patterning. This process of showing each blastula part's fate is called a "fate map".
- Fate maps are constructed using vital stains or carbon particles to label and track cells, revealing cell movements and ultimate tissues formed. This clarifies gastrulation and represents specific blastula areas' destinies.
Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
Zygote and its early development
The document summarizes the process of embryonic development from fertilization through organogenesis. It begins with the formation of a zygote through the fusion of an egg and sperm. The zygote undergoes cleavage and divides into a solid ball of cells called a morula. Further division forms a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. During gastrulation, the blastula undergoes differentiation into three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Neurulation follows, forming the neural tube. Finally, during organogenesis, organ rudiments develop from the germ layers and undergo growth and differentiation into the specialized tissues and organs of the embryo.
Blastulation
The document summarizes the process of blastulation in embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cleavage, forming blastomeres that arrange into a structure called a morula. The morula then develops into the blastula stage, where the cells form a blastoderm layer surrounding an interior cavity called the blastocoel. There are different types of blastulae depending on features like whether the blastocoel is present, the number of cell layers in the blastoderm, and how yolk is distributed. Key blastula types include coeloblastula, stereoblastula, periblastula, discoblastula, and blastocyst.
embryonic-induction.pdf
Embryonic induction describes the process by which one group of cells, or tissues, directs the development of another group of cells. Key experiments by Mangold and Spemann demonstrated regional specification during induction - tissues from different regions of the organizer induce different structures in the responding tissue. For example, the anterior portion of the archenteron roof induces head structures while the posterior portion induces tail structures. Spemann's experiments also showed that early amphibian blastomeres have an equal potency to form a complete embryo that is specified by cell-cell interactions, in particular by the gray crescent organizer tissue.
FATE Map
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Structure and types of eggs
This document describes the structure and types of eggs. It discusses the structure of eggs including the plasma membrane, vitelline envelope, ooplasm, ectoplasm, endoplasm, nucleus and organelles. It then classifies eggs into four types based on amount of yolk, yolk distribution, development potency, and presence or absence of a shell. The main egg types include microlecithal, mesolecithal, macrolecithal eggs and mosaic vs. regulative development.
C. elegans early develeopment
This document summarizes key aspects of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It describes C. elegans' structure as a 1mm long roundworm with 945 cells. It details its life cycle from zygote to adult over 3 days, producing 300 progeny. C. elegans establishes three embryonic axes - anterior-posterior determined by sperm entry point, dorso-ventral set by first cleavage, and left-right by asymmetric cell divisions. The document outlines C. elegans' larval stages and early embryonic development, including axis formation and cell lineage.
Gastrulation chick
How 3 germ layers are formed in Chick that are endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.As Chick are polylecithal so cell movements are somewhat restricted and gastrulation is modified as compared to frog.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
Developmental Biology
1. The document discusses gradient theory and nuclear transplantation. Gradient theory proposes that embryonic development is controlled by gradients of factors from the animal to vegetal pole. Nuclear transplantation involves removing the nucleus from a donor cell and transplanting it into an enucleated egg.
2. The document describes two types of gradient theories - the single gradient theory involving one factor and the double gradient theory involving antagonistic animal and vegetal gradients. It provides examples of experiments supporting these theories.
3. Nuclear transplantation techniques are explained, including types of transplantation. Experiments transplanting nuclei between frog species resulted in normal development, showing the totipotency of early nuclei.
Placentation in mammals
This document discusses placental classification in mammals. It describes how placentas are classified based on the fetal membranes involved (yolk sac or chorioallantoic), nature of contact with the uterus (indeciduate or deciduate), villi distribution (diffuse, cotyledonary, etc.), and histological intimacy with maternal tissues (epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, etc.). The formation and development of the placenta from implantation through birth is explained. Various placental structures and types found in different mammalian orders are outlined.
Metamorphosis in Amphibians
Amphibian metamorphosis is initiated by thyroid hormones that travel through the bloodstream and induce changes in organs and tissues. This includes the growth of adult structures like limbs, remodeling of larval structures like the intestine and nervous system, and programmed cell death of larval structures like gills and tail. The levels of thyroid hormones regulate the timing and progression of metamorphosis through different stages from pre-metamorphosis to metamorphic climax. While some tissues proliferate and differentiate in response to thyroid hormones, other tissues are instructed to degenerate, allowing the transition from aquatic larva to terrestrial adult.
Diffrentiation,Cell diffrentiation,Types of differentiation,Mechanism,Factors...
Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell develops specialized structures and functions. It begins with totipotent cells that can differentiate into any cell type, and progresses to pluripotent and fully differentiated cells. Gene expression and transcription factors determine the cell type as environmental signals induce changes in protein production. The genetic material remains the same, but different genes are expressed depending on the cell's role. Differentiation results in diverse cell shapes, sizes, and specialized functions in tissues and organs.
Organogenesis
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) develop into internal organs through proliferation, migration, reaggregation and differentiation of cells. This process occurs between weeks 3 to 8 of development in utero. During this critical period, environmental factors can greatly impact development by disturbing key processes like cell division, apoptosis, gene expression and metabolism. Exposure to teratogens during organogenesis raises the risk of birth defects and structural abnormalities, while exposure later in pregnancy is less likely to cause such defects.
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
Molecular event during fertilization
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
organogensis
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) develop into internal organs through cell proliferation, migration, aggregation, and differentiation. During organogenesis, the germ layers form organs through processes like folding, splitting, and condensation. Organs continue developing and differentiating after gastrulation through the end of the 8th week of human development. Key events include the formation of the neural tube from ectoderm and the development of connective tissues, ribs, lungs, and other structures from mesoderm. The endoderm forms organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines.
Vulva development - C.elegans
here is a brief explanation about the valva development in the C.elegans
hope you will find it good and informative
and simple
EMBRYOLOGY.pptx
This document discusses human embryology and development from fertilization through birth. It describes the embryonic and fetal periods, the stages of development including fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Key events like formation of the three germ layers and development of the placenta, amnion, chorion, and allantois are summarized. The roles of hormones and growth of the major organs by the third trimester are highlighted. Birth and the role of oxytocin in labor are briefly mentioned.
Zygote 2
The document summarizes the key stages of embryonic development from fertilization to differentiation of organs. It begins with fertilization, where the genetic material from sperm and egg cells combine to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula. Further cleavage results in blastulation and the formation of a hollow ball of cells called a blastula or blastocyst. During gastrulation, the blastula undergoes differentiation into three embryonic layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Neurulation follows, forming the neural tube from neural folds. Finally, organogenesis occurs as organ rudiments develop and differentiate into mature organs.
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Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
Post fertilization events
- Cell migration is key to embryo development and formation of germ layers. The blastula possesses polarity and symmetry, with distinct cell areas that give rise to different embryo parts.
- Tracking migrating cells helps map the locations of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, aiding understanding of early embryo patterning. This process of showing each blastula part's fate is called a "fate map".
- Fate maps are constructed using vital stains or carbon particles to label and track cells, revealing cell movements and ultimate tissues formed. This clarifies gastrulation and represents specific blastula areas' destinies.
Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
Zygote and its early development
The document summarizes the process of embryonic development from fertilization through organogenesis. It begins with the formation of a zygote through the fusion of an egg and sperm. The zygote undergoes cleavage and divides into a solid ball of cells called a morula. Further division forms a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. During gastrulation, the blastula undergoes differentiation into three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Neurulation follows, forming the neural tube. Finally, during organogenesis, organ rudiments develop from the germ layers and undergo growth and differentiation into the specialized tissues and organs of the embryo.
Blastulation
The document summarizes the process of blastulation in embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cleavage, forming blastomeres that arrange into a structure called a morula. The morula then develops into the blastula stage, where the cells form a blastoderm layer surrounding an interior cavity called the blastocoel. There are different types of blastulae depending on features like whether the blastocoel is present, the number of cell layers in the blastoderm, and how yolk is distributed. Key blastula types include coeloblastula, stereoblastula, periblastula, discoblastula, and blastocyst.
embryonic-induction.pdf
Embryonic induction describes the process by which one group of cells, or tissues, directs the development of another group of cells. Key experiments by Mangold and Spemann demonstrated regional specification during induction - tissues from different regions of the organizer induce different structures in the responding tissue. For example, the anterior portion of the archenteron roof induces head structures while the posterior portion induces tail structures. Spemann's experiments also showed that early amphibian blastomeres have an equal potency to form a complete embryo that is specified by cell-cell interactions, in particular by the gray crescent organizer tissue.
FATE Map
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Structure and types of eggs
This document describes the structure and types of eggs. It discusses the structure of eggs including the plasma membrane, vitelline envelope, ooplasm, ectoplasm, endoplasm, nucleus and organelles. It then classifies eggs into four types based on amount of yolk, yolk distribution, development potency, and presence or absence of a shell. The main egg types include microlecithal, mesolecithal, macrolecithal eggs and mosaic vs. regulative development.
