Development in human
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Development in humans begins as a fertilized egg undergoes cell division and differentiation through defined stages. The embryonic period involves cleavage of the zygote, formation of the blastula and gastrula stages. Gastrulation restructures the embryo's morphology through cell migration, producing the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Organogenesis follows, as the germ layers differentiate into specific tissues and organs through both cell movements and differentiation. Growth continues post-embryonically until maturity is reached.
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Journey of an embryo...development biology
1. Neurulation and organogenesis are key developmental processes in early embryos. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate and tube which give rise to the central nervous system. Organogenesis is when specific organs are formed through cell differentiation and tissue interactions.
2. The three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - produce different organ systems. The endoderm forms lung, thyroid and pancreas tissues. The mesoderm aids in heart, muscle, kidney and blood development. The ectoderm produces skin and neural tissues.
3. Embryonic development proceeds through stages of cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation and organogenesis as the single-celled z
Embryonic development after fertilization
After fertilization, an embryo undergoes three main processes:
1) Cleavage - The zygote rapidly divides through holoblastic or meroblastic cleavage to form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
2) Gastrulation - The blastula cells rearrange to form the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
3) Organogenesis - The germ layers develop into organs, with the ectoderm forming skin and nervous system, endoderm forming lung, digestive, and glandular tissues, and mesoderm forming muscle and blood tissues.
Embryology and reproduction
1. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula, and then a gastrula with three germ layers.
2. The embryo develops organs and tissues during the first trimester and is then referred to as a fetus. It continues to grow and develop throughout the second and third trimesters.
3. The male and female reproductive systems produce and transport gametes through various glands and structures. In females, eggs mature in the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes, while in males sperm mature in the testes and epididymis and
Embryonic Development
The document discusses embryonic development in humans. It begins with fertilization and cleavage, followed by gastrulation where the three germ layers are formed. During this time the primitive streak and Henson's node develop. Organogenesis then occurs, forming individual organs from the germ layers. Mammalian development includes the allantois and notochord. In humans, the placenta forms and gestation occurs over three trimesters, with major organ structures present by the first trimester.
Early embryonic devlpmnt
Embryonic development begins with fertilization forming a zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division through cleavage. This forms a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. The blastula then undergoes gastrulation where the cells rearrange into three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Organogenesis then transforms these germ layers into complete organs through a series of organized processes.
Post fertilization events
- Cell migration is key to embryo development and formation of germ layers. The blastula possesses polarity and symmetry, with distinct cell areas that give rise to different embryo parts.
- Tracking migrating cells helps map the locations of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, aiding understanding of early embryo patterning. This process of showing each blastula part's fate is called a "fate map".
- Fate maps are constructed using vital stains or carbon particles to label and track cells, revealing cell movements and ultimate tissues formed. This clarifies gastrulation and represents specific blastula areas' destinies.
Embryology full note
1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm. The fertilized egg, called a zygote, undergoes cell division and differentiation over a period of 9 months to form a baby.
2) Both males and females undergo meiosis to produce gametes (sperm and eggs, respectively) with half the normal number of chromosomes. Fertilization restores the full chromosome number.
3) Key events in early development include formation of the embryo and fetal periods, during which most development occurs, though important changes also happen after birth through childhood and adulthood.
Early Vertebrate development
The four main processes of early development are fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Fertilization involves the combination of an egg and sperm cell to form a zygote. Cleavage is the rapid cell division of the zygote to form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. Gastrulation rearranges the cells of the blastula into three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Finally, during organogenesis these germ layers develop into the internal organs of the organism.
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1. Neurulation and organogenesis are key developmental processes in early embryos. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate and tube which give rise to the central nervous system. Organogenesis is when specific organs are formed through cell differentiation and tissue interactions.
2. The three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - produce different organ systems. The endoderm forms lung, thyroid and pancreas tissues. The mesoderm aids in heart, muscle, kidney and blood development. The ectoderm produces skin and neural tissues.
3. Embryonic development proceeds through stages of cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation and organogenesis as the single-celled z
Embryonic development after fertilization
After fertilization, an embryo undergoes three main processes:
1) Cleavage - The zygote rapidly divides through holoblastic or meroblastic cleavage to form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
2) Gastrulation - The blastula cells rearrange to form the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
3) Organogenesis - The germ layers develop into organs, with the ectoderm forming skin and nervous system, endoderm forming lung, digestive, and glandular tissues, and mesoderm forming muscle and blood tissues.
Embryology and reproduction
1. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula, and then a gastrula with three germ layers.
2. The embryo develops organs and tissues during the first trimester and is then referred to as a fetus. It continues to grow and develop throughout the second and third trimesters.
3. The male and female reproductive systems produce and transport gametes through various glands and structures. In females, eggs mature in the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes, while in males sperm mature in the testes and epididymis and
Embryonic Development
The document discusses embryonic development in humans. It begins with fertilization and cleavage, followed by gastrulation where the three germ layers are formed. During this time the primitive streak and Henson's node develop. Organogenesis then occurs, forming individual organs from the germ layers. Mammalian development includes the allantois and notochord. In humans, the placenta forms and gestation occurs over three trimesters, with major organ structures present by the first trimester.
