In this paper we present a lifting wavelet based CBRIR image retrieval system that uses color and texture as visual features to describe the content of a retinal fundus images. Our contribution is of three directions. First, we use lifting wavelets 9/7 for lossy and SPL5/3 for lossless to extract texture features from arbitrary shaped retinal fundus regions separated from an image to increase the system effectiveness. This process is performed offline before query processing, therefore to answer a query our system does not need to search the entire database images; instead just a number of similar class type patient images are required to be searched for image similarity. Third, to further increase the retrieval accuracy of our system, we combine the region based features extracted from image regions, with global features extracted from the whole image, which are texture using lifting wavelet and HSV color histograms. Our proposed system has the advantage of increasing the retrieval accuracy and decreasing the retrieval time. The experimental evaluation of the system is based on a db1 online retinal fundus color image database. From the experimental results, it is evident that our system performs significantly better accuracy as compared with traditional wavelet based systems. In our simulation analysis, we provide a comparison between retrieval results based on features extracted from the whole image using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet and features extracted using lossless 9/7 lifting wavelet and using traditional wavelet. The results demonstrate that each type of feature is effective for a particular type of disease of retinal fundus images according to its semantic contents, and using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet of them gives better retrieval results for almost all semantic classes and outperform 4-10% more accuracy than traditional wavelet.
DISCOVERING ABNORMAL PATCHES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF DIABETICS RETINOPATHY IN ...csandit
Â
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the retinal diseases due to long-term effect of diabetes.Early detection for diabetic retinopathy is crucial since timely treatment can prevent
progressive loss of vision. The most common diagnosis technique of diabetic retinopathy is to screen abnormalities through retinal fundus images by clinicians. However, limited number of well-trained clinicians increase the possibilities of misdiagnosing. In this work, we propose a big-data-driven automatic computer-aided diagnosing (CAD) system for diabetic retinopathy severity regression based on transfer learning, which starts from a deep convolutional neural
network pre-trained on generic images, and adapts it to large-scale DR datasets. From images in the training set, we also automatically segment the abnormal patches with an occlusion test,and model the transformations and deterioration process of DR. Our results can be widely used for fast diagnosis of DR, medical education and public-level healthcare propagation.
The legal cause of blindness for the workingage
population in western countries is Diabetic Retinopathy - a
complication of diabetes mellitus - is a severe and wide- spread
eye disease. Digital color fundus images are becoming
increasingly important for the diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy.
In order to facilitate and improve diagnosis in different ways, this
fact opens the possibility of applying image processing techniques
.Microaneurysms is the earliest sign of DR, therefore an
algorithm able to automatically detect the microaneurysms in
fundus image captured. Since microaneurysms is a necessary
preprocessing step for a correct diagnosis. Some methods that
address this problem can be found in the literature but they have
some drawbacks like accuracy or speed. The aim of this thesis is
to develop and test a new method for detecting the
microaneurysms in retina images. To do so preprocessing, gray
level 2D feature based vessel extraction is done using neural
network by using extra neurons which is evaluated on DRIVE
database which is superior than rulebased methods. To identify
microaneurysms in an image morphological opening and image
enhancement is performed. The complete algorithm is developed
by using a MATLAB implementation and the diagnosis in an
image can be estimated with the better accuracy and in shorter
time than previous techniques
DISCOVERING ABNORMAL PATCHES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF DIABETICS RETINOPATHY IN ...csandit
Â
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the retinal diseases due to long-term effect of diabetes.Early detection for diabetic retinopathy is crucial since timely treatment can prevent
progressive loss of vision. The most common diagnosis technique of diabetic retinopathy is to screen abnormalities through retinal fundus images by clinicians. However, limited number of well-trained clinicians increase the possibilities of misdiagnosing. In this work, we propose a big-data-driven automatic computer-aided diagnosing (CAD) system for diabetic retinopathy severity regression based on transfer learning, which starts from a deep convolutional neural
network pre-trained on generic images, and adapts it to large-scale DR datasets. From images in the training set, we also automatically segment the abnormal patches with an occlusion test,and model the transformations and deterioration process of DR. Our results can be widely used for fast diagnosis of DR, medical education and public-level healthcare propagation.
The legal cause of blindness for the workingage
population in western countries is Diabetic Retinopathy - a
complication of diabetes mellitus - is a severe and wide- spread
eye disease. Digital color fundus images are becoming
increasingly important for the diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy.
In order to facilitate and improve diagnosis in different ways, this
fact opens the possibility of applying image processing techniques
.Microaneurysms is the earliest sign of DR, therefore an
algorithm able to automatically detect the microaneurysms in
fundus image captured. Since microaneurysms is a necessary
preprocessing step for a correct diagnosis. Some methods that
address this problem can be found in the literature but they have
some drawbacks like accuracy or speed. The aim of this thesis is
to develop and test a new method for detecting the
microaneurysms in retina images. To do so preprocessing, gray
level 2D feature based vessel extraction is done using neural
network by using extra neurons which is evaluated on DRIVE
database which is superior than rulebased methods. To identify
microaneurysms in an image morphological opening and image
enhancement is performed. The complete algorithm is developed
by using a MATLAB implementation and the diagnosis in an
image can be estimated with the better accuracy and in shorter
time than previous techniques
C LASSIFICATION O F D IABETES R ETINA I MAGES U SING B LOOD V ESSEL A REASIJCI JOURNAL
Â
Retina images are obtained from the fundus camera a
nd graded by skilled professionals. However there i
s
considerable shortage of expert observers has encou
raged computer assisted monitoring. Evaluation of
blood vessels network plays an important task in a
variety of medical diagnosis. Manifestations of
numerous vascular disorders, such as diabetic retin
opathy, depend on detection of the blood vessels
network. In this work the fundus RGB image is used
for obtaining the traces of blood vessels and areas
of
blood vessels are used for detection of Diabetic Re
tinopathy (DR). The algorithm developed uses
morphological operation to extract blood vessels. M
ainly two steps are used: firstly enhancement opera
tion
is applied to original retina image to remove noise
and increase contrast of retinal blood vessels. Se
condly
morphology operations are used to take out blood ve
ssels. Experiments are conducted on publicly availa
ble
DIARETDB1 database. Experimental results obtained b
y using gray-scale images have been presented.
An Approach for the Detection of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathyijdmtaiir
Â
Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication of
diabetes that is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the
retina. The blood vessels in the retina get altered. Exudates are
secreted, micro-aneurysms and hemorrhages occur in the
retina. The appearance of these features represents the degree
of severity of the disease. In this paper the proposed approach
detects the presence of abnormalities in the retina using image
processing techniques by applying morphological processing
techniques to the fundus images to extract features such as
blood vessels, micro aneurysms and exudates. These features
are used for the detection of severity of Diabetic Retinopathy.
It can quickly process a large number of fundus images
obtained from mass screening to help reduce the cost, increase
productivity and efficiency for ophthalmologists.
An Automated Systems for the Detection of Macular Ischemia based-Diabetic Ret...iosrjce
Â
The proposed methodology in this paper marks out application for automatic detection of eye
diseases called Macular Ischemia using image processing techniques. In semi urban and rural areas large
percentages of people suffer from various eye diseases. For diagnoses of various eye diseases, Image processing
technique is used. . Diseases occur in Macula from retinal images have a huge type of textures, shapes and at
times they are difficult to be recognised and identified by doctors. Thus we are trying to optimize and develop
such system which is based on smart image recognition/classification algorithms. This proposed system
provides accuracy, uniformity and speed in performance and a high credence coefficient in results interpreting.
Keywords: Macular Ischemia, diagnosis, textures, consistence
Segmentation of the Blood Vessel and Optic Disc in Retinal Images Using EM Al...iosrjce
Â
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Review of methods for diabetic retinopathy detection and severity classificationeSAT Journals
Â
Abstract Diabetic Retinopathy is a serious vascular disorder that might lead to complete blindness. Therefore, the early detection and the treatment are necessary to prevent major vision loss. Though the Manual screening methods are available, they are time consuming and inefficient on a large image database of patients. Moreover, it demands skilled professionals for the diagnosis. Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy diagnosis systems can replace manual methods as they can significantly reduce the manual labor involved in the screening process. Screening conducted over a larger population can become efficient if the system can separate normal and abnormal cases, instead of the manual examination of all images. Therefore, Automatic Retinopathy detection systems have attracted large popularity in the recent times. Automatic retinopathy detection systems employ image processing and computer vision techniques to detect different anomalies associated with retinopathy. This paper reviews various methods of diabetic retinopathy detection and classification into different stages based on severity levels and also, various image databases used for the research purpose are discussed. Keywordsâ Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection, computer vision, Diabetic Retinopathy, image databases, image processing, manual screening
Automated histopathological image analysis: a review on ROI extractioniosrjce
Â
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
AUTOMATED DETECTION OF HARD EXUDATES IN FUNDUS IMAGES USING IMPROVED OTSU THR...IJCSES Journal
Â
One common cause of visual impairment among people of working age in the industrialized countries is
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). Automatic recognition of hard exudates (EXs) which is one of DR lesions in
fundus images can contribute to the diagnosis and screening of DR.The aim of this paper was to
automatically detect those lesions from fundus images. At first,green channel of each original fundus image
was segmented by improved Otsu thresholding based on minimum inner-cluster variance, and candidate
regions of EXs were obtained. Then, we extracted features of candidate regions and selected a subset which
best discriminates EXs from the retinal background by means of logistic regression (LR). The selected
features were subsequently used as inputs to a SVM to get a final segmentation result of EXs in the image.