C. elegans early develeopment
This document summarizes key aspects of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It describes C. elegans' structure as a 1mm long roundworm with 945 cells. It details its life cycle from zygote to adult over 3 days, producing 300 progeny. C. elegans establishes three embryonic axes - anterior-posterior determined by sperm entry point, dorso-ventral set by first cleavage, and left-right by asymmetric cell divisions. The document outlines C. elegans' larval stages and early embryonic development, including axis formation and cell lineage.
Gastrulation chick
How 3 germ layers are formed in Chick that are endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.As Chick are polylecithal so cell movements are somewhat restricted and gastrulation is modified as compared to frog.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
Developmental Biology
1. The document discusses gradient theory and nuclear transplantation. Gradient theory proposes that embryonic development is controlled by gradients of factors from the animal to vegetal pole. Nuclear transplantation involves removing the nucleus from a donor cell and transplanting it into an enucleated egg.
2. The document describes two types of gradient theories - the single gradient theory involving one factor and the double gradient theory involving antagonistic animal and vegetal gradients. It provides examples of experiments supporting these theories.
3. Nuclear transplantation techniques are explained, including types of transplantation. Experiments transplanting nuclei between frog species resulted in normal development, showing the totipotency of early nuclei.
Placentation in mammals
This document discusses placental classification in mammals. It describes how placentas are classified based on the fetal membranes involved (yolk sac or chorioallantoic), nature of contact with the uterus (indeciduate or deciduate), villi distribution (diffuse, cotyledonary, etc.), and histological intimacy with maternal tissues (epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, etc.). The formation and development of the placenta from implantation through birth is explained. Various placental structures and types found in different mammalian orders are outlined.
Metamorphosis in Amphibians
Amphibian metamorphosis is initiated by thyroid hormones that travel through the bloodstream and induce changes in organs and tissues. This includes the growth of adult structures like limbs, remodeling of larval structures like the intestine and nervous system, and programmed cell death of larval structures like gills and tail. The levels of thyroid hormones regulate the timing and progression of metamorphosis through different stages from pre-metamorphosis to metamorphic climax. While some tissues proliferate and differentiate in response to thyroid hormones, other tissues are instructed to degenerate, allowing the transition from aquatic larva to terrestrial adult.
Diffrentiation,Cell diffrentiation,Types of differentiation,Mechanism,Factors...
Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell develops specialized structures and functions. It begins with totipotent cells that can differentiate into any cell type, and progresses to pluripotent and fully differentiated cells. Gene expression and transcription factors determine the cell type as environmental signals induce changes in protein production. The genetic material remains the same, but different genes are expressed depending on the cell's role. Differentiation results in diverse cell shapes, sizes, and specialized functions in tissues and organs.
Organogenesis
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) develop into internal organs through proliferation, migration, reaggregation and differentiation of cells. This process occurs between weeks 3 to 8 of development in utero. During this critical period, environmental factors can greatly impact development by disturbing key processes like cell division, apoptosis, gene expression and metabolism. Exposure to teratogens during organogenesis raises the risk of birth defects and structural abnormalities, while exposure later in pregnancy is less likely to cause such defects.
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
Molecular event during fertilization
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
organogensis
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) develop into internal organs through cell proliferation, migration, aggregation, and differentiation. During organogenesis, the germ layers form organs through processes like folding, splitting, and condensation. Organs continue developing and differentiating after gastrulation through the end of the 8th week of human development. Key events include the formation of the neural tube from ectoderm and the development of connective tissues, ribs, lungs, and other structures from mesoderm. The endoderm forms organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines.
Vulva development - C.elegans
here is a brief explanation about the valva development in the C.elegans
hope you will find it good and informative
and simple
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Diffrentiation,Cell diffrentiation,Types of differentiation,Mechanism,Factors...
Diffrentiation,Cell diffrentiation,Types of differentiation,Mechanism,Factors...
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EMBRYOLOGY.pptx
This document discusses human embryology and development from fertilization through birth. It describes the embryonic and fetal periods, the stages of development including fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Key events like formation of the three germ layers and development of the placenta, amnion, chorion, and allantois are summarized. The roles of hormones and growth of the major organs by the third trimester are highlighted. Birth and the role of oxytocin in labor are briefly mentioned.
Zygote 2
The document summarizes the key stages of embryonic development from fertilization to differentiation of organs. It begins with fertilization, where the genetic material from sperm and egg cells combine to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula. Further cleavage results in blastulation and the formation of a hollow ball of cells called a blastula or blastocyst. During gastrulation, the blastula undergoes differentiation into three embryonic layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Neurulation follows, forming the neural tube from neural folds. Finally, organogenesis occurs as organ rudiments develop and differentiate into mature organs.
