Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder in metabolism of carbohydrates, and due to lack of the pancreatic hormone insulin sugars in the body are not oxidized to produce energy. Diabetic Retinopathy is a disorder of the retina resulting in impairment or vision loss. Improper blood sugar control is the main cause of diabetic retinopathy. That is the reason why early detection of retinopathy is crucial to prevent vision loss. Appearance of exudates, microaneurysms and hemorrhages are the early indications. In this study, we propose an algorithm for detection and classification of diabetic retinopathy. The proposed algorithm is based on the combination of various image processing techniques, which includes Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization, Green channelization, Filtering and Thresholding. The objective measurements such as homogeneity, entropy, contrast, energy, dissimilarity, asm, correlation, mean and standard deviation are computed from processed images. These measurements are finally fed to Support Vector Machine and k Nearest Neighbors classifiers for classification and their results were analysed and compared. Aditi Devanand Lotliker | Amit Patil "Diabetic Retinopathy Detection System from Retinal Images" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38353.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/38353/diabetic-retinopathy-detection-system-from-retinal-images/aditi-devanand-lotliker
Automatic detection Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy using image proces...IJERA Editor
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. There are currently more than
190 million people with diabetes worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that this will rise
to 221 million by the year 2010, largely due to population growth, ageing, urbanization and a sedentary lifestyle.
Diabetes is currently the fourth main cause of death in most developed countries. In Singapore, the prevalence
of diabetes in our population is 8.2% according to the 2004 National Health Survey. This is expected to grow as
our population age.
Diabetic Retinopathy, if not well managed and controlled, can progress steadily to devastating
complications like blindness. At present, various analyses on complicated interaction between hereditary and
environmental factors are being undertaken regarding the onset of diabetes. The development of diabetic
complication has become a major concern regarding the prognosis of diabetic patients.
Diabetes Retinopathy is one of the most common diseases that people get affected by over the years. By doing
this paper, we hope to detect the stages of Diabetic Retinopathy as early as possible so as to prevent and cure
more Singaporeans from falling prey to this disease
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy using Kirsch Edge Detection and Watershed T...IJARIIT
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common retinal complication associated with diabetics. A complication of diabetes is that it can also affect various parts of the body. When the small blood vessels have a high level of glucose in the retina, the vision will be blurred and can cause blindness eventually, which is known as diabetic retinopathy. However, if symptoms are identified in the early stage then proper treatment can be provided to prevent blindness. Usually the retinal images obtained from the fundus camera are examined directly and diagnosed. Due to this certain abnormalities due to diabetic retinopathy are not directly visible through the naked eye .Hence by using the image processing techniques these abnormalities can be extracted accurately and required treatments and precautions can be taken. And this also reduces the time for the ophthalmologists to detect the disease and give accurate treatments.
An Amalgamation-Based System for Micro aneurysm Detection and Diabetic Retino...IJMER
We propose an ensemble-based framework to improve microaneurysm detection. Unlike
the well-known approach of considering the output of multiple classifiers, we propose a combination of
internal components of microaneurysm detectors, namely preprocessing methods and candidate
extractors. We have evaluated our approach for microaneurysm detection in an online competition,
where this algorithm is currently ranked as first, and also on two other databases.
EXUDATES DETECTION FROM DIGITAL FUNDUS IMAGE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHYijabjournal
The aim of this paper is to detect exudates from the digital fundus images and provide information about Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is very complicated disease that occurs when the retinal blood vessels changes. Exudates are the first sign of the diabetic retinopathy which cause blindness. So it is very important to find out these exudates in fundus image. In this paper we have proposed a method which is used for segmentation of optic disc and exudates. Morphological operations are used for detection of exudates. Before this operation we are applying Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization technique. The results are compared with the standard database.
Automatic detection Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy using image proces...IJERA Editor
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. There are currently more than
190 million people with diabetes worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that this will rise
to 221 million by the year 2010, largely due to population growth, ageing, urbanization and a sedentary lifestyle.
Diabetes is currently the fourth main cause of death in most developed countries. In Singapore, the prevalence
of diabetes in our population is 8.2% according to the 2004 National Health Survey. This is expected to grow as
our population age.
Diabetic Retinopathy, if not well managed and controlled, can progress steadily to devastating
complications like blindness. At present, various analyses on complicated interaction between hereditary and
environmental factors are being undertaken regarding the onset of diabetes. The development of diabetic
complication has become a major concern regarding the prognosis of diabetic patients.
Diabetes Retinopathy is one of the most common diseases that people get affected by over the years. By doing
this paper, we hope to detect the stages of Diabetic Retinopathy as early as possible so as to prevent and cure
more Singaporeans from falling prey to this disease
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy using Kirsch Edge Detection and Watershed T...IJARIIT
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common retinal complication associated with diabetics. A complication of diabetes is that it can also affect various parts of the body. When the small blood vessels have a high level of glucose in the retina, the vision will be blurred and can cause blindness eventually, which is known as diabetic retinopathy. However, if symptoms are identified in the early stage then proper treatment can be provided to prevent blindness. Usually the retinal images obtained from the fundus camera are examined directly and diagnosed. Due to this certain abnormalities due to diabetic retinopathy are not directly visible through the naked eye .Hence by using the image processing techniques these abnormalities can be extracted accurately and required treatments and precautions can be taken. And this also reduces the time for the ophthalmologists to detect the disease and give accurate treatments.
An Amalgamation-Based System for Micro aneurysm Detection and Diabetic Retino...IJMER
We propose an ensemble-based framework to improve microaneurysm detection. Unlike
the well-known approach of considering the output of multiple classifiers, we propose a combination of
internal components of microaneurysm detectors, namely preprocessing methods and candidate
extractors. We have evaluated our approach for microaneurysm detection in an online competition,
where this algorithm is currently ranked as first, and also on two other databases.
EXUDATES DETECTION FROM DIGITAL FUNDUS IMAGE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHYijabjournal
The aim of this paper is to detect exudates from the digital fundus images and provide information about Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is very complicated disease that occurs when the retinal blood vessels changes. Exudates are the first sign of the diabetic retinopathy which cause blindness. So it is very important to find out these exudates in fundus image. In this paper we have proposed a method which is used for segmentation of optic disc and exudates. Morphological operations are used for detection of exudates. Before this operation we are applying Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization technique. The results are compared with the standard database.