Our database was composed of 120 images with variable color, brightness, and quality. 70 of them were
used to train the SVM and the remaining 50 to assess the performance of the method. Using a lesion based
criterion, we achieved a mean sensitivity of 95.05% and a mean positive predictive value of 95.37%. With
an image-based criterion, our approach reached a 100% mean sensitivity, 90.9% mean specificity and
96.0% mean accuracy. Furthermore, the average time cost in processing an image is 8.31 seconds. These
results suggest that the proposed method could be a diagnostic aid for ophthalmologists in the screening
for DR.
Diabetic Retinopathy Detection System from Retinal Imagesijtsrd
Â
Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder in metabolism of carbohydrates, and due to lack of the pancreatic hormone insulin sugars in the body are not oxidized to produce energy. Diabetic Retinopathy is a disorder of the retina resulting in impairment or vision loss. Improper blood sugar control is the main cause of diabetic retinopathy. That is the reason why early detection of retinopathy is crucial to prevent vision loss. Appearance of exudates, microaneurysms and hemorrhages are the early indications. In this study, we propose an algorithm for detection and classification of diabetic retinopathy. The proposed algorithm is based on the combination of various image processing techniques, which includes Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization, Green channelization, Filtering and Thresholding. The objective measurements such as homogeneity, entropy, contrast, energy, dissimilarity, asm, correlation, mean and standard deviation are computed from processed images. These measurements are finally fed to Support Vector Machine and k Nearest Neighbors classifiers for classification and their results were analysed and compared. Aditi Devanand Lotliker | Amit Patil "Diabetic Retinopathy Detection System from Retinal Images" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38353.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/38353/diabetic-retinopathy-detection-system-from-retinal-images/aditi-devanand-lotliker
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Image Early Identification using...ijtsrd
Â
Diabetic Retinopathy, the most common reason of vision loss, is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. If untreated, it may result in varying degrees of vision loss and even blindness. Since Diabetic Retinopathy is a silent disease that may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems, annual eye exams are crucial for early detection to improve the chances of effective treatment where fundus cameras are used to capture the retinal images. However, fundus cameras are too big and heavy to be transported easily and too costly to be purchased by every health clinic, so fundus cameras are an inconvenient tool for widespread screening. Recent technological developments have enabled using smartphones in designing small sized, low power, and affordable retinal imaging systems to perform Diabetic Retinopathy screening and automated Diabetic Retinopathy detection using machine learning and image processing methods. However, Diabetic Retinopathy detection accuracy depends on the image quality and it is negatively affected by several factors such as Field of View. Since smartphone based retinal imaging systems have much more compact designs than the traditional fundus cameras, the retina images captured are likely to be low quality with smaller Field of View As a result, the smartphone based retina imaging systems can be used as an alternative to the direct ophthalmoscope once it tested in the clinical settings. However, the Field of View of the smartphone based retina imaging systems plays an important role in determining the automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection accuracy. M. Mukesh Krishnan | J. Diofrin | M. Vadivel "Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Image Early Identification using Deep CNN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55047.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/computer-science/other/55047/detection-of-diabetic-retinopathy-in-retinal-image-early-identification-using-deep-cnn/m-mukesh-krishnan
Discovering Abnormal Patches and Transformations of Diabetics Retinopathy in ...cscpconf
Â
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the retinal diseases due to long-term effect of diabetes.
Early detection for diabetic retinopathy is crucial since timely treatment can prevent
progressive loss of vision. The most common diagnosis technique of diabetic retinopathy is to
screen abnormalities through retinal fundus images by clinicians. However, limited number of
well-trained clinicians increase the possibilities of misdiagnosing. In this work, we propose a
big-data-driven automatic computer-aided diagnosing (CAD) system for diabetic retinopathy
severity regression based on transfer learning, which starts from a deep convolutional neural
network pre-trained on generic images, and adapts it to large-scale DR datasets. From images
in the training set, we also automatically segment the abnormal patches with an occlusion test,
and model the transformations and deterioration process of DR. Our results can be widely used
for fast diagnosis of DR, medical education and public-level healthcare propagation.
Annotating Retina Fundus Images for Teaching and Learning Diabetic Retinopath...ITIIIndustries
Â
With the improvement in IT industry, more and more application of computer software is introduced in teaching and learning. In this paper, we discuss the development process of such software. Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication for diabetic patients. It may cause sight loss if not treated early. There are several stages of this disease. Fundus imagery is required to identify the stage and severity of the disease. Due to the lack of proper dataset of the fundus images and proper annotation, it is very difficult to perform research on this topic. Moreover, medical students are often facing difficulty with identifying the diseases in later stage of their practice as they may not have seen a sample of all of the stages of Diabetic Retinopathy problems. To mitigate the problem, we have collected fundus images from different geographic area of Bangladesh and designed an annotation software to store information about the patient, the infection level and their locations in the images. Sometimes, it is difficult to select all appropriate pixels of the infected region. To resolve the issue, we have introduced a K nearest neighbor (KNN) based technique to accurately select the region of interest (ROI). Once an expert (ophthalmologist) has annotated the images, the software can be used by the students for learning.
C LASSIFICATION O F D IABETES R ETINA I MAGES U SING B LOOD V ESSEL A REASIJCI JOURNAL
Â
Retina images are obtained from the fundus camera a
nd graded by skilled professionals. However there i
s
considerable shortage of expert observers has encou
raged computer assisted monitoring. Evaluation of
blood vessels network plays an important task in a
variety of medical diagnosis. Manifestations of
numerous vascular disorders, such as diabetic retin
opathy, depend on detection of the blood vessels
network. In this work the fundus RGB image is used
for obtaining the traces of blood vessels and areas
of
blood vessels are used for detection of Diabetic Re
tinopathy (DR). The algorithm developed uses
morphological operation to extract blood vessels. M
ainly two steps are used: firstly enhancement opera
tion
is applied to original retina image to remove noise
and increase contrast of retinal blood vessels. Se
condly
morphology operations are used to take out blood ve
ssels. Experiments are conducted on publicly availa
ble
DIARETDB1 database. Experimental results obtained b
y using gray-scale images have been presented.
An Approach for the Detection of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathyijdmtaiir
Â
Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication of
diabetes that is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the
retina. The blood vessels in the retina get altered. Exudates are
secreted, micro-aneurysms and hemorrhages occur in the
retina. The appearance of these features represents the degree
of severity of the disease. In this paper the proposed approach
detects the presence of abnormalities in the retina using image
processing techniques by applying morphological processing
techniques to the fundus images to extract features such as
blood vessels, micro aneurysms and exudates. These features
are used for the detection of severity of Diabetic Retinopathy.
It can quickly process a large number of fundus images
obtained from mass screening to help reduce the cost, increase
productivity and efficiency for ophthalmologists.
An Automated Systems for the Detection of Macular Ischemia based-Diabetic Ret...iosrjce
Â
The proposed methodology in this paper marks out application for automatic detection of eye
diseases called Macular Ischemia using image processing techniques. In semi urban and rural areas large
percentages of people suffer from various eye diseases. For diagnoses of various eye diseases, Image processing
technique is used. . Diseases occur in Macula from retinal images have a huge type of textures, shapes and at
times they are difficult to be recognised and identified by doctors. Thus we are trying to optimize and develop
such system which is based on smart image recognition/classification algorithms. This proposed system
provides accuracy, uniformity and speed in performance and a high credence coefficient in results interpreting.
Keywords: Macular Ischemia, diagnosis, textures, consistence
Segmentation of the Blood Vessel and Optic Disc in Retinal Images Using EM Al...iosrjce
Â
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Review of methods for diabetic retinopathy detection and severity classificationeSAT Journals
Â
Abstract Diabetic Retinopathy is a serious vascular disorder that might lead to complete blindness. Therefore, the early detection and the treatment are necessary to prevent major vision loss. Though the Manual screening methods are available, they are time consuming and inefficient on a large image database of patients. Moreover, it demands skilled professionals for the diagnosis. Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy diagnosis systems can replace manual methods as they can significantly reduce the manual labor involved in the screening process. Screening conducted over a larger population can become efficient if the system can separate normal and abnormal cases, instead of the manual examination of all images. Therefore, Automatic Retinopathy detection systems have attracted large popularity in the recent times. Automatic retinopathy detection systems employ image processing and computer vision techniques to detect different anomalies associated with retinopathy. This paper reviews various methods of diabetic retinopathy detection and classification into different stages based on severity levels and also, various image databases used for the research purpose are discussed. Keywordsâ Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection, computer vision, Diabetic Retinopathy, image databases, image processing, manual screening
Automated histopathological image analysis: a review on ROI extractioniosrjce
Â
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
AUTOMATED DETECTION OF HARD EXUDATES IN FUNDUS IMAGES USING IMPROVED OTSU THR...IJCSES Journal
Â
One common cause of visual impairment among people of working age in the industrialized countries is
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). Automatic recognition of hard exudates (EXs) which is one of DR lesions in
fundus images can contribute to the diagnosis and screening of DR.The aim of this paper was to
automatically detect those lesions from fundus images. At first,green channel of each original fundus image
was segmented by improved Otsu thresholding based on minimum inner-cluster variance, and candidate
regions of EXs were obtained. Then, we extracted features of candidate regions and selected a subset which
best discriminates EXs from the retinal background by means of logistic regression (LR). The selected
features were subsequently used as inputs to a SVM to get a final segmentation result of EXs in the image.
Our database was composed of 120 images with variable color, brightness, and quality. 70 of them were
used to train the SVM and the remaining 50 to assess the performance of the method. Using a lesion based
criterion, we achieved a mean sensitivity of 95.05% and a mean positive predictive value of 95.37%. With
an image-based criterion, our approach reached a 100% mean sensitivity, 90.9% mean specificity and
96.0% mean accuracy. Furthermore, the average time cost in processing an image is 8.31 seconds. These
results suggest that the proposed method could be a diagnostic aid for ophthalmologists in the screening
for DR.