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Gastrulation.docx
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Gastrulation
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archenteron
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Molecular & genetic mechanisms of onto genesis
1) The document discusses various mechanisms of sexual and asexual reproduction in organisms. It describes gametogenesis, fertilization, and the main stages of ontogenesis including cleavage, gastrulation, and formation of organs and systems.
2) The two main types of reproduction are asexual, which produces offspring genetically identical to the parent, and sexual, which involves meiosis and fusion of male and female gametes to create offspring with genetic material from both parents.
3) Fertilization is the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, which then undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis during development.
Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when a sperm enters an ovum and their nuclei fuse to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes. This takes place in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division, forming a morula, blastula, and gastrula. During the gastrula stage, the three germ layers form - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - which will give rise to the embryo's organs and tissues. The blastocyst then implants in the uterus, where the placenta develops to support fetal development over the following months.
Embryonic and post-embryonic development in insects :its structure, functions...
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Comparative embryology of different insects_Zubair.pptx
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Slides give information about embryology in different insects also.
Unit 5 animal reproduction and development
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes during internal or external fertilization. After fertilization, embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis stages. The embryo develops three germ layers that give rise to different tissues and organs. Parental care helps many animals ensure the survival of offspring to reproductive age.
Unit 5 animal reproduction and development
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of egg and sperm through external or internal fertilization. Embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Cleavage involves rapid cell division, gastrulation rearranges cells into three germ layers, and organogenesis develops organs from these germ layers. Gametes are produced in gonads and fertilization is triggered by the acrosomal and cortical reactions.
Unit 5 animal reproduction and development (1)
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization. After fertilization, embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis stages. During these stages, the zygote undergoes cell division and differentiation to form a blastula, gastrula, and eventually an organism with organ systems and tissues derived from the three germ layers.
Unit 5 animal reproduction and development
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization, and embryonic development. Fertilization can be external or internal. Embryonic development involves cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Amniotes develop in extraembryonic membranes within the mother. Young can be precocial or altricial at birth depending on their stage of development.
Unit 5 animal reproduction and development
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization, and embryonic development. Fertilization can be external or internal. Embryonic development involves cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Amniotes develop in extraembryonic membranes within the mother. Young can be precocial or altricial at birth, depending on their stage of development.
Unit 5 animal reproduction and development
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization, and embryonic development. Fertilization can be external or internal. Embryonic development involves cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Amniotes develop in extraembryonic membranes within the mother. Young can be precocial or altricial at birth depending on their stage of development.
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Early embryonic devlpmnt
- 1. Presented by Aswathy A Akshaya Anil S 3 M.Sc Biochemistry Dept.of Biochemistry Kerala University
- 2. ๏ Embryonic development is when the embryo is formed and develops. ๏ It starts with the fertilization of a egg , which after is called a zygote. ๏ The zygote goes through rapid divisions ๏ Process is known as embryogenesis
- 3. 1) Cleavage 2) Gastrulation 3) Organogenesis
- 4. โข The single celled zygote undergoes a period of rapid cell division without growth to produce a ball of cells.
- 6. โข A hollow ball of cells are formed called a blastula. โข The blastula consist of many smaller cells called blastomeres. โข The blastula has a hollow part that is filled with fluid and is called a blastocoel.
- 7. 1) Meroblastic cleavage ๏ incomplete division of the egg. ๏ occurs in species with yolk-rich eggs ๏ only part of the zygote undergoes cleavage ๏ happens in eggs due to the large volume of yolk 2) Holoblastic cleavage ๏ complete division of the egg. ๏ occurs in species eggs have small amount of yolk ๏ entire zygote undergoes cleavage
- 8. Early embryonic development in which the cells of a blastula rearranges into a three-layered embryo, called a gastrula.
- 10. ๏ Pander(1817): Trilaminar condition of chick balstoderm. ๏ Primary germ layers: only ectoderm & endoderm ( Radiata). only germ layers in primitive metazoan stage. ๏ Secondary germ layers: third layer( mesoderm) is also present. ( Bilateria , Triploblastica ).
- 11. Series of organised integrated process that transform an amorphous mass of cells into complete organ from the germ layers
- 14. ๏ Developmental biology-7th edition-Scott F. Gilbert ๏ A manual of Developmental biology- Vijayakumaran Nair.