Detection and Grading of Diabetic Maculopathy Automatically in Digital Retina...paperpublications3
Abstract: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a critical eye disease which can be regarded as manifestation of diabetes on the retina the symptoms can blur or distort the patient’s vision and are a main cause of blindness. Exudates are one of the signs of Diabetic Retinopathy. If the disease is detected early and treated promptly many of the visual loss can be prevented. This paper explains the development of an automatic fundus image processing and analytic system to facilitate diagnosis of the ophthalmologists. The algorithms to detect the optic disc; blood vessels and exudates are investigated. The proposed system extracts macula from digital retinal image using the optic disc location. Many common features such as intensity, geometric and correlations are used to distinguish between them. The system uses GLCM for feature extraction. The system uses a SVM based classifier to differentiate the retinal images in different stages of maculopathy by using the macula co-ordinates and exudates feature set.
An Approach for the Detection of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathyijdmtaiir
Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication of
diabetes that is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the
retina. The blood vessels in the retina get altered. Exudates are
secreted, micro-aneurysms and hemorrhages occur in the
retina. The appearance of these features represents the degree
of severity of the disease. In this paper the proposed approach
detects the presence of abnormalities in the retina using image
processing techniques by applying morphological processing
techniques to the fundus images to extract features such as
blood vessels, micro aneurysms and exudates. These features
are used for the detection of severity of Diabetic Retinopathy.
It can quickly process a large number of fundus images
obtained from mass screening to help reduce the cost, increase
productivity and efficiency for ophthalmologists.
Tool-Matlab
Drive database is considered for extraction of features and testing images to detect the ground truth and even images from internet.
The image features like Blood vessel area,optic disk area,entropy,energy are calculated.
Segmentation of the Blood Vessel and Optic Disc in Retinal Images Using EM Al...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Review of methods for diabetic retinopathy detection and severity classificationeSAT Journals
Abstract Diabetic Retinopathy is a serious vascular disorder that might lead to complete blindness. Therefore, the early detection and the treatment are necessary to prevent major vision loss. Though the Manual screening methods are available, they are time consuming and inefficient on a large image database of patients. Moreover, it demands skilled professionals for the diagnosis. Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy diagnosis systems can replace manual methods as they can significantly reduce the manual labor involved in the screening process. Screening conducted over a larger population can become efficient if the system can separate normal and abnormal cases, instead of the manual examination of all images. Therefore, Automatic Retinopathy detection systems have attracted large popularity in the recent times. Automatic retinopathy detection systems employ image processing and computer vision techniques to detect different anomalies associated with retinopathy. This paper reviews various methods of diabetic retinopathy detection and classification into different stages based on severity levels and also, various image databases used for the research purpose are discussed. Keywords— Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection, computer vision, Diabetic Retinopathy, image databases, image processing, manual screening
An Automated Systems for the Detection of Macular Ischemia based-Diabetic Ret...iosrjce
The proposed methodology in this paper marks out application for automatic detection of eye
diseases called Macular Ischemia using image processing techniques. In semi urban and rural areas large
percentages of people suffer from various eye diseases. For diagnoses of various eye diseases, Image processing
technique is used. . Diseases occur in Macula from retinal images have a huge type of textures, shapes and at
times they are difficult to be recognised and identified by doctors. Thus we are trying to optimize and develop
such system which is based on smart image recognition/classification algorithms. This proposed system
provides accuracy, uniformity and speed in performance and a high credence coefficient in results interpreting.
Keywords: Macular Ischemia, diagnosis, textures, consistence
C LASSIFICATION O F D IABETES R ETINA I MAGES U SING B LOOD V ESSEL A REASIJCI JOURNAL
Retina images are obtained from the fundus camera a
nd graded by skilled professionals. However there i
s
considerable shortage of expert observers has encou
raged computer assisted monitoring. Evaluation of
blood vessels network plays an important task in a
variety of medical diagnosis. Manifestations of
numerous vascular disorders, such as diabetic retin
opathy, depend on detection of the blood vessels
network. In this work the fundus RGB image is used
for obtaining the traces of blood vessels and areas
of
blood vessels are used for detection of Diabetic Re
tinopathy (DR). The algorithm developed uses
morphological operation to extract blood vessels. M
ainly two steps are used: firstly enhancement opera
tion
is applied to original retina image to remove noise
and increase contrast of retinal blood vessels. Se
condly
morphology operations are used to take out blood ve
ssels. Experiments are conducted on publicly availa
ble
DIARETDB1 database. Experimental results obtained b
y using gray-scale images have been presented.
Normal vision means attaining 20/20 on a routine eye exam ie, one can read 3/8-inch letters at 20 feet. Approximately 285 million people worldwide cannot pass this test without correcting their vision. Sight problems range from normal to moderate or severe visual impairment. Thirty-nine million people are blind and ~90% of visually impaired people live in low-income settings. This presentation digs into the details and current treatments. This information is for educational purposes only and all medical cases should be discussed with licensed healthcare providers.
Automatic identification and classification of microaneurysms for detection o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Headlights of vehicles pose a great danger during night driving. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person travelling from the opposite direction. He experiences a sudden glare for a short period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming towards him from the opposite direction. We are expected to dim the headlight to avoid this glare. This glare causes a temporary blindness to a person resulting in road accidents during the night. To avoid such incidents, we have fabricated a prototype of automatic headlight dimmer. This automatically switches the high beam into low beam thus reducing the glare effect by sensing the approaching vehicle. It also eliminates the requirement of manual switching by the driver which is not done at all times. The construction, working and the advantages of this prototype model is discussed in detail in this paper. Keywords: Headlight, automatic, dimmer, control, high beam, low beam, Kelvin (K).
Automated Detection of Microaneurysm, Hard Exudates, and Cotton Wool Spots in...iosrjce
The The automatic identification of Image processing techniques for abnormalities in retinal images.
Its very importance in diabetic retinopathy screening. Manual annotations of retinal images are rare and
exclusive to obtain. The ophthalmoscope used direct analysis is a small and portable apparatus contained of a
light source and a set of lenses view the retina. The existence of diabetic retinopathy detected can be examining
the retina for its individual features. The first presence of diabetic retinopathy is the form of Microaneurysms.