Diabetic Retinopathy Detection System from Retinal Imagesijtsrd
Â
Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder in metabolism of carbohydrates, and due to lack of the pancreatic hormone insulin sugars in the body are not oxidized to produce energy. Diabetic Retinopathy is a disorder of the retina resulting in impairment or vision loss. Improper blood sugar control is the main cause of diabetic retinopathy. That is the reason why early detection of retinopathy is crucial to prevent vision loss. Appearance of exudates, microaneurysms and hemorrhages are the early indications. In this study, we propose an algorithm for detection and classification of diabetic retinopathy. The proposed algorithm is based on the combination of various image processing techniques, which includes Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization, Green channelization, Filtering and Thresholding. The objective measurements such as homogeneity, entropy, contrast, energy, dissimilarity, asm, correlation, mean and standard deviation are computed from processed images. These measurements are finally fed to Support Vector Machine and k Nearest Neighbors classifiers for classification and their results were analysed and compared. Aditi Devanand Lotliker | Amit Patil "Diabetic Retinopathy Detection System from Retinal Images" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38353.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/38353/diabetic-retinopathy-detection-system-from-retinal-images/aditi-devanand-lotliker
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Image Early Identification using...ijtsrd
Â
Diabetic Retinopathy, the most common reason of vision loss, is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. If untreated, it may result in varying degrees of vision loss and even blindness. Since Diabetic Retinopathy is a silent disease that may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems, annual eye exams are crucial for early detection to improve the chances of effective treatment where fundus cameras are used to capture the retinal images. However, fundus cameras are too big and heavy to be transported easily and too costly to be purchased by every health clinic, so fundus cameras are an inconvenient tool for widespread screening. Recent technological developments have enabled using smartphones in designing small sized, low power, and affordable retinal imaging systems to perform Diabetic Retinopathy screening and automated Diabetic Retinopathy detection using machine learning and image processing methods. However, Diabetic Retinopathy detection accuracy depends on the image quality and it is negatively affected by several factors such as Field of View. Since smartphone based retinal imaging systems have much more compact designs than the traditional fundus cameras, the retina images captured are likely to be low quality with smaller Field of View As a result, the smartphone based retina imaging systems can be used as an alternative to the direct ophthalmoscope once it tested in the clinical settings. However, the Field of View of the smartphone based retina imaging systems plays an important role in determining the automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection accuracy. M. Mukesh Krishnan | J. Diofrin | M. Vadivel "Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Image Early Identification using Deep CNN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55047.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/computer-science/other/55047/detection-of-diabetic-retinopathy-in-retinal-image-early-identification-using-deep-cnn/m-mukesh-krishnan
Discovering Abnormal Patches and Transformations of Diabetics Retinopathy in ...cscpconf
Â
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the retinal diseases due to long-term effect of diabetes.
Early detection for diabetic retinopathy is crucial since timely treatment can prevent
progressive loss of vision. The most common diagnosis technique of diabetic retinopathy is to
screen abnormalities through retinal fundus images by clinicians. However, limited number of
well-trained clinicians increase the possibilities of misdiagnosing. In this work, we propose a
big-data-driven automatic computer-aided diagnosing (CAD) system for diabetic retinopathy
severity regression based on transfer learning, which starts from a deep convolutional neural
network pre-trained on generic images, and adapts it to large-scale DR datasets. From images
in the training set, we also automatically segment the abnormal patches with an occlusion test,
and model the transformations and deterioration process of DR. Our results can be widely used
for fast diagnosis of DR, medical education and public-level healthcare propagation.
Annotating Retina Fundus Images for Teaching and Learning Diabetic Retinopath...ITIIIndustries
Â
With the improvement in IT industry, more and more application of computer software is introduced in teaching and learning. In this paper, we discuss the development process of such software. Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication for diabetic patients. It may cause sight loss if not treated early. There are several stages of this disease. Fundus imagery is required to identify the stage and severity of the disease. Due to the lack of proper dataset of the fundus images and proper annotation, it is very difficult to perform research on this topic. Moreover, medical students are often facing difficulty with identifying the diseases in later stage of their practice as they may not have seen a sample of all of the stages of Diabetic Retinopathy problems. To mitigate the problem, we have collected fundus images from different geographic area of Bangladesh and designed an annotation software to store information about the patient, the infection level and their locations in the images. Sometimes, it is difficult to select all appropriate pixels of the infected region. To resolve the issue, we have introduced a K nearest neighbor (KNN) based technique to accurately select the region of interest (ROI). Once an expert (ophthalmologist) has annotated the images, the software can be used by the students for learning.
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy using Kirsch Edge Detection and Watershed T...IJARIIT
Â
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common retinal complication associated with diabetics. A complication of diabetes is that it can also affect various parts of the body. When the small blood vessels have a high level of glucose in the retina, the vision will be blurred and can cause blindness eventually, which is known as diabetic retinopathy. However, if symptoms are identified in the early stage then proper treatment can be provided to prevent blindness. Usually the retinal images obtained from the fundus camera are examined directly and diagnosed. Due to this certain abnormalities due to diabetic retinopathy are not directly visible through the naked eye .Hence by using the image processing techniques these abnormalities can be extracted accurately and required treatments and precautions can be taken. And this also reduces the time for the ophthalmologists to detect the disease and give accurate treatments.
Automatic Detection of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using Fundus Im...iosrjce
Â
To diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) it is the prime cause of blindness in the working age
population of the world. Detection method is proposed to detect dark or red lesions such as microaneurysms
and hemorrhages in fundus images.Developed during this work, this first is for collection of lesion data
information and was used by the ophthalmologist in marking images for database while the automatic
diagnosing and displaying the diagnosis result in a more friendly user interface and is as shown in chapter
three of this report. The primary aim of this project is to develop a system that will be able to identify patients
with BDR and PDR from either colour image or grey level image obtained from the retina of the patient. The
algorithm was tested fundus images. The Operating Characteristics (ROC) was determined for red spot lesion
and bleeding, while cross over points were only detected leaving further classification as part of future work
needed to complete this global project. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated for the algorithm is given
respectively as 96.3% and 95.1%
Diabetic Retinopathy Detection using Neural Networkingijtsrd
Â
The clinical and laboratory studies states that diabetic retinopathy is the major cause of permanent blindness among the aged personalities. The problem with this disease is that there is no cure for it and the only thing we can do is to detect the disease as soon as possible in order to prevent further loss of vision. In this system we propose a CNN approach for diagnosing DR from retinal images and classifying the stages of the disease .The classification is done based on the haemorrhages, micro aneurysms present in the retinal image. We train this network using a high end graphics processor unit GPU using kaggle data set and the disease classification is done, hence we can identify the the disease and prevent the further loss of vision. N Rahul | Roy Eluvathingal | Sanith Jayan K | Mr. Anil Antony "Diabetic Retinopathy Detection using Neural Networking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31487.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31487/diabetic-retinopathy-detection-using-neural-networking/n-rahul
A Survey on Disease Prediction from Retinal Colour Fundus Images using Image ...ijcnes
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The aim of this survey is to list the various disease predictions from retinal funds images and various methods used to detect the disease. This paper gives a detailed description about the various diseases predicted in retina by comparing retinal funds image structure. Till now, the prediction of various diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease and other eye problems had been predicted by using retinal funds images. Next, a comparative study of the various methods followed using image processing to find out the diseases from retinal funds images, is provided. The basic matrices observed to predict the diseases are optic disc,nerve cup and rim. To find the differences in the basic matrices, image processing techniques such as mask generation, colour normalization, edge detection, contrast enhancement are used. The datasets that are used for retinal image inputs are STARE, DRIVE, ONHSD, ARIA, IMAGERET. The survey at the end, discusses the future work for the possibilities of predicting gastreointestinal problems via retinal funds images.
Rapid detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal images: a new approach usi...IJECEIAES
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The challenge of early detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss in working-age individuals in developed nations, was addressed in this study. Current manual analysis of digital color fundus photographs by clinicians, although thorough, suffers from slow result turnaround, delaying necessary treatment. To expedite detection and improve treatment timeliness, a novel automated detection system for DR was developed. This system utilized convolutional neural networks. Visual geometry group 16-layer network (VGG16), a pre-trained deep learning model, for feature extraction from retinal images and the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) to handle class imbalance in the dataset. The system was designed to classify images into five categories: normal, mild DR, moderate DR, severe DR, and proliferative DR (PDR). Assessment of the system using the Kaggle diabetic retinopathy dataset resulted in a promising 93.94% accuracy during the training phase and 88.19% during validation. These results highlight the system's potential to enhance DR diagnosis speed and efficiency, leading to improved patient outcomes. The study concluded that automation and artificial intelligence (AI) could play a significant role in timely and efficient disease detection and management.