Early embryonic devlpmnt
Embryonic development begins with fertilization forming a zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division through cleavage. This forms a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. The blastula then undergoes gastrulation where the cells rearrange into three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Organogenesis then transforms these germ layers into complete organs through a series of organized processes.
Post fertilization events
- Cell migration is key to embryo development and formation of germ layers. The blastula possesses polarity and symmetry, with distinct cell areas that give rise to different embryo parts.
- Tracking migrating cells helps map the locations of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, aiding understanding of early embryo patterning. This process of showing each blastula part's fate is called a "fate map".
- Fate maps are constructed using vital stains or carbon particles to label and track cells, revealing cell movements and ultimate tissues formed. This clarifies gastrulation and represents specific blastula areas' destinies.
Embryology full note
1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm. The fertilized egg, called a zygote, undergoes cell division and differentiation over a period of 9 months to form a baby.
2) Both males and females undergo meiosis to produce gametes (sperm and eggs, respectively) with half the normal number of chromosomes. Fertilization restores the full chromosome number.
3) Key events in early development include formation of the embryo and fetal periods, during which most development occurs, though important changes also happen after birth through childhood and adulthood.
Early Vertebrate development
The four main processes of early development are fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Fertilization involves the combination of an egg and sperm cell to form a zygote. Cleavage is the rapid cell division of the zygote to form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. Gastrulation rearranges the cells of the blastula into three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Finally, during organogenesis these germ layers develop into the internal organs of the organism.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
Embryology
Mitosis and meiosis play key roles in development, growth, and reproduction. During development, cell differentiation occurs as gene expression changes, leading cells to take on specialized roles. Life cycles involve both haploid and diploid phases, with an evolutionary trend moving from haploid-dominant to diploid-dominant. In haplontic life cycles like Chlamydomonas, the haploid phase is multicellular and reproduces asexually via mitosis, while the diploid phase is dormant. In alternation of generations seen in Ulva, both phases are multicellular and reproduce via mitosis or meiosis.
Cleavage
Cleavage is the process of rapid, synchronous cell divisions that occur after fertilization and before the mid-blastula transition. It involves the division of the zygote into increasingly smaller blastomeres through mitosis without cell growth. The planes and patterns of cleavage are determined by the distribution of yolk and cytoplasmic movements in the egg. This results in either complete or partial cleavage, forming a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. The transition to asynchronous cell cycles and zygotic transcription marks the mid-blastula stage.
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Organogenesis
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) develop into internal organs through proliferation, migration, reaggregation and differentiation of cells. This process occurs between weeks 3 to 8 of development in utero. During this critical period, environmental factors can greatly impact development by disturbing key processes like cell division, apoptosis, gene expression and metabolism. Exposure to teratogens during organogenesis raises the risk of birth defects and structural abnormalities, while exposure later in pregnancy is less likely to cause such defects.
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Embryology is the science of development from fertilization to the fetus stage. Gametogenesis is the development of sex cells or gametes in the gonads through meiosis. This results in haploid sperm in males through spermatogenesis in the testes and haploid eggs in females through oogenesis in the ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally when sperm meets an egg either in the fallopian tubes or uterus, forming a zygote which becomes an embryo after the first cell division.
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1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm, forming a single-celled zygote. Through processes such as cell division, differentiation, growth and rearrangement over 9 months, the zygote develops into a baby.
2) Development is divided into prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) periods, with major developmental changes occurring during embryonic, fetal, infant and childhood stages.
3) Both male and female gametes are produced through meiosis within the ovaries and testes, respectively, reducing the chromosome count so that fertilization restores the normal diploid number.
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Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
Embryology
Mitosis and meiosis play key roles in development, growth, and reproduction. During development, cell differentiation occurs as gene expression changes, leading cells to take on specialized roles. Life cycles involve both haploid and diploid phases, with an evolutionary trend moving from haploid-dominant to diploid-dominant. In haplontic life cycles like Chlamydomonas, the haploid phase is multicellular and reproduces asexually via mitosis, while the diploid phase is dormant. In alternation of generations seen in Ulva, both phases are multicellular and reproduce via mitosis or meiosis.
Cleavage
Cleavage is the process of rapid, synchronous cell divisions that occur after fertilization and before the mid-blastula transition. It involves the division of the zygote into increasingly smaller blastomeres through mitosis without cell growth. The planes and patterns of cleavage are determined by the distribution of yolk and cytoplasmic movements in the egg. This results in either complete or partial cleavage, forming a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. The transition to asynchronous cell cycles and zygotic transcription marks the mid-blastula stage.
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Organogenesis
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) develop into internal organs through proliferation, migration, reaggregation and differentiation of cells. This process occurs between weeks 3 to 8 of development in utero. During this critical period, environmental factors can greatly impact development by disturbing key processes like cell division, apoptosis, gene expression and metabolism. Exposure to teratogens during organogenesis raises the risk of birth defects and structural abnormalities, while exposure later in pregnancy is less likely to cause such defects.