This paper describes different works needed to the automatic identification of hard exudates and cotton wool
spots in retinal images for diabetic retinopathy detection and support vector machine (SVM) for classifying
images. This system is evaluated on a large dataset containing 130 retinal images. The proposed method Results
show that exudates were detected from a database with 96.9% sensitivity, specificity 96.1% and
97.38%accuracy
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Image Early Identification using...ijtsrd
Diabetic Retinopathy, the most common reason of vision loss, is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. If untreated, it may result in varying degrees of vision loss and even blindness. Since Diabetic Retinopathy is a silent disease that may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems, annual eye exams are crucial for early detection to improve the chances of effective treatment where fundus cameras are used to capture the retinal images. However, fundus cameras are too big and heavy to be transported easily and too costly to be purchased by every health clinic, so fundus cameras are an inconvenient tool for widespread screening. Recent technological developments have enabled using smartphones in designing small sized, low power, and affordable retinal imaging systems to perform Diabetic Retinopathy screening and automated Diabetic Retinopathy detection using machine learning and image processing methods. However, Diabetic Retinopathy detection accuracy depends on the image quality and it is negatively affected by several factors such as Field of View. Since smartphone based retinal imaging systems have much more compact designs than the traditional fundus cameras, the retina images captured are likely to be low quality with smaller Field of View As a result, the smartphone based retina imaging systems can be used as an alternative to the direct ophthalmoscope once it tested in the clinical settings. However, the Field of View of the smartphone based retina imaging systems plays an important role in determining the automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection accuracy. M. Mukesh Krishnan | J. Diofrin | M. Vadivel "Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Image Early Identification using Deep CNN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55047.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/computer-science/other/55047/detection-of-diabetic-retinopathy-in-retinal-image-early-identification-using-deep-cnn/m-mukesh-krishnan
Automatic detection Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy using image proces...IJERA Editor
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. There are currently more than
190 million people with diabetes worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that this will rise
to 221 million by the year 2010, largely due to population growth, ageing, urbanization and a sedentary lifestyle.
Diabetes is currently the fourth main cause of death in most developed countries. In Singapore, the prevalence
of diabetes in our population is 8.2% according to the 2004 National Health Survey. This is expected to grow as
our population age.
Diabetic Retinopathy, if not well managed and controlled, can progress steadily to devastating
complications like blindness. At present, various analyses on complicated interaction between hereditary and
environmental factors are being undertaken regarding the onset of diabetes. The development of diabetic
complication has become a major concern regarding the prognosis of diabetic patients.
Diabetes Retinopathy is one of the most common diseases that people get affected by over the years. By doing
this paper, we hope to detect the stages of Diabetic Retinopathy as early as possible so as to prevent and cure
more Singaporeans from falling prey to this disease
Diabetic Retinopathy Detection using Neural Networkingijtsrd
The clinical and laboratory studies states that diabetic retinopathy is the major cause of permanent blindness among the aged personalities. The problem with this disease is that there is no cure for it and the only thing we can do is to detect the disease as soon as possible in order to prevent further loss of vision. In this system we propose a CNN approach for diagnosing DR from retinal images and classifying the stages of the disease .The classification is done based on the haemorrhages, micro aneurysms present in the retinal image. We train this network using a high end graphics processor unit GPU using kaggle data set and the disease classification is done, hence we can identify the the disease and prevent the further loss of vision. N Rahul | Roy Eluvathingal | Sanith Jayan K | Mr. Anil Antony "Diabetic Retinopathy Detection using Neural Networking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31487.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31487/diabetic-retinopathy-detection-using-neural-networking/n-rahul
Detection and Grading of Diabetic Maculopathy Automatically in Digital Retina...paperpublications3
Abstract: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a critical eye disease which can be regarded as manifestation of diabetes on the retina the symptoms can blur or distort the patient’s vision and are a main cause of blindness. Exudates are one of the signs of Diabetic Retinopathy. If the disease is detected early and treated promptly many of the visual loss can be prevented. This paper explains the development of an automatic fundus image processing and analytic system to facilitate diagnosis of the ophthalmologists. The algorithms to detect the optic disc; blood vessels and exudates are investigated. The proposed system extracts macula from digital retinal image using the optic disc location. Many common features such as intensity, geometric and correlations are used to distinguish between them. The system uses GLCM for feature extraction. The system uses a SVM based classifier to differentiate the retinal images in different stages of maculopathy by using the macula co-ordinates and exudates feature set.
An Approach for the Detection of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathyijdmtaiir
Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication of
diabetes that is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the
retina. The blood vessels in the retina get altered. Exudates are
secreted, micro-aneurysms and hemorrhages occur in the
retina. The appearance of these features represents the degree
of severity of the disease. In this paper the proposed approach
detects the presence of abnormalities in the retina using image
processing techniques by applying morphological processing
techniques to the fundus images to extract features such as
blood vessels, micro aneurysms and exudates. These features
are used for the detection of severity of Diabetic Retinopathy.
It can quickly process a large number of fundus images
obtained from mass screening to help reduce the cost, increase
productivity and efficiency for ophthalmologists.
Tool-Matlab
Drive database is considered for extraction of features and testing images to detect the ground truth and even images from internet.
The image features like Blood vessel area,optic disk area,entropy,energy are calculated.
Segmentation of the Blood Vessel and Optic Disc in Retinal Images Using EM Al...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Review of methods for diabetic retinopathy detection and severity classificationeSAT Journals
Abstract Diabetic Retinopathy is a serious vascular disorder that might lead to complete blindness. Therefore, the early detection and the treatment are necessary to prevent major vision loss. Though the Manual screening methods are available, they are time consuming and inefficient on a large image database of patients. Moreover, it demands skilled professionals for the diagnosis. Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy diagnosis systems can replace manual methods as they can significantly reduce the manual labor involved in the screening process. Screening conducted over a larger population can become efficient if the system can separate normal and abnormal cases, instead of the manual examination of all images. Therefore, Automatic Retinopathy detection systems have attracted large popularity in the recent times. Automatic retinopathy detection systems employ image processing and computer vision techniques to detect different anomalies associated with retinopathy. This paper reviews various methods of diabetic retinopathy detection and classification into different stages based on severity levels and also, various image databases used for the research purpose are discussed. Keywords— Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection, computer vision, Diabetic Retinopathy, image databases, image processing, manual screening
An Automated Systems for the Detection of Macular Ischemia based-Diabetic Ret...iosrjce
The proposed methodology in this paper marks out application for automatic detection of eye
diseases called Macular Ischemia using image processing techniques. In semi urban and rural areas large
percentages of people suffer from various eye diseases. For diagnoses of various eye diseases, Image processing
technique is used. . Diseases occur in Macula from retinal images have a huge type of textures, shapes and at
times they are difficult to be recognised and identified by doctors. Thus we are trying to optimize and develop
such system which is based on smart image recognition/classification algorithms. This proposed system
provides accuracy, uniformity and speed in performance and a high credence coefficient in results interpreting.