A Novel Advanced Approach Using Morphological Image Processing Technique for ...CSCJournals
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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and can lead to irreversible blindness. To date, DR is the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment among working adults globally. However, this blindness can be prevented if DR is detected early. Diabetes mellitus slowly affects the retina by damaging retinal blood vessels and leading to microaneurysms. The retinal images give detailed information about the health status of the visual system. Analysis of retinal image is important for an understanding of the stages of Diabetic retinopathy. Microaneurysms observed that appear in retina images, usually, the initial visible sign of DR, if detected early and properly treated can prevent DR complications, including blindness. In this research work, an advanced image modal enhancement comprises of a Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), through morphological image, processing technique with final extraction algorithm is proposed. CLAHE is responsible for the detection, and removal of the retinal optical disk. While the microaneurysm initial indicators are detected by using morphological image processing techniques. The extensive evaluation of the proposed advanced model conducted for microaneurysm detection depicts all stages of DR with an increase in the number of data set related to noise in the image. The microaneurysms noise is associated with stage of retina diseases as well as its early possible diagnosis. Evaluation is also conducted against the proposed model to measure its performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity as well as specificity in real-time. The results show the test image attained 99.7% accuracy for a real-time database that is better compared with anty colony-based method. A sensitivity of 81% with a specificity of 90% was achieved for the detection of microaneurysms for the e-optha database. The detection of several microaneurysms correlates with stages of DR that prove an analysis of detecting its different stages. As well as it reaches our goal of early detection of DR with high performance in accuracy.
Automated Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Image Processingiosrjce
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IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Morphological Based Approach for Identification of Red Lesion in Diabetic Ret...Editor IJMTER
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One of the common causes of visionloss and blindness in patients with diabetes is
Diabetic Retinopathy.The damage to the retina of human eye caused by the complication of
increase in blood glucose level consequently leading to blindness is termed as Diabetic retinopathy.
The longer the patient has diabetes the higher the chance of developing diabetic retinopathy [1].No
specific symptoms are seen in DR patients until the illness is at the final stage. Thus , prior detection
and timely treatment has to be ensured. Dark lesions such as Microaneurysms and Hemorrhages or
bright lesions like Exudates are the visible symotoms of Diabetic Retinopathy [3]. Microaneurysms
are reddish in color with a diameter less than 125 Âľm,which turn into hemorrhages at a later stage
[6]. Conventionally , An ophthalmologist visualizes the blood vessels of the patientâs brain using an
ophthalmoscope . This method is often time consuming and requires fluorescein angiograms for
precise diagnosis. Moreover , it also requires highly trained and skilled clinicians to perform the DR
severity grading technique. Tis paper presents a low cost retinal algorithm for detecting
microaneurysms and hemorrhages which will assist opthalmologists across the globe in timely
detection of diabetic retinopathy.
Extraction of Features from Fundus Images for Diabetes Detectionpaperpublications3
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Abstract: Diabetes is a quickly increasing worldwide problem which is produced by defective organic process of glucose secretion that produces long-term dis-function and harmful for different organs. The major problem of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), which are vascular diseases affecting the retina due to long time diabetes. It can produce sudden vision loss due to DR. So we need to develop the system to examine the retinal images for obtain important features of diabetic retinopathy by using the image processing techniques. First the entire image is segmented. From that segmented regions, we can check varying changes in blood vessels and different features for e.g. exudates, microaneurysms, and also a set of features such as color, size, edge and texture which can be used as part of an automatic diabetes recognition system.
Similar to Early Detection of High Blood Pressure and Diabetic Retinopathy on Retinal Fundus Images Using CBRIR Based on Lifting Wavelets (20)
A Secure Data Transmission Scheme using Asymmetric Semi-Homomorphic Encryptio...IJAAS Team
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The compressive detecting based information accumulation accomplishes with high exactness in information recuperation from less inspection which is available in sensor nodes. In this manner, the existing methods available in the literature diminish the information gathering cost and delays the existence cycle of WSNs. In this paper, a strong achievable security model for sensor network applications was initially proposed. At that point, a secure data collection conspire was displayed based on compressive detecting, which improves the information protection by the asymmetric semi-homomorphic encryption scheme, and decreases the calculation cost by inadequate compressive grid. In this case, particularly the asymmetric mechanism decreases the trouble of mystery key circulation and administration. The proposed homomorphic encryption permits the in-arrange accumulation in cipher domain, and in this manner improves the security and accomplishes the adjustment in system stack. Further, this paper focuses on estimating various network performances such as the calculation cost and correspondence cost, which remunerates the expanding cost caused by the homomorphic encryption. A real time validation on the proposed encryption scheme using AVISPA was additionally performed and the results are satisfactory.
Lossless 4D Medical Images Compression Using Adaptive Inter Slices FilteringIJAAS Team
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Recent lossless 4D medical images compression works are based on the application of techniques originated from video compression to efficiently eliminate redundancies in different dimensions of image. In this context we present a new approach of lossless 4D medical images compression which consists to application of 2D wavelet transform in spatial directions followed or not by either lifting transform or motion compensation in inter slices direction, the obtained slices are coded by 3D SPIHT. Our approach was compared with 3D SPIHT with/without motion compensation. The results show our approach offers better performance in lossless compression rate.
Coding Schemes for Implementation of Fault Tolerant Parrallel FilterIJAAS Team
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Digital filters are utilized as a one of flag handling and correspondence frameworks. At times, the unwavering quality of those frameworks is basic, and blame tolerant channel executions are needed. Throughout the years, numerous systems that endeavor the channels' structure and properties to accomplish adaptation to internal failure have been proposed. As innovation scales, it empowers more unpredictable frameworks that join many channels. In those perplexing frameworks, it is regular that a portion of the channels work in parallel. A plan in view of big rectification coding has been as of late proposed to protect parallel channels. In that plan, each channel is deal with as a bit, and excess channels that go about as equality check bits are acquainted with distinguish and rectify blunders. In this short, applying coding systems to secure parallel channels is tended to in a broader manner. This decreases the assurance overhead and makes the quantity of excess channels autonomous of the quantity of parallel channels. The proposed technique is first described and then illustrated with two case studies. Finally, both the effectiveness in protecting against errors and the cost are evaluated for a field-programmable gate array implementation.
Recycling of Industrial Waste Water for the Generation of Electricity by Regu...IJAAS Team
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The paper focuses on generating the renewable energy source from industrial waste water effluents. Utilizing the industrial waste water in order to generate electricity, a flow control sensor has been installed at the outlet of the tunnel which passes the waste water to the turbine. As per the need, the generation of electricity varies with respect to the flow through the use of flow control sensor. The generated electricity is then used for powering the street lights, gardening and run-way paths, during night time. The flow control sensor when integrated using IoT and cloud storage facilitates efficiency and scalability thereby providing massive utilization of energy usage.
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This Paper is to enable the Siemens (Programmable Logic Control) CPU 313- 5A to communicate with the Lab VIEW and to control the process accuracy by image processing. The communication between CPU 313-5A and Lab VIEW is via OPC (OLE for Process Control).Process Accuracy is achieved with the use of Labview Image Processing and Gray Scale matching Pattern. Accuracy in the gray scale matching will purely depend on the calibration of the camera with respect to the corresponding image. The digital output from the labview is communicated to PLC via Ethernet Protocol for the industrial process control. With the use of Labview the dead time while using the normal image vision module in PLC can be minimized. Labview uses the gray scale matching technique whi
Mobile Application Development with AndroidIJAAS Team
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The Android is mobile platform. It is an open source and free operating system application, by Google it is developed and maintained. It was designed essentially for touch screen mobile devices, such as and tablet, computers, smart phones, watch television, cars etc. Android is one of the most widely used mobile OS. Android is a not only operating system but also key applications and middleware. Android is an open source operating system. It is developed by the open handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. Those are used to android studio 2.2.3 version and development the mobile application.
Data Visualization and Analysis of Engineering Educational StatisticsxIJAAS Team
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Engineering, is one of the most popular fields of higher education in the modern day world. Majority of the students these days opt for engineering as a career, due to the vastness of choices provided by engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Computer Science, Civil and Biotechnology are the various disciplines and have varying strength in terms of number of students who join a particular discipline. In this research, we have gather data from various published articles about engineering education and carried out the data visualization and analysis using Tableau 9.2. The objective of the analysis is to help the students to make the decision and the choice about discipline of engineering from which particular university would be the most suitable based on the data collected and represented. Various categories of statistics such as number of graduates from a particular university in a particular discipline, and which university had the maximum number of graduates in a certain year will help the students make their decisions about their future in a more easy and a sorted manner.
Requirement Elicitation Model (REM) in the Context of Global Software Develop...IJAAS Team
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Contxext:Requirement elicitation is difficult and critical phase of requirement engineering and the case is worst in global software development (GSD). The study is about requirement elicitation in the context of GSD. Objective: Development of requirement elicitation model (REM) which can address the factors that have positive impact and the factors that have negative impact during elicitation in GSD. The propose model will give solutions and practices to the challenges during elicitation. Method: Systematic literature review (SLR) and empirical research study will be used for achieving the goals and objectives. Expected outcomes: The expected results of this study will be REM that will help vendor organizations for better elicitation during GSD.
Technological development have altered the way we communicate, learn, think, share, and spread information. Mobile technologies are those that make use of wireless technologies to gain some sort of data. As mobile connectedness continues to spread across the world, the value of employing mobile technologies in the arena of learning and teaching seems to be both self-evident and unavoidable The fast deployment of mobile devices and wireless networks in university campuses makes higher education a good environment to integrate learners-centered m-learning . this paper discusses mobile learning technologies that are being used for educational purposes and the effect they have on teaching and learning methods.