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2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining begins around day 7. The trophoblast cells erode into the endometrium and the blastocyst is fully embedded by day 10.
3. By the end of the second week, a bilaminar embryonic disc called the bilaminar disc forms consisting of the epiblast and hypoblast cell layers. This gives rise to the three germ layers.
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The document provides an overview of embryology, discussing key phases of human development from fertilization through birth. It describes gamete formation (spermatogenesis and oogenesis), the stages of pre-embryonic development (zygote, morula, blastocyst), and the prenatal and postnatal developmental periods. The structure and origin of male and female gametes are also summarized.
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This document provides an overview of general embryology and human development. It defines key terms like oocyte, sperm, zygote, and discusses the stages of prenatal development from fertilization to 8 weeks as embryonic development and 8 weeks to birth as the fetal period. Gametogenesis and meiosis are described as the processes by which germ cells from both sexes are produced and their number of chromosomes reduced in preparation for fertilization. Upon fertilization, the zygote forms which marks the beginning of a new human being.
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Embryology is the study of prenatal human development from fertilization through the first 8 weeks of embryonic development. There are three main stages of prenatal development: pre-embryonic (first 2 weeks), embryonic (weeks 3-8), and fetal (remaining weeks until birth). The document defines key terms like germ cells and somatic cells, and describes the processes of meiosis, mitosis, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis), and fertilization.
EMBRYOLOGY
Embryology is the science of development from fertilization to the fetus stage. Gametogenesis is the development of sex cells or gametes in the gonads through meiosis. This results in haploid sperm in males through spermatogenesis in the testes and haploid eggs in females through oogenesis in the ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally when sperm meets an egg either in the fallopian tubes or uterus, forming a zygote which becomes an embryo after the first cell division.
Prenatal Development
Prenatal development occurs in three stages called trimesters. In the first trimester, the zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastocyst that implants in the uterine wall. The blastocyst develops extraembryonic membranes and the placenta to exchange gases and nutrients. Cells in the blastocyst differentiate into three germ layers through gastrulation, forming the basis for future tissues and organs.
Embryology2
This document discusses the stages of human embryogenesis including fertilization and formation of the zygote, cleavage, gastrulation, and histogenesis and organogenesis. It also describes the characteristics of gametes and the process of fertilization. Specific topics covered in more depth include implantation, early and late gastrulation, formation of extraembryonic organs, differentiation of germ layers, and neural tube formation through secondary neurulation and differentiation. The migration and differentiation of neural crest cells is explained in detail.
Embryology full note2
1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm, forming a single-celled zygote. Through processes such as cell division, differentiation, growth and rearrangement over 9 months, the zygote develops into a baby.
2) Development is divided into prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) periods, with major developmental changes occurring during embryonic, fetal, infant and childhood stages.
3) Both male and female gametes are produced through meiosis within the ovaries and testes, respectively, reducing the chromosome count so that fertilization restores the normal diploid number.
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Implantation , embryology_and_placental_development
Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining leads to formation of the placenta and fetal membranes. The ovarian cycle results in follicular development and ovulation. The decidua forms from secretory endometrium under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Implantation involves apposition, adhesion and invasion of the trophoblast into the decidua. The placenta develops from chorionic villi and undergoes remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries to establish maternal blood flow to the intervillous space. The fetal membranes, including the amnion and chorion, develop and enclose the developing embryo.
Implantation
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Development in human
- 2. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY:- • It is the field of biology that deals with study of development of an organism from its earlier beginning to its maturity. • Dynamic process. • Two ways: 1)sexually and 2)asexually. • Two distinct phases : 1)Embryonic period and 2) Post embryonic period. • Embryology :Development in embryonic period.
- 4. FERTILIZATION:- 1. Sperm contacts the egg 2. Sperm or its nucleus enters the egg 3. Egg becomes activated and developmental changes begin 4. Sperm and egg nuclei fuse
- 5. CLEVAGE:- • ZYGOTE • MORULA • BLASTULA • GASTRULA
- 6. GASTRULATION:- • A phase early in the development of most animal embryos, during which the morphology of the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration. • These cellular movements are called morphogenetic movements. • Two types: 1) Epiboly and 2) Emboly • Emboly – • Invagination is the local inward movement of cells from a cavity. • Involution is similar, but more dramatic. It is an inward expansion of epithelial cells around an edge such as the blastpore. • Ingression is the movement of individual cells from an epithelium into an embryonic cavity.
- 7. • The three layers produced by gastrulation are called embryonic germ layers • The ectoderm • Forms the outer layer of the gastrula • The endoderm • Lines the embryonic digestive tract • The mesoderm • Partly fills the space between the endoderm and ectoderm
- 8. ORGANOGENESIS:- • Differentiation of primary germ layers into tissues and organs. • Organogenesis is the period of animal development during which the embryo is becoming a fully functional organism capable of independent survival . • It is the process by which specific organs and structures are formed, and involves both cell movements and cell differentiation.
- 9. Major derivatives of the embryonic germ layers
- 10. GROWTH:-