Keywords: Macular Ischemia, diagnosis, textures, consistence
C LASSIFICATION O F D IABETES R ETINA I MAGES U SING B LOOD V ESSEL A REASIJCI JOURNAL
Retina images are obtained from the fundus camera a
nd graded by skilled professionals. However there i
s
considerable shortage of expert observers has encou
raged computer assisted monitoring. Evaluation of
blood vessels network plays an important task in a
variety of medical diagnosis. Manifestations of
numerous vascular disorders, such as diabetic retin
opathy, depend on detection of the blood vessels
network. In this work the fundus RGB image is used
for obtaining the traces of blood vessels and areas
of
blood vessels are used for detection of Diabetic Re
tinopathy (DR). The algorithm developed uses
morphological operation to extract blood vessels. M
ainly two steps are used: firstly enhancement opera
tion
is applied to original retina image to remove noise
and increase contrast of retinal blood vessels. Se
condly
morphology operations are used to take out blood ve
ssels. Experiments are conducted on publicly availa
ble
DIARETDB1 database. Experimental results obtained b
y using gray-scale images have been presented.
Normal vision means attaining 20/20 on a routine eye exam ie, one can read 3/8-inch letters at 20 feet. Approximately 285 million people worldwide cannot pass this test without correcting their vision. Sight problems range from normal to moderate or severe visual impairment. Thirty-nine million people are blind and ~90% of visually impaired people live in low-income settings. This presentation digs into the details and current treatments. This information is for educational purposes only and all medical cases should be discussed with licensed healthcare providers.
Automatic identification and classification of microaneurysms for detection o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Headlights of vehicles pose a great danger during night driving. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person travelling from the opposite direction. He experiences a sudden glare for a short period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming towards him from the opposite direction. We are expected to dim the headlight to avoid this glare. This glare causes a temporary blindness to a person resulting in road accidents during the night. To avoid such incidents, we have fabricated a prototype of automatic headlight dimmer. This automatically switches the high beam into low beam thus reducing the glare effect by sensing the approaching vehicle. It also eliminates the requirement of manual switching by the driver which is not done at all times. The construction, working and the advantages of this prototype model is discussed in detail in this paper. Keywords: Headlight, automatic, dimmer, control, high beam, low beam, Kelvin (K).
Automated Detection of Microaneurysm, Hard Exudates, and Cotton Wool Spots in...iosrjce
The The automatic identification of Image processing techniques for abnormalities in retinal images.
Its very importance in diabetic retinopathy screening. Manual annotations of retinal images are rare and
exclusive to obtain. The ophthalmoscope used direct analysis is a small and portable apparatus contained of a
light source and a set of lenses view the retina. The existence of diabetic retinopathy detected can be examining
the retina for its individual features. The first presence of diabetic retinopathy is the form of Microaneurysms.
This paper describes different works needed to the automatic identification of hard exudates and cotton wool
spots in retinal images for diabetic retinopathy detection and support vector machine (SVM) for classifying
images. This system is evaluated on a large dataset containing 130 retinal images. The proposed method Results
show that exudates were detected from a database with 96.9% sensitivity, specificity 96.1% and
97.38%accuracy
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Image Early Identification using...ijtsrd
Diabetic Retinopathy, the most common reason of vision loss, is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. If untreated, it may result in varying degrees of vision loss and even blindness. Since Diabetic Retinopathy is a silent disease that may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems, annual eye exams are crucial for early detection to improve the chances of effective treatment where fundus cameras are used to capture the retinal images. However, fundus cameras are too big and heavy to be transported easily and too costly to be purchased by every health clinic, so fundus cameras are an inconvenient tool for widespread screening. Recent technological developments have enabled using smartphones in designing small sized, low power, and affordable retinal imaging systems to perform Diabetic Retinopathy screening and automated Diabetic Retinopathy detection using machine learning and image processing methods. However, Diabetic Retinopathy detection accuracy depends on the image quality and it is negatively affected by several factors such as Field of View. Since smartphone based retinal imaging systems have much more compact designs than the traditional fundus cameras, the retina images captured are likely to be low quality with smaller Field of View As a result, the smartphone based retina imaging systems can be used as an alternative to the direct ophthalmoscope once it tested in the clinical settings. However, the Field of View of the smartphone based retina imaging systems plays an important role in determining the automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection accuracy. M. Mukesh Krishnan | J. Diofrin | M. Vadivel "Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Image Early Identification using Deep CNN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55047.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/computer-science/other/55047/detection-of-diabetic-retinopathy-in-retinal-image-early-identification-using-deep-cnn/m-mukesh-krishnan
Automatic detection Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy using image proces...IJERA Editor
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. There are currently more than
190 million people with diabetes worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that this will rise
to 221 million by the year 2010, largely due to population growth, ageing, urbanization and a sedentary lifestyle.
Diabetes is currently the fourth main cause of death in most developed countries. In Singapore, the prevalence
of diabetes in our population is 8.2% according to the 2004 National Health Survey. This is expected to grow as
our population age.
Diabetic Retinopathy, if not well managed and controlled, can progress steadily to devastating
complications like blindness. At present, various analyses on complicated interaction between hereditary and
environmental factors are being undertaken regarding the onset of diabetes. The development of diabetic
complication has become a major concern regarding the prognosis of diabetic patients.