Spectral Efficient Blind Channel Estimation Technique for MIMO-OFDM Communica...IJAAS Team
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With emerge of increasing research in the domain of future wireless communications, massive MIMO (multiple inputs multiple outputs) attracted most of researchers interests. Massive MIMO is high-speed wireless communication standards. A channel estimation technology plays the essential role in the MIMO systems. Efficient channel estimation leads to spectral efficient wireless communications. The critics of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) are the challenging tasks while designing the channel estimation methods. To mitigate the challenges of ISI, we proposed the novel blind channel estimation method which based on Independent component analysis (ICA) in this paper. Proposed channel estimation it works for both blind interference cancellation and ISI cancellation. The proposed Hybrid ICA (HICA) method depends on pulse shape filtering and ambiguity removal to improve the spectral efficiency and reliability for MIMO communications. The Kurtosis operation is used to measure the complex data at first to estimate the common signals. Then we exploited the advantages of 3rd and 4th order Higher Order Statistics (HOS) to priorities the common signals during the channel estimation. In this paper, we present the detailed design and evaluation of HICA blind channel estimation method. We showed the simulation results of HICA against the state-of-art techniques for channel estimation using BER, MSE, and PAPR.
An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Implementation for Key Distribution in Hybrid Me...IJAAS Team
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WSN is a way of handling dangerous and hostile environments safely. It replaces human existence with nodes and units that could sustain its existence under extreme circumstances. The significance of WSN arises from the importance of the data gathered through its nodes. Due to the fact of WSN that it is open air environment, security issues must be considered, for example authentication of new units and the encryption of data transmitted between these units. This research provides a new model covering two important aspects in WSN. The first aspect is the creation of the key that will be used for the current session between a pair of nodes. In this step the research introduces the intuitionistic fuzzy sets to handle the WSN criteria simultaneously and efficiently, in order to decide the exact key length required depending on the status of the network parameters. The second aspect is the distribution of the key between the units desiring communications. This phase starts by authenticating each entity to each other and to the cluster head, then one unit suggests a key and the other one confirms. It then starts communication using that key. This phase shows the hybrid cryptography applied in which the algorithm uses asymmetric encryption for authentication then uses symmetric encryption to secure the connection between the two units. Experimental results in this research could categorized also into two classes. The first class is key size model in which the proposed model compared to ordinary KNN and fuzzy model related to the determination of the key size. The proposed model shows an overall efficient way relating to decide the key size. The second class of experiments is to distribute the intermediate key efficiently; at this point the proposed model shows resilience and efficiency compared to distributing the key directly through cluster head.
Angular Symmetric Axis Constellation Model for Off-line Odia Handwritten Char...IJAAS Team
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This paper presents unipolar pulse width modulation technique with sinusoidal sampling pulse width modulation are analyzed for three-phase five-level, seven-level, nine-level and eleven-level cascaded multi-level inverter. The unipolar PWM method offers a good opportunity for the realization of the Three-phase inverter control, it is better to use the unipolar PWM method with single carrier wave compared to two reference waves. In such case the motor harmonic losses will be considerably lower.The necessary calculations for generation of unipolar pulse width modulation strategies have presented in detail. The unipolar SPWM voltage switching scheme is selected in this paper because this method offers the advantages of effectively doubling the switching frequency of the inverter voltage. The cascaded multi level inverter fed induction motor is simulated and compared the total harmonic distroction for all level (five-level, seven-level, nine-level and elevel-level)of the inverter. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Design of an IOT based Online Monitoring Digital StethoscopeIJAAS Team
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Acoustic stethoscopes have low sound levels. Digital stethoscope overcomes this issue by amplifying body sounds electronically. As the sound signals are transmitted electronically, it can be wireless and can provide noise reduction. Acoustic stethoscope can be changed into a digital stethoscope by inserting an electric capacity microphone onto its head. Heart sounds received from the microphone are processed, sampled and sound signals are converted analog to digital and sent wirelessly using the Internet of Things(IOT) techniques, so that multiple doctors can do auscultation and monitor conditions of the patient.
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This article overviews the history of development of driverless vehicles both in Russia and the World. Foreign experience of development of driverless vehicles, including electric traction, is analyzed. Main stages of creation of experimental NAMI driverless electric vehicle are revised. Main engineering solutions are described concerning development of advanced NAMI driverless electric vehicle, its major components and control systems. Projects aimed at environmental safety of passengers in NAMI driverless electric vehicle are exemplified. Results of bench scale and running tests of NAMI driverless electric vehicle are summarized. Major advantages of driverless energy efficient and environmentally clean transport are demonstrated.
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
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In the deregulated market environment as generation, transmission and distribution are separate entities; reactive power flow in transmission lines is a question of great importance. Due to inductive load characteristic, reactive power is inherently flowing in transmission line. Hence under restructured market this reactive power allocation is necessary. In this work authors presents a power flow tracing based allocation method for reactive power to loads. MVAr-mile method is used for allocation of reactive power cost. A sample 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus system is used for showing the feasibility of developed method.
Depth Estimation from Defocused Images: a SurveyIJAAS Team
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An important step in 3D data generation is the generation of depth map. Depth map is a black and white image which has exactly the same size of the original captured 2D image that indicates the relative distance of each pixel from the observer to the objects in the real world. This paper presents a survey of Depth Perception from Defocused or blurs images as well as image from motion. The change of distance of the object from the camera has direct relation with the amount of blurring of object in the image. The amount of blurring will be calculated with a comparison in front of the camera directly and can be seen with the changes at gray level around the edges of objects.
CP-NR Distributed Range Free Localization Algorithm in WSNIJAAS Team
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Advancements in wireless communication technology have empowered the researchers to develop large scale wireless networks with huge number of sensor nodes. In these networks localization is very active field of research. Localization is a way to determine the physical position of sensor nodes which is useful in many aspects such as to find the origin of events, routing and network coverage. Locating nodes with GPS systems is expensive, power consuming and not applicable to indoor environments. Localization in three dimensional space and accuracy of the estimated location are two factors of major concern. In this paper, a new three dimensional Distributed range-free algorithm which is known as CP-NR is proposed. This algorithm has high localization accuracy and resolved the problem of existing NR algorithm. CP-NR (Coplanar and Projected Node Reproduction) algorithm makes use of co-planarity and projection of point on plane concepts to reduce the localization error. Results have shown that CP-NR algorithm is superior to NR algorithm and comparison is done for the localization accuracy with respect to variations in range, anchor density and node density.
Study and Optimization of a Renewable System of Small Power GenerationIJAAS Team
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In this paper, a study was conducted on the sustainable development of solar and wind energy sources. The approach adopted is to exploit the two renewable resources by arriving to determine optimal configurations of photovoltaic and / or wind energy system with storage to provide electricity to a self-contained residential apartment located in the city of Tlemcen , in Algeria. The Tlemcen site showed a more favourable trend to use the photovoltaic system alone on the hybrid PV / wind system because of the low wind speeds of this site. The calculation method used is based on the monthly averages for ten consecutive years, data collected by the Tlemcen Zenâta weather station in order to have a better reliability analysis of an electric power generation system. In addition, the methods used in this study can be used to determine the optimal size of the most economical hybrid system that corresponds to any site in the world and for any requested load.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
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Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), NiĹĄ, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Ioâs Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...SĂŠrgio Sacani
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Ioâs surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Ioâs trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Ioâs surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
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Slides from talk:
AleĹĄ Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), NiĹĄ, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesnât cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
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Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
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In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
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Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally donât happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.Â
 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Early Detection of High Blood Pressure and Diabetic Retinopathy on Retinal Fundus Images Using CBRIR Based on Lifting Wavelets
1. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS)
Vol. 7, No. 4, December 2018, pp. 334~346
ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v7.i4.pp334-346 ď˛ 334
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/online/index.php/IJAAS
Early Detection of High Blood Pressure and Diabetic
Retinopathy on Retinal Fundus Images Using CBRIR Based on
Lifting Wavelets
S.S.Tadasare, S.S.Pawar
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeethâs College of Engineering, Kolhapur,
India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 23, 2018
Revised Jun 9, 2018
Accepted Jul 26, 2018
In this paper we present a lifting wavelet based CBRIR image retrieval
system that uses color and texture as visual features to describe the content of
a retinal fundus images. Our contribution is of three directions. First, we use
lifting wavelets 9/7 for lossy and SPL5/3 for lossless to extract texture
features from arbitrary shaped retinal fundus regions separated from an
image to increase the system effectiveness. This process is performed offline
before query processing, therefore to answer a query our system does not
need to search the entire database images; instead just a number of similar
class type patient images are required to be searched for image similarity.
Third, to further increase the retrieval accuracy of our system, we combine
the region based features extracted from image regions, with global features
extracted from the whole image, which are texture using lifting wavelet and
HSV color histograms. Our proposed system has the advantage of increasing
the retrieval accuracy and decreasing the retrieval time. The experimental
evaluation of the system is based on a db1 online retinal fundus color image
database. From the experimental results, it is evident that our system
performs significantly better accuracy as compared with traditional wavelet
based systems. In our simulation analysis, we provide a comparison between
retrieval results based on features extracted from the whole image using
lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet and features extracted using lossless 9/7 lifting
wavelet and using traditional wavelet. The results demonstrate that each type
of feature is effective for a particular type of disease of retinal fundus images
according to its semantic contents, and using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet of
them gives better retrieval results for almost all semantic classes and
outperform 4-10% more accuracy than traditional wavelet.
Keyword:
Content Based Retinal Image
Retrieval
Haemorrhages
Lifting Wavelet, Exudates
Microaneurysms
Retina
Copyright Š 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
S.S.Tadasare,
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Bharati Vidyapeethâs College of Engineering,
Kolhapur, India.