Diabetes Retinopathy is one of the most common diseases that people get affected by over the years. By doing
this paper, we hope to detect the stages of Diabetic Retinopathy as early as possible so as to prevent and cure
more Singaporeans from falling prey to this disease
Diabetic Retinopathy Detection using Neural Networkingijtsrd
The clinical and laboratory studies states that diabetic retinopathy is the major cause of permanent blindness among the aged personalities. The problem with this disease is that there is no cure for it and the only thing we can do is to detect the disease as soon as possible in order to prevent further loss of vision. In this system we propose a CNN approach for diagnosing DR from retinal images and classifying the stages of the disease .The classification is done based on the haemorrhages, micro aneurysms present in the retinal image. We train this network using a high end graphics processor unit GPU using kaggle data set and the disease classification is done, hence we can identify the the disease and prevent the further loss of vision. N Rahul | Roy Eluvathingal | Sanith Jayan K | Mr. Anil Antony "Diabetic Retinopathy Detection using Neural Networking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31487.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31487/diabetic-retinopathy-detection-using-neural-networking/n-rahul
Retinal Complications in Indians with Type 2 Diabeticsijtsrd
Diabetic retinopathy is the disease that affects diabetics the most often DR . The duration of the disease, ineffective control of blood sugar, and the presence of hypertensive are the key causes. Yet, large inter individual differences in risk indicate that other factors, like as genetic inheritance or insulin variability, are critical in explaining susceptibility to DR development. It is also important to recognise that DR can predict both microvascular and macrovascular issues independently. Hence, DR needs to be factored in when determining the cardiovascular risk of a diabetic. Even if dementia is becoming more prevalent in people with type 2 diabetes, evaluating retina neurodegeneration could help in spotting those at risk. The therapeutic implications of DR awareness in the assessment of a diabetic patient cannot be overstated. It follows that DR may worsen despite a rapid decrease in blood sugar. To wrap up, this article provides a critical evaluation of DRs function within entire care of diabetic patients. Dr. Dhruv Kundu "Retinal Complications in Indians with Type 2 Diabetics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53983.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/53983/retinal-complications-in-indians-with-type-2-diabetics/dr-dhruv-kundu
A Novel Advanced Approach Using Morphological Image Processing Technique for ...CSCJournals
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and can lead to irreversible blindness. To date, DR is the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment among working adults globally. However, this blindness can be prevented if DR is detected early. Diabetes mellitus slowly affects the retina by damaging retinal blood vessels and leading to microaneurysms. The retinal images give detailed information about the health status of the visual system. Analysis of retinal image is important for an understanding of the stages of Diabetic retinopathy. Microaneurysms observed that appear in retina images, usually, the initial visible sign of DR, if detected early and properly treated can prevent DR complications, including blindness. In this research work, an advanced image modal enhancement comprises of a Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), through morphological image, processing technique with final extraction algorithm is proposed. CLAHE is responsible for the detection, and removal of the retinal optical disk. While the microaneurysm initial indicators are detected by using morphological image processing techniques. The extensive evaluation of the proposed advanced model conducted for microaneurysm detection depicts all stages of DR with an increase in the number of data set related to noise in the image. The microaneurysms noise is associated with stage of retina diseases as well as its early possible diagnosis. Evaluation is also conducted against the proposed model to measure its performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity as well as specificity in real-time. The results show the test image attained 99.7% accuracy for a real-time database that is better compared with anty colony-based method. A sensitivity of 81% with a specificity of 90% was achieved for the detection of microaneurysms for the e-optha database. The detection of several microaneurysms correlates with stages of DR that prove an analysis of detecting its different stages. As well as it reaches our goal of early detection of DR with high performance in accuracy.
Automated Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Image Processingiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Diabetic retinopathy is a disease, caused by alternation in the retinal blood vessels. It is a strong sign of early blindness and if it is not treated may tend to complete blindness and the vision lost once cannot be restored once again. In this paper different image processing techniques are used to differentiate between the normal and the diseased image. The attempt is made to see where the problem actually lies so that proper diagnosis of patient can be done. Pre processing of an image, optic disk detection, Blood vessels extraction, Exudates detection are some of the methods that are applied here. Other algorithms are designed to obtain the desired result. A large number of populations are affected by this disease around the world.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Early Detection of High Blood Pressure and Diabetic Retinopathy on Retinal Fu...IJAAS Team
In this paper we present a lifting wavelet based CBRIR image retrieval system that uses color and texture as visual features to describe the content of a retinal fundus images. Our contribution is of three directions. First, we use lifting wavelets 9/7 for lossy and SPL5/3 for lossless to extract texture features from arbitrary shaped retinal fundus regions separated from an image to increase the system effectiveness. This process is performed offline before query processing, therefore to answer a query our system does not need to search the entire database images; instead just a number of similar class type patient images are required to be searched for image similarity. Third, to further increase the retrieval accuracy of our system, we combine the region based features extracted from image regions, with global features extracted from the whole image, which are texture using lifting wavelet and HSV color histograms. Our proposed system has the advantage of increasing the retrieval accuracy and decreasing the retrieval time. The experimental evaluation of the system is based on a db1 online retinal fundus color image database. From the experimental results, it is evident that our system performs significantly better accuracy as compared with traditional wavelet based systems. In our simulation analysis, we provide a comparison between retrieval results based on features extracted from the whole image using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet and features extracted using lossless 9/7 lifting wavelet and using traditional wavelet. The results demonstrate that each type of feature is effective for a particular type of disease of retinal fundus images according to its semantic contents, and using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet of them gives better retrieval results for almost all semantic classes and outperform 4-10% more accuracy than traditional wavelet.
The legal cause of blindness for the workingage
population in western countries is Diabetic Retinopathy - a
complication of diabetes mellitus - is a severe and wide- spread
eye disease. Digital color fundus images are becoming
increasingly important for the diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy.
In order to facilitate and improve diagnosis in different ways, this
fact opens the possibility of applying image processing techniques
.Microaneurysms is the earliest sign of DR, therefore an
algorithm able to automatically detect the microaneurysms in
fundus image captured. Since microaneurysms is a necessary
preprocessing step for a correct diagnosis. Some methods that
address this problem can be found in the literature but they have
some drawbacks like accuracy or speed. The aim of this thesis is
to develop and test a new method for detecting the
microaneurysms in retina images. To do so preprocessing, gray
level 2D feature based vessel extraction is done using neural
network by using extra neurons which is evaluated on DRIVE
database which is superior than rulebased methods. To identify
microaneurysms in an image morphological opening and image
enhancement is performed. The complete algorithm is developed
by using a MATLAB implementation and the diagnosis in an
image can be estimated with the better accuracy and in shorter
time than previous techniques
Annotating Retina Fundus Images for Teaching and Learning Diabetic Retinopath...ITIIIndustries
With the improvement in IT industry, more and more application of computer software is introduced in teaching and learning. In this paper, we discuss the development process of such software. Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication for diabetic patients. It may cause sight loss if not treated early. There are several stages of this disease. Fundus imagery is required to identify the stage and severity of the disease. Due to the lack of proper dataset of the fundus images and proper annotation, it is very difficult to perform research on this topic. Moreover, medical students are often facing difficulty with identifying the diseases in later stage of their practice as they may not have seen a sample of all of the stages of Diabetic Retinopathy problems. To mitigate the problem, we have collected fundus images from different geographic area of Bangladesh and designed an annotation software to store information about the patient, the infection level and their locations in the images. Sometimes, it is difficult to select all appropriate pixels of the infected region. To resolve the issue, we have introduced a K nearest neighbor (KNN) based technique to accurately select the region of interest (ROI). Once an expert (ophthalmologist) has annotated the images, the software can be used by the students for learning.
Automatic Detection of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using Fundus Im...iosrjce
To diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) it is the prime cause of blindness in the working age
population of the world. Detection method is proposed to detect dark or red lesions such as microaneurysms
and hemorrhages in fundus images.Developed during this work, this first is for collection of lesion data
information and was used by the ophthalmologist in marking images for database while the automatic
diagnosing and displaying the diagnosis result in a more friendly user interface and is as shown in chapter
three of this report. The primary aim of this project is to develop a system that will be able to identify patients
with BDR and PDR from either colour image or grey level image obtained from the retina of the patient. The
algorithm was tested fundus images. The Operating Characteristics (ROC) was determined for red spot lesion
and bleeding, while cross over points were only detected leaving further classification as part of future work
needed to complete this global project. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated for the algorithm is given
respectively as 96.3% and 95.1%
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38353 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 195
disease is the level of blood sugar. Due to high level of sugar
in blood, blood vessels in retina are heavily damaged.
Various lesions like microaneurysms, hemorrhages, hard
exudates, blood vessels are explained as: Microaneurysms
are out-pouching oftheretinal capillaries,appearingassmall
red dots on the fundus image. They appear as small bulges
developed from weak blood vessels. They are the earliest
clinical sign of DR. Leakage of oily formations from the poor
end blood vessels are known as exudates. HardExudatesare
well-circumscribed, shiny white or cream deposits located
within retina. They indicate accumulation of fluid in the
retina and considered sight threateningifappearcloseto the
macula center. They are generally seen together with
Microaneurysms. At every different retinopathy stage their
shape and size varies; as it starts emerging, the DR is termed
as moderate non-proliferative DR [36]. When retinopathy
increases with time, blood vessels in retina get blocked by
micro infarcts known as soft exudates. Presence of these
three abnormalities is termed as severe non-proliferative
diabetic retinopathy. Hemorrhages may take various shape
and sizes depending on their location within retina. Most
common DR hemorrhages are dot hemorrhages.
III. RELATED WORKS
[4], presents an approach for localizing different lesionsand
features in retinal fundus image. The authors proposed a
constraint in detecting optic disk. Blood vessels, exudates,
microaneurysms and hemorrhages were detected using
different morphological operations which success rate of
97.1% for disk localization.
[23], presents SVM classifier for the classification of the
disease. They proposed a methodology for detecting optic
disc, blood vessels and exudates and then feature extraction
is carried out followed by classification. This yielded an
average accuracy of 94.17%. The problem in the proposed
method of exudate classification was less that was mainly
due to false intensity computation features.
V. Ramya et al [24] proposed a method for the recognition of
DR using SVM classifier. The focus of this paper is on
distinguishing patients with PDR and NPDR. The proposed
methodology begins by pre-processing techniques: median
sifting and histogram equalization followed by feature
extraction. Based on the extracted featureslevelsofDR were
classified using SVM.Theproposedcalculationaccomplished
overall recognition rate of 84% based on hemorrhages.
An approach for early detection of DR from fundus images
presented in [16]. Startingwithpre-processingofrawretinal
fundus images using extraction of green channel, histogram
equalization, image enhancement and resizing techniques.
For evaluation of the results, is done by consideringthearea,
mean value and standard deviation for the extracted
features. Detection of DR is done using machine learning
techniques. From the results obtained, they showed that
exudate area was the best feature out of blood vessel and all
other features for DR detection, which finally concludesthat
exudate is one of the major feature responsible for diabetic
retinopathy.
Sahana Shetty et al [25] have presented an approach for
detecting Diabetic Retinopathy using SVM. The author’s
study began by pre-processing, then eliminating optic disk,
and separating vascular tissue of damaged area oftheretina.
Mathematical morphology methods were carried out to
detect dark lesions then followed by feature extraction.
Extracted features were classified using SVM. Performance
of SVM showed better results than using image processing
with AUC above 90%.
Ahmad Z. F, Muhammad F. et al [26] and S Deva Kumar and
Gnanneswara Rao Nitta et al [32] have taken up GLCM as
method for feature extractionandSVMforclassification.[32]
Includes CLAHE, Kirsch’s operator for detecting blood
vessels, in [26, 32] featuresobtainedbyGLCM.SVMclassifier
is used to classify DR [26, 32]. Comparing [26, 32], accuracy
[32] was shown better compared to [26].
A method of an automatic detection and classification of DR
system is been proposed in [30, 33]. For detection [30] uses,
Circular Hough Transform and image processing while
morphological operations are used in [33].Textural features
and HOG, SURF features are extracted [30, 33]. The authors
use Support Vector Machine in order to classify the retinal
fundus image as normal, NPDR and PDR.