Email: ss.tadasare@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes has become one of the rapidly increasing health threats worldwide [21]. Only in Finland,
there are 30 000 people diagnosed to the type 1 maturity onset diabetes in the young, and 200 000 people
diagnosed to the type 2 latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [4]. In addition, the current estimate predicts
that there are 50 000 undiagnosed patients [4]. Proper and early treatment of diabetes is cost effective since
the implications of poor or late treatment are very expensive. In Finland, diabetes costs annually 505 million
euros for the Finnish health care, and 90% of the care cost arises from treating the complications of diabetes
[5]. These alarming facts promote the study of automatic diagnosis methods for screening over large
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populations. Fundus imaging has an important role in diabetes monitoring since occurrences of retinal
abnormalities are common and their consequences serious. However, since the eye fundus is sensitive to
vascular diseases, fundus imaging is also considered as a candidate for non-invasive screening. The success
of this type of screening approach depends on accurate fundus image capture, and especially on accurate and
reliable image processing algorithms for detecting the abnormalities.
Numerous algorithms have been proposed for fundus image analysis by many research groups [13,
6, 25, 15, and 18]. However, it is impossible to judge the accuracy and reliability of the approaches because
there exists no commonly accepted and representative fundus image data base and evaluation protocol. With
a widely accepted protocol, it would be possible to evaluate the maturity and state-of-the-art of the current
methods, i.e., produce the achieved sensitivity and selectivity rates. For example, commonly accepted strict
guidelines for the evaluation of biometric authentication methods, such as the FERET and BANCA protocols
for face recognition methods [16, 2], have enabled the rapid progress in that field, and the same can be
expected in medical image processing related to diabetic retinopathy detection.
The main contribution of this work is to report a publicly available diabetic retinopathy database,
containing the ground truth collected from several experts and a strict evaluation using proposed work of
CBRIR. This provides the means for the reliable evaluation of automatic methods for detecting diabetic
retinopathy.
2. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
In the quality 1 diabetes, the insulin concept in the pancreas is perpetually damaged, whereas in the
quality 2 diabetes, the higher animal is abyss from increased intervention to insulin. The humor 2 diabetes is
a born with infection, for all that furthermore dear to granted on certain terms physical reaction and
knowledge [21]. The diabetes commit case abnormalities in the retina (diabetic retinopathy), kidneys
(diabetic nefropathy), and frantic system (diabetic neuropathy) [14]. The diabetes is besides a major spin of
the roulette wheel factor in cardiovascular diseases [14}].
The diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular difficult situation of diabetes, at the bottom of
abnormalities in the retina, and in the worst situation, blindness. Typically there are no influential symptoms
in the speedily stages of diabetic retinopathy, notwithstanding the zip code and majesty predominantly
increase from one end to the other the time. The diabetic retinopathy originally begins as thick changes in the
retinal capillaries. The sooner detectable abnormalities are mircroaneurysms (Ma) (Figure. 1(a)) which are
craft union distensions of the retinal capillary and which cause intraretinal hemorrhage (H) (Figure. 1(b))
when ruptured. The disease purity is with a lid on as subdued non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy when the
sooner apparent microaneurysms acquire in the retina [24]. In anticipate, the retinal edema and intimately
exudates (He) (Figure. 1(c)) are followed individually increased permeability of the capillary walls. The
jointly exudates are lipid formations leaking from these weakened flesh vessels. This status of the retinopathy
is called clear the way non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy [24]. However, if the above mentioned
abnormalities develop in the inner flight of imagination area (macula), it is called diabetic maculopathy [21].
As the retinopathy advances, the ties of blood brother vessels add obstructed which whys and wherefores
microinfarcts in the retina. These microinfarcts are called peaceful exudates (Se) (Figure. 1(d)). When a
germane location of intraretinal hemorrhages, silent exudates, or intraretinal microvascular abnormalities are
encountered, the status of the retinopathy is most zoned as tough nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [24].
The easier said than done nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy bouncecel abruptly turn directed toward
proliferative diabetic retinopathy when extensive desire of oxygen whys and wherefores the lifestyle of new
cadaverous vessels [24]. This is called as neovascularisation (Figure. 1(e)) which is a real glare sight intended
state. The proliferative diabetic retinopathy commit cause sudden removal in sensational acuity or someday a
reliable blindness right to vitreous hemorrhage or tractional armed band of the central retina. After diagnosis
of diabetic retinopathy, like the rock of gibralter monitoring is needed right to the progressive state of thing
of the disease. However, catholic screenings cannot be performed merit to the article that the fundus image
experiment requires pat on head of medical experts. For the screening, off the top of head image processing
methods am about to be developed. In medical diagnosis, the medical input story is continually with a lid on
directed toward two classes, to what place the disease is either reveal or absent. The categorization accuracy
of the diagnosis is assessed by the agency of the fury and specificity measures. Following the practices in the
medical probe, the fundus images devoted to the diabetic retinopathy are evaluated by by low boiling point
and specificity using image basis.
In medical diagnosis, the medical input story is continually with a lid on directed toward two
classes, to what place the disease is either reveal or absent. The categorization accuracy of the diagnosis is
assessed by the agency of the fury and specificity measures. Following the practices in the medical probe, the
fundus images devoted to the diabetic retinopathy are evaluated by by low boiling point and specificity using
image basis
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Figure 1. Abnormal findings in the eye fundus caused by the diabetic retinopathy: (a) microaneuryms
(marked with an arrow), (b) hemorrhages, (c) hard exudates, (d) soft exudate
Negative True Negative (TN) False Negative (FN)
(Marked with an arrow), and (e) neovascularization.
3. CURRENT EVALUATION PRACTICES
Sensitivity is the percentage of abnormal fundus classified as abnormal, and specificity is the
percentage of normal fundus classified as normal by the screening. The higher the sensitivity and specificity
values, the better the diagnosis. Sensitivity and specificity can be computed as [22]:
Table 1. Perfomance Evaluation
Test Result Present Absent
Positive True Positive (TP) False Positive (FP)
where TP is the number of abnormal fundus images found as abnormal, T N is the number of normal fundus
images found as normal, FP is the number of normal fundus images found as abnormal (false positives) and
FN is the number of abnormal fundus images found as normal (false negatives). Sensitivity and specificity
are also referred to as the true positive rate (TPR) and true negative rate (TNR), respectively.
4. AUTOMATIC METHODS
As mentioned previously, the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy can be divided into the following
two categories:
1. Screening of the diabetic retinopathy
2. Monitoring of the diabetic retinopathy
Most automatic systems approach the detection directly using shape, color, and domain knowledge
of diabetic retinopathy findings, but the abnormalities can also be found indirectly by detecting changes
between two fundus images taken from the same eye in different time moment [11, 17]. The direct approach
contributes to screening of the disease, where indirect approach contributes to both screening and monitoring
of the diabetic retinopathy. Both approaches use roughly the following stages for finding abnormalities in
fundus images: 1) image enhancement 2) candidate diabetic retinopathy finding detection 3) classification to
correct diabetic retinopathy category (or hypothesis rejection). Some of the main features distinguishing
between the different findings and normal fundus parts are the color and brightness. The same features have
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been verified also by ophthalmologists. Unsurprisingly these features dominate in the automatic methods,
and therefore will be shortly reviewed in our brief surveys. Most of the automatic methods also detect normal
fundus parts, such as optic disk, blood vessels, and macula. The automatic methods either use the vital
domain information provided by the normal fundus parts or remove them due to their similar color and shape
appearance with abnormal fundus findings. The detection of normal fundus parts is not considered in this
study.
5. HARD AND SOFT EXUDATES
ďˇ Used normal retinal findings (vasculature, optic disk, fovea, and abnormal findings) to estimate the
illumination component using iterative robust homographic surface fitting to compensate the
nonuniform illumination in fundus images using GABOR WAVELETS function
ďˇ In detection of bright diabetic retinopathy areas from fundus images applied adaptive local contrast
enhancement to sub-image areas using the local mean and standard deviation of intensities and adjusted
the image brightness through gamma correction. Using color Auto Correlogram function
ďˇ Determined abnormal and normal finding areas using intensity properties for dynamic clustering. From
the result abnormal areas, hard exudates were separated from soft exudates and drusen using intensity
contrast information between abnormal areas and immediate background. The domain knowledge of
retinal blood vessels were used to remove false artifacts using colormoments function
ďˇ Eliminated the vessels by applying morphological closing to the luminance component of the fundus
image. From the result, within a sliding window local standard variation image was calculated and
thresholded into coarse exudate areas. More accurate countours were acquired by thresholding
difference between original image and morphologically reconstructed image.used yellowish color and
sharp edges to distinguish hard exudates from the fundus images. The image pixels were classified into
background and yellowish objects using minimum distance discrimination, where the countour pixels of
extracted optic disk were used as background color reference and pixels inside the contour were used as
yellowish object color reference. The segmented yellowish areas and their edge information extracted
with Kirschâs mask were combined to hard exudate areas using lifting wavelets function
ďˇ Located the bright abnormal regions in fundus images by applying color transform clustering in RGB
color space. The result areas were classified to hard exudates, soft exudates, and normal findings using
support vector machine using HSV transform function
ďˇ Searched the coarse hard exudate areas using query image features masks with smoothed histograms of
each color band of the fundus image. The segmented areas were classified to exudate and non-exudate
regions using CBRIR. Color, region size, orientation, mean and standard deviation of intensity, and
texture were used as features.
6. EVALUATION DATABASE
A necessary tool for reliable evaluations and comparisons of medical image processing algorithms is
a database of dedicatedly selected high-quality medical images which are representatives of the problem. In
addition, information about the medical findings, the ground truth, must accompany the image data. An
accurate algorithm should take the images as input, and produce output which is consistent with the ground
truth. In the evaluation, the consistency is measured, and algorithms can be compared based on these
performance metrics. In the following, we describe the images and ground truth for the diabetic retinopathy
database.