[2, 5] used ANN for the classification of the disease. [2] used
the classifier for classifying the image as normal and
abnormal and [5] for classifying the imageasmoderate,mild
and severe stages. However, one of the methods from [5]
fails because of the non-detection of soft exudates that
occurred in the optic disk because of its removal.
IV. METHODOLOGY
In this section, we discuss the proposed methodology of the
general Diabetic Retinopathy Detection System. The
proposed system comprises of two phases:
Training Phase
Testing Phase
The Training Phase comprises of Pre-processing,
Segmentation of retinal features, Feature Extraction, Storing
features in the database and Training. Testing Phase
comprises of loading the test image, Pre-processing,
Segmentation of Retinal features, Feature extraction and
Classification as normal, moderate or severe, done using
SVM and k-NN classifiers.
A. Training Phase
This step deals with training the system for diabetic
retinopathy recognition. SVM and k-NN will be used in this
case. Each image is unique in dataset. Each retinal fundus
image was pre-processed. The pre-processing steps applied
on each fundus image are explained below.
1. Pre-Processing
Image pre-processing is the initial step in DR detection
system. Pre-processing should be applied before feature
extraction. Preprocessing steps applied on the image are:-
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Figure 1: System Architecture
A. Gray scaling:
The training phase includes gray scale processing as shown
in figure 4. In order to convert a colortograyrepresentation,
RGB values are obtained first by gamma expansion and to
which 30%, 59%, 11% of RGB are added together whose
result is some luminance value regardless of the scale
employed. To get the final gray representation, the previous
result is gamma compressed.
a. Original Image b. Gray scale Image
Figure 2: Gray scaling
B. Green Channel:
Since RGB image is the input image, any one channel (red,
green, blue) can be used. Hence RGB channels are separated
from RGB image. Green channel has a good contrastthanred
and blue channels. Since green channel gives a better
contrast; therefore, used for detection purpose hence, this
channel is considered as natural basis for automated
detection algorithms.
a. Original Image b. Green channel
Figure 3: Green channel
Filtering:
Median filter is used to remove outliers withoutaffecting the
sharpness of the image. It also reduces the intensity
variation between the pixels. Median filter replaces the
center value of the window with median value.
a. Green channel b. Median Filter
Figure 4: Filtering
2. Segmentation of Features
In order to detect NPDR we have implemented two
processes to extract some important features.
A. Detection of Blood Vessels:
Each image is unique in dataset. Each retinal fundus image
was pre-processed. The pre-processing steps applied on
each fundus image areexplained below.Throughtheprocess
of image processing detection of blood vessels is an
important step for the identification of DR. Since green
channel has highest contrast between the background and
the blood vessels, it is carried out first for efficient
segmentation followed by adaptive histogram equalization.
Adaptive histogram equalization improves the contrast. To
smooth the background and highlighting blood vessels
alternate morphological closing and opening operations is
applied. Subtraction of image after histogram equalization
from the image after alternate morphological opening and
closing outputs image with no optic disc. The output after
the subtraction operation is inverted to get binary image
using bitwise operation. Final output is the detected blood
vessels as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Blood vessel extraction system
B. Detection of Exudates:
The retinal fundus image is pre-processed first. In order to
detect exudates, steps similar to detection of blood vessels
green component of RGB image is extracted followed by
adaptive histogram equalization, to further enhance the
features of the image. This highlights the exudates.
Morphological image processing technique dilation is
performed followed by thresholding. Finally, by performing
a morphological opening, exudates are detected as shownin
Figure 6.
Pre-processing
Test Image
Feature Extraction
Segmentation of
features
Training
Classification
Normal Moderate Stage
Feature Extraction
Retinal Image
Preprocessing
Segmentation
of features
Severe Stage
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Figure 6: Exudates extraction system
3. Feature Extraction
In summary, we have used nine quantitative features for
training and for classification, which areEnergy, Contrast,
Entropy, Homogeneity,Correlation,Dissimilarity,ASM, Mean
and Standard deviation.
A. Testing Phase
Testing phase verifies the different stages of DR. Test retinal
fundus image from the dataset is taken as input. The image
maybe of format .jpg, .ppm, .bmp, .gif etc.
1. Preprocessing, Detection and Feature Extraction:
Preprocessing steps on testimage,Detectionof bloodvessels
and exudates, and feature extraction steps are carried out in
the same as explained in the training phase.
2. Classification:
The vector feature array of energy, contrast, entropy,
homogeneity, correlation, dissimilarity, asm, mean and
standard deviation is used as testing on SVM and KNN
classifier.
Support Vector Machineis a supervised machine learning
algorithm.SVM offers very high accuracy as compared to
other classifiers such as decision trees and logistic
regression. It is better known for its kernel trick to handle
non-linear input spaces. SVM is widely used for face
detection, classification of emails, handwriting recognition,
intrusion detection and classification of genes. It uses hyper
plane to separate the data points with the largest amount of
margin. It finds an optimal hyper plane, which helps in the
classification of new data points. SVM gives poor
performance if the number of features extracted during the
process of the algorithm is much greater than the number of
samples present in the dataset. Therefore it is always a
better option to have limited number of features for the
purpose of classification. Since the data is nonlinear data
selection of kernel is needed in SVM.
k-Nearest Neighbors is also a supervised machine learning
algorithm. Lazy learners such as nearest neighborclassifiers
do not require model building.Nearest neighborsareusedto
determine the class label of test example. k-nearest of a
given example z refer to the k points that are closest to z. If
the value of k is too small, then the classifier maybe inclines
towards over fitting because ofnoiseintrainingdata.Ifvalue
of k is large, then the classifier ends up misclassifying the
test data because the list of nearest neighbors mayconsist of
data that maybe located away from its neighborhood. k-NN
classifier learns from a labelled training set by taking in the
training data X along with its labels y and learns to map the
input X to its desired output y, which means the k-NN model
learns from the training set and predicts the output class as
majority of k-nn.
In this paper, classification is divided into three stages:
normal, moderate non-proliferative DR stage and severe
non-proliferative DR stage.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A. Performance Evaluation of DR identificationsystem
Performance of DiabeticRetinopathyidentificationsystemis
usually calculated using Sensitivity,SpecificityandAccuracy.
To obtain these it is necessary to find evaluation parameters
True Positive (TP), False Negative (FN), True Negative (TN)
and False Positive (FP). Sensitivity measures the actual
positives that are correctly identified which means that the
patient has DR. Specificity measures the proportion of
negatives that are correctly identified.