6.1. Fundus Images
The database consists of 89 colour fundus images of which 84 contain at least mild nonproliferative
signs (Ma) of the diabetic retinopathy (two examples shown in Figures. 2(b) and 2(c)), and 5 are considered
as normal which do not contain any signs of the diabetic retinopathy according to all experts participated in
the evaluation (an example shown in Figure. 2(a)). The images were taken in the Kuopio university hospital.
The images were selected by the medical experts, but their distribution does not correspond to any typical
population, i.e., the data is biased and no a priori information can be devised from it. The diabetic retinopathy
abnormalities in the database are relatively small, but they appear near the macula which is considered to
threaten the eyesight. Images were captured with the same 50 degree field-of-view digital fundus camera
with varying imaging settings (flash intensity, shutter speed, aperture, and gain) controlled by the system.
The images contain a varying amount of imaging noise, but the optical aberrations (dispersion, transverse and
lateral chromatic, spherical, field curvature, coma, astigmatism, distortion) and photometric accuracy (colour
or intensity) are the same. Therefore, the system urged on photometric variance around the audio auditory
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range of vision of the diverse retinopathy findings gave a pink slip be proposed as small. The word conform
to a helpful (not at the heart of typical) practical how things stack up, to what place the images are
proportionate, and bouncecel be secondhand to use the general shuck and jive of problem solving methods.
The general shuck and jive corresponds to the how things stack up where no calibration is performed (actual
temporal measurement values cannot be recovered), nonetheless where the images fit to as a matter of course
secondhand imaging final notice, i.e., the demand encountered in hospitals. This data exist is specified as
âcalibration candidly 1 fundus imagesâ. A data apply taken by the whole of several fundus cameras
containing offbeat amounts imaging tell tales out of school and optical aberrations is suggested as
âcalibration freely 0 fundus imagesâ.
Figure 2. Examples of DIARETDB1 fundus images: (a) normal fundus, (b) abnormal fundus, and (c)
abnormal fundus after treatment by photocoagulation.
6.2. Ground Truth
The practically having to do with veracity measures for medical diagnosis methods are tiff and
specificity (see Sec. 4.2 for the definitions). Sensitivity and specificity are marked on the thought core â a
perception in turn contains an unwavering result or not supposing that the diabetic retinopathy findings do
have spatial locations in the fundus. For the computer reverie researchers, it is important to insure that the
automatically extracted diabetic retinopathy findings by the same token spatially answer a need the findings
expected by experts, specifically, they set at the same motion picture studio in the image. Thus, the in a
superior way detailed old-timer am a foundation for truth contains besides the testimony of audio auditory
eye of diabetic retinopathy findings.
For individually fundus theory there is an exact bolster truth had the law on in database.
ďˇ Marking visual findings
The theory groundtrtuh is based on expert-selected findings thick to the diabetic retinopathy and
healthy fundus structures (see Figure. 3). A person by the whole of a medical advancement M.D.) and
specialization to ophthalmology is proposed as an expert.
ďˇ Data format
The expert knowledge gathered by all of the hold truth power plant is brought together to a thought
file. Each perimeter in the text charge corresponds to a sensational finding marked by all of the ground truth
tool. The data format for visual finding is bounded as
Figure 3. Structural elements of a normal fundus.
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Figure 4. Graphical directives for marking the visual findings using CBIR
ďˇ Training and Test Sets
The exist of 130 images was sovereign into 5 image categories, and a tense number of randomly
occupied images were taken from each sector to art an element of the workout set. The surplus of the images
formulate the confirm set. The image categories were formed to prove that each diabetic retinopathy finding
name of tune is included in the both preparation and test sets.
The diabetic retinopathy finding types that each image accumulation contains are the following:
1. Red Small drug, haemorrhages, strictly exudates.
2. Red Small drug, haemorrhages, jointly exudates, reticent exudates.
3. Red Small blotter acid, haemorrhages, intimately exudates, could hear a pin drop exudates,
neovascularisation.
4. Red low dots, haemorrhages, could hear a pin drop exudates, neovascularisation.
5. Normal.
The categories call a spade a spade the typical advance of the diabetic retinopathy [17].
ďˇ Evaluation protocol
Methods used for automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy are evaluated by using sensitivity and
specificity per image basis. Sensitivity is the percentage of abnormal fund uses classified as abnormal by the
screening method and specificity is the percentage of normal fundus classified as normal by the screening
method. The higher the sensitivity and specificity values, the better the method. Sensitivity and specificity
values are calculated for three diabetic retinopathy finding classes: exudates (soft and hard), haemorrhages
and red small dots (microaneurysm). In the current database the neovascularisation is not included due to its
rarity. Sensitivity and specificity can be computed as [20]:
7. LITERATURE REVIEW
Content based image retrieval for general-purpose image databases is a highly challenging problem
because of the large size of the database, the difficulty of understanding images, both by people and
computers, the difficulty of formulating a query, and the issue of evaluating results properly. A number of
general-purpose image search engines have been developed. In the commercial domain, QBIC [7] is one of
the earliest systems. Recently, additional systems have been developed such as T.J. Watson [18], VIR [10],
AMORE [19], and Bell Laboratory WALRUS [20]. In the academic domain, MIT Photobook [8, 21] is one
of the earliest systems. Berkeley Blobworld [22], Columbia Visualseek and Webseek [9], Natra [23], and
Stanford WBIIS [24] are some of the recent well known systems. The common ground for CBIR systems is
to extract a signature for every image based on its pixel values and to define a rule for comparing images.
The signature serves as an image representation in the âviewâ of a CBIR system. The components of the
signature are called features. One advantage of a signature over the original pixel values is the significant
compression of image representation. However, a more important reason for using the signature is to gain an
improved correlation between image representation and semantics. Actually, the main task of designing a
signature is to bridge the gap between image semantics and the pixel representation, that is, to create a better
correlation with image semantics [11]. Existing general-purpose CBIR systems roughly fall into three
categories depending on the approach to extract signatures: histogram, color layout, and region-based search.
There are also systems that combine retrieval results from individual algorithms by a weighted sum matching
metric [4], or other merging schemes [25]. After extracting signatures, the next step is to determine a
comparison rule, including a querying scheme and the definition of a similarity measure between images. For
most image retrieval systems, a query is specified by an image to be matched. We refer to this as global
search since similarity is based on the overall properties of images. By contrast, Efficient Content Based
Image Retrieval there are also âpartial searchâ querying systems that retrieve results based on a particular
region in an image [26].
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7.1. Feature Based CBIR Systems
Some of the existing CBIR systems extract features from the whole image not from certain regions
in it; these features are referred to as Global features. Histogram search algorithms [7] characterize an image
by its color distribution or histogram. Many distances have been used to define the similarity of two color
histogram representations. Euclidean distance and its variations are the most commonly used. The drawback
of a global histogram representation is that information about object location, shape and texture is discarded.
Color histogram search is sensitive to intensity variations, color distortions, and cropping. The color layout
approach attempts to overcome the drawback of histogram search. In simple color layout indexing [7],
images are partitioned into blocks and the average color of each block is stored. Thus, the color layout is
essentially a low resolution representation of the original image. A relatively recent system, WBIIS [24], uses
significant Daubechies' wavelet coefficients instead of averaging. By adjusting block sizes or the levels of
wavelet transforms, the coarseness of a color layout representation can be tuned. Hence, we can view a color
layout representation as an opposite extreme of a histogram. At proper resolutions, the color layout
representation naturally retains shape, location, and texture information. However, as with pixel
representation, although information such as shape is preserved in the color layout representation, the
retrieval system cannot perceive it directly. Color layout search is sensitive to shifting, cropping, scaling, and
rotation because images are described by a set of local properties [4]. Image retrieval using color features
often gives disappointing results, because in many cases, images with similar colors do not have similar
content. This is due to the fact that global color features often fails to capture color distributions or textures
within the image. D. Zhang [27] proposed a method combining both color and texture features to improve
retrieval performance. By computing both the color and texture features from the images, the database
images are indexed using both types of features. During the retrieval process, given a query image, images in
the database are firstly ranked using color Efficient Content Based Image Retrieval features. Then, in a
second step, a number of top ranked images are selected and re-ranked according to their texture features.
Two alternatives are provided to the user, one is the retrieval based on color features, and the other is
retrieval based on combined features. When the retrieval based on color fails, the user will use the other
alternative which is the combined retrieval. Since the texture features are extracted globally from the image;
they are not an accurate description of the image in some cases, which degrades the system performance.
8. PROPOSED CBRIR SYSTEM
In our proposed CBRIR system, we use the same features of texture and color, as visual features to
represent each region extracted from the retinal fundus images.
8.1. Texture Feature Extraction
In the existing region based CBIR systems, visual features are extracted on each pixel that belongs
to the region, and each region is described by the average value of these pixel features. However, we have
found out that these average feature values are not efficient in describing the regionâs content. Also, these
features are extracted from each pixel or text on for the purpose of segmentation and differ with different
segmentation algorithms. We propose to extract the color and texture features from each image region
Efficient Content Based Image Retrieval as a whole after being extracted from the segmented image, this will
help in representing the region efficiently and will make us free to use any image segmentation method
without being obliged to use the same features used in that segmentation method. The lifting wavelets
CDF9/7 is used for lossy and SPL5/3 for lossless transformation to extract the texture information of retinal
fundus images.
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Figure 5. Block diagram, of proposed system CBRIR based on lifting wavelet for retinal fundus images
8.2. Color Feature Extraction
We use the HSV color space for color feature extraction, since it is natural, perceptually uniform,
and easy to be converted to RGB space and vice versa. As the image regions extracted from the image after
segmentation are approximately color homogeneous, it is possible to use the average HSV value in each
channel of all pixels in the region as its perceptual color. We also use the standard deviation for each color
channel resulting in six color features. The Min-Max normalization formula is used to have the values of
each color feature in the range [0, 1].
8.3. Region Percentage Area
The last feature we use is the region percentage area of an image. We propose that the area occupied
by a region in an image gives information on the importance of this region and this importance should be
great for regions with larger areas proportionally to the image area.
8.4. Region Matching
An image region is described by a feature vector of 31 normalized attributes named as f1 to f31. The
first 24 features are for texture, f25 to f30 are for color, and f31 for region percentage. To measure the
similarity between two images we have to compare each region in one image to all the regions in the other,
and this comparison is based on the extracted region features. We use the Euclidian distance between the
feature vectors to match two regions such that as the distance increases the matching between the two region
decreases and vice versa. The distance between two image regions Ri and Rj denoted by dij is defined as:
(1)
Where fki and fkj are the kth
feature of the regions Ri and Rj, respectively, and WT and Wc are weights for
texture and color features. Experimentally in our simulation we examined some values for WT and Wc and we
chosen to set WT = 1, and Wc = 2, since we have texture features, whereas the color and area features are only
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seven, and thus we have to increase the effect of the color features on the distance measure between image
regions, the effect of changing the values of WT and Wc on the retrieval performance will be one of our future
work. The distance dij between any two image regions will be used to measure the overall similarity between
a query image and a database image.
8.5. Image Similarity Search
Given the definition of the distance between two regions, we are ready to compute the global
similarity between two images. Suppose that we have query image IQ with M regions and database image ID
with N regions, we compute the global similarity between the two images IQ and ID using the following
procedure:
Step 1: Using Equation 1, compute the distance between one region in IQ and all regions in ID. For each
region Ri in the query image IQ, the distance between this region and the database image ID is defined as:
(2)
Where dij is the distance between Ri and any region Rj in the database image. This definition takes the
minimum distance between the query region Ri and all the regions in the database image ID, which
maximizes the similarity between the region and the database image.
Step 2: We compute the similarity between the query image IQ and the database image ID as follows:
(3)
Where Îąt is the weight for region Ri in image IQ, we use the percentage of the region in an image f31 as its
weight (i.e. Îąt = ft31), since we think a region with a larger area plays a more significant role in contributing to
the overall similarity value between two images than a region with a smaller area.
Step 3: The similarity distance between the query image and the database image given in Equation 3 is not
symmetric, to make it symmetric we compute the distance between the database image and the query image
by repeating steps 1 and 2 for the regions in the database image, we define the distance between region Rj in
the database image and the query image as:
(4)
This definition takes the minimum distance between the database image region Rj and all the regions in the
query image IQ, which maximizes the similarity between the region and the query image.
Step 4: The distance between ID and IQ can be defined as:
(5)
Where Îąj is the weight for region Rj in image ID, and also we use it as the fj31 just as for the query image
regions.
In Figure 2, a line from a query region to a DB region corresponds to the minimum distance from the region
in image IQ (for example with 7 regions) to the region in database image ID (with 9 regions). Whereas, a line
from a DB region to a query region corresponds to the minimum distance from the region in image ID to the
region in IQ.
These distances are then added and divided by two to get the symmetric distance between image IQ and IQ
as in step 5.
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Step 5: The overall distance between the two images IQ and ID is defined as:
(6)
This definition of the distance between two images captures the overall similarity measure based on regional
and global matching. As compared with many existing similarity measures in the literature, this definition
strives to incorporate as much Efficient Content Based Image Retrieval semantic information as possible, and
at the same time also achieves a computational efficiency. Given this definition, for each query image IQ, it
is straightforward to compute Dist (ID,IQ) for every image ID in the database in the retrieval process.
Figure 6. Minimum Distance of Regions from Image IQ to Image ID and Vice Versa.
8.6. Image Retrieval Methodology
Data Insertion
The image retrieval system we propose in this chapter first segments each image in the database into
distinct regions considered as objects in that image using the TBES algorithm. Features are extracted from
each image region using lifting wavelet; these features are stored in the database files. We implement
clustering with self-organizing map algorithm in the database feature space to group those regions of similar
visual features into separate clusters to reduce the searching time in the query process. The SOM is chosen to
have two dimensional 10Ă10 nodes in grid top topological organization, each of these nodes is considered as
a cluster center. Each image region in the database is given a cluster number stored with it at the end of SOM
training using the regionâs features.
Figure 7. GUI for Identification and classification of abnormalities of retinal using CBRIR based on lifting
wavelets for fundus images
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Query Image Processing
Given a query image, our system processes the query as follows:
Step 1: Perform the query image segmentation to obtain all the regions, say we have N regions (Qi : i = 1to
N) in the query image.
Step 2: Calculate the closest SOM node, also known as the best matching unit (BMU), to the query image
regions feature vector to determine which class Qi belongs to. Assume that region Qi belongs to class Cj.
Step 3: Retrieve all the regions in the database that belong to the class Cj. These regions constitute a region
set X. The images containing any regions in the set X is subsequently retrieved. These images comprise an
image set T and are the candidate images.
Step 4: Compare the query image with the images in the image set T. The distance Dist (Q, I) given in
Equation 6.10 is used to measure the similarity between the query image and a candidate image, and the top-
least-distance images are returned to the user.
9. RESULTS AND SYSTEM EVALUATION
In this section we present an evaluation of the proposed CBRIR systems based on traditional
wavelet and proposed lifting wavelets. We also compare their performance with traditional wavelet system.
The database consists of 89 colour fundus images of which 84 contain at least mild non-proliferative
signs (Microaneurysms) of the diabetic retinopathy, and 5 are considered as normal which do not contain any
signs of the diabetic retinopathy according to all experts who participated in the evaluation. Images were
captured using the same 50 degree field-of-view digital fundus camera with varying imaging settings.
This algorithm achieves a true positive rate of 100% for, false positive rate of 2.12% for
hemorrhages and accuracy score 100% for microaneurysms and 94-98% for others. Table 1 shows
Performance Evaluation and table 2 shows 91% accuracy with traditional wavelet.
Table 2. Performance evaluation CBRIR based on Lifting wavelet for retina fundus images
Sr. No. Classification Training Tested Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy
1 Hard Exudates 22 21 100.00 1.12 95.45
2 Soft Exudates 17 16 100.00 1.12 94.12
3 Microaneurysms 24 24 100.00 0.00 100.00
4 Hemorrhages 21 23 100.00 2.25 90.48
5 Normal 5 4 95.51 1.12 80.00
6 Total Fundus Images 89 88 95.51 1.14 98.88
10. DISCUSSION
For this algorithm we have used Image processing techniques like CBIR based on lifting wavelet
from RGB image because CBIR along with HSV have high intensity as compare to Red and Blue, then hard
thresholding function for highlight the fundus image, lifting wavelet for enhancement for the complemented
image, and for manipulating these techniques we have used MATLAB 2015a and with the help of this tool
we have design one GUI for Content Based Retinal Image Retrieval using Lifting Wavelet Transform for
classification and identification of abnormal retinas from Diaretdb1 retinal database. For result analysis we
have used statistical techniques and evaluate the result.
One of the main contribution of the proposed CBRIR based on lifting wavelet method is taking
discrete thresholding correspond to abnormal fundus image. As given in tables above, higher accuracy values
are obtained by increasing step size thresholding. This provides us to produce an automatic solution for a
general purpose without any need to manually label retinal mask. The next significant feature of developed
system is using unsupervised classification approach which provides us to retinal blood vessels without any
training operation. Additionally, HSV followed by proposed system is a new combination of methods and
relatively better than the others. Hard discrete thresholding scheme gave us better segmentation results than
existing [1].
The result in Table1 and table2 ensures the difference between for 89 retrieved images responding
to the selected queries. CBRIR based on lifting wavelet is more effective than CBRIR based on traditional
wavelets for fundus retinal images.
12. IJAAS ISSN: 2252-8814 ď˛
Early Detection of High Blood Pressure and Diabetic Retinopathy on Retinal Fundus⌠(S.S.Tadasare)
345
11. CONCLUSION
Content based image retrieval is a challenging method of capturing relevant images from a large
storage space. Although this area has been explored for decades, no technique has achieved the accuracy of
human visual perception in distinguishing images. Whatever the size and content of the image database is, a
human being can easily recognize images of same category. From the very beginning of CBIR research,
similarity computation between images used either region based or global based features. Global features
extracted from an image are useful in presenting textured images that have no certain specific region of
interest with respect to the user.
In this paper, we presented a content based retinal image retrieval that classify depending on disease
to answer an image query, which are to use either normal, abnormal patient based features of retinal fundus
images. We use Lifting wavelets, which is a powerful texture extraction technique either in describing the
content of image regions or the global content of an image. Color histogram along with HSV as a global
color feature and histogram intersection as color similarity metric combined with lifting texture have been
proved to give 98-94% accuracy as good retrieval results as that of traditional wavelets by 4-10%.
12. FUTURE WORK
The following developments can be made in the future:
1. Region based retrieval systems are effective to some extent, but their performance is greatly affected by
the segmentation process. Development of an improved image segmentation algorithm is one of our future
works.
2. To further improve the performance of the retrieval system, the study of taking shape features into account
during similarity distance computation can be considered.
3. To obtain better performance, the system can automatically pre-classify the database into different
semantic images (such as cancer tissue, kidney stone, tumor tissue, texture vs. non texture images) and
develop algorithms that are specific to a particular semantic image class.
4. Demonstration of using different color and texture weights in Equation 2 and their effect on the retrieval
results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful to Bharati vidyapeeth for providing us a plateform for under taken post graduate
project. Also we are thankful to S. S. Pawar for timely supervision and support.
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