Sensitivity is the fraction of positive examples correctly
predicted by the model. The sensitivity of the test can be
determined by the formula:
Specificity is the fraction of negative examples correctly
predicted by the model. The specificity and accuracy of the
test can be determined by the formula:
Recall and Precision metrics that are widely used where
successful detection of one of the classes is considered more
significant than detection of other class. Precision is the
fraction of examples that turn out to be positivein-groupthe
classifier has declared as positive class.Highertheprecision,
lower the number of false positive errors by classifier.
Precision can be determined by the formula:
Recall is the fraction of positive examples that are correctly
predicted by the classifier. Classifiers with large recall have
very few positive example misclassified as negative class.
Recall can be determined by the formula:
B. Datasets
Dataset of 20 images from the hospital Goa Lasik MY EYE,
Centre for Laser eye surgery & comprehensive eye care
services, Goa, and Five publicly available databases: (1)
ABNORMAL dataset, (2) DRIVE dataset, (3) Standard
Diabetic Retinopathy Database ‘Calibration Level 0’
(DIARETDB0), and (4) Standard Diabetic Retinopathy
Database ‘Calibration Level 1’ (DIARETDB1) and (5) ALL
RETINOPATHY are used. Table I shown below shows the
details on the database images used.
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Table I Databases
Datasets Resolution
Healthy
images
Diseased
images
Total
Hospital 711 x 703 7 13 20
Normal-
Abnormal
720 x 560 0 30 30
Drive 565 x 584 33 7 40
Diaretdb1 1500 x 1152 5 74 89
Diaretdb0 1500 x 1152 20 110 130
All
Retinopathy
150 x 130 30 15 45
Total 95 250 345
C. Results
The evaluation of our proposal was implemented in Python
3.6. Training of the system was done manually by settingthe
range of the extracted features for blood vessels and
exudates. We have taken total 375 images, out of those 345
images, 295 images were taken for training purpose. From
295 training images, 100 images were normal and 195
images were of DR. The test dataset consisted of 80 images
and from 80 images, 25 images were normal and 55 images
were of DR. Table II and Table III shows the performance of
the classifiers.
From Table II, it is clear that SVM with kernel as rbf achieves
the best results. From this table, it can be inferred that all 9
patients were correctly classified negative (TN). True
Negative (TN) is the result where cases without the disease
is correctly classified as negative. This gives the value of
False Positive (FP) as 0 which means cases without the
disease is named as positive. When wegoforclassificationof
the disease, it is seen 4 patients were classified as negative.
This gives us False negative (FN). Finally, 23 patients were
classified correctly as positive with disease (True Positive).
With the above conclusion it is clearthatSVMwithrbfkernel
achieves the best results.
TABLE II Specificity, Sensitivity, Accuracy, Precision,
Recall, F-Measure of Exudates With Different
Classifiers
Method
Classifier Name
k-NN
SVM with
linear kernel
SVM with
rbf kernel
TP 21 19 23
TN 8 7 9
FP 1 2 0
FN 6 8 4
Specificity % 88.89 77.78 100
Sensitivity % 77.78 70.3 85.18
Precision % 95.45 90.4 100
Recall % 77.77 70.3 85.18
F-measure % 85.7 79.1 92
Accuracy % 80.56 72.2 85.18
TABLE III Specificity, Sensitivity, Accuracy, Precision,
Recall, F-measure of Blood Vessels with different
classifiers
Method
Classifier Name
k-NN
SVM with
linear kernel
SVM with
rbf kernel
TP 20 21 20
TN 15 13 16
FP 1 3 0
FN 8 7 8
Specificity % 93.75 81.3 100
Sensitivity % 71.4 75 71.42
Precision % 95.23 87.5 100
Recall % 71.4 75 71.4
F-measure % 81.63 80.76 83.4
Accuracy % 79.5 77.2 81.9
From Table III, we can see SVM with rbf kernel achieves the
best results. From this we can see 16 patients were tested
negative with the disease. This leads us to True Negative
(TN). Similarly, it can be seen the value of False Positive(FP)
is 0 which means the cases without the disease is named as
positive. Only 8 patients with ailment were ordered as
negative. Thus giving value of False Negative (FN) as 8.
However, when we come to classify the disease, 20 patients
were correctly classified by the classifier giving us value as
20 for True Positive (TP). With the above conclusion we can
see SVM with rbf kernel achieves the best results.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, we have proposed a Diabetic Retinopathy
Detection System for classification of retinopathy stages
from the retinal images. From the results of the proposed
detection system from colored fundus images with SVM and
k-NN classifiers, it can be concluded that from the pre-
processing, feature extraction, SVM and k-NN classifiers to
classify the different stages of the disease from the blood
vessels and exudates, SVM with rbf as kernel gives best
results in the classification of diabetic retinopathy for both
exudates and blood vessels.Thesystemcanidentifydifferent
stages of the disease with an average accuracy of more than
85%, a specificity of 100%, a sensitivity of 85.18% for
exudates and an average accuracy of more than 81%, a
specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 71.4% for blood
vessels.
As an extension to the proposed work, it is suggested to
optimize the features selected and the different classifier
techniques can be comparedandanalyzed.Inadditiontothis
blood vessels and exudate detection and classification
system, inclusion of hemorrhages and microaneurysms can
facilitate ophthalmologists to make better conclusions. Also
as future works, the detection of soft and hard exudates and
applying textural analysis can improve the accuracy of the
system. Different filtering techniques can be used in
preprocessing for detection and the results can be analyzed
and compared. Many more features can be extracted from
the attributes like, optic distance, red lesions, renyi’s
entropy, edema, fovea etc. to classify the disease in multiple
classes based on features and their performance can be
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38353 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 199
evaluated on different measures. As the existingsystemsare
quiet slow in the operation, a real time implementing
screening system will provide better performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude towards my Project
guide Prof. Amit Patil who from the very onset has taken
keen interest in the study and has skillfullyledmetoexecute
each step involved in this undertaking. In a very special way
I am thankful and also grateful to my parents, brothers and
friends for their immense trust and persistent support in all
my endeavors.
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