Technological development have altered the way we communicate, learn, think, share, and spread information. Mobile technologies are those that make use of wireless technologies to gain some sort of data. As mobile connectedness continues to spread across the world, the value of employing mobile technologies in the arena of learning and teaching seems to be both self-evident and unavoidable The fast deployment of mobile devices and wireless networks in university campuses makes higher education a good environment to integrate learners-centered m-learning . this paper discusses mobile learning technologies that are being used for educational purposes and the effect they have on teaching and learning methods.
Technological development have altered the way we communicate, learn, think, share, and spread information. Mobile technologies are those that make use of wireless technologies to gain some sort of data. As mobile connectedness continues to spread across the world, the value of employing mobile technologies in the arena of learning and teaching seems to be both self-evident and unavoidable The fast deployment of mobile devices and wireless networks in university campuses makes higher education a good environment to integrate learners-centered m-learning. This paper discusses mobile learning technologies that are being used for educational purposes and the effect they have on teaching and learning methods.
A PARADIGM FOR THE APPLICATION OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN MOBILE INTELLIGENT TUTOR...IJSEA
Nowadays, with the rapid growth of cloud computing, many industries are going to move their computing
activities to clouds. Researchers of virtual learning are also looking for the ways to use clouds through
mobile platforms. This paper offers a model to accompany the benefits of “Mobile Intelligent Learning”
technology and “Cloud Computing”. The architecture of purposed system is based on multi-layer
architecture of Mobile Cloud Computing. Despite the existing challenges, the system has increased the life
of mobile device battery. It will raise working memory capacity and processing capacity of the educational
system in addition to the greater advantage of the educational system. The proposed system allows the
users to enjoy an intelligent learning every-time and every-where, reduces training costs and hardware
dependency, and increases consistency, efficiency, and data reliability.
AN ADAPTIVE AND INTELLIGENT TUTOR BY EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE DEVICESijmpict
Mobile Learning (M-Learning) is an emerging discipline in the area of education and educational technology. So researchers are trying to optimize and expanding its application in the field of education. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of mobile devices and expert systems in disseminating and supporting the knowledge gained by intelligent tutors and to propose a system based on integration of intelligent M-Learning with expert systems. It acts as an intelligent tutor which can perform three processes - pre-test, learning concept and post-test - according to characteristic of the learner. The proposed system can improves the education efficiency highly as well as decreases costs. As a result, every time and everywhere (ETEW) simple and cheap learning would be provided via SMS, MMS and so on in this system. The global intention of M-Learning is to make learning “a way of being”.
Technological development have altered the way we communicate, learn, think, share, and spread information. Mobile technologies are those that make use of wireless technologies to gain some sort of data. As mobile connectedness continues to spread across the world, the value of employing mobile technologies in the arena of learning and teaching seems to be both self-evident and unavoidable The fast deployment of mobile devices and wireless networks in university campuses makes higher education a good environment to integrate learners-centered m-learning. This paper discusses mobile learning technologies that are being used for educational purposes and the effect they have on teaching and learning methods.
A PARADIGM FOR THE APPLICATION OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN MOBILE INTELLIGENT TUTOR...IJSEA
Nowadays, with the rapid growth of cloud computing, many industries are going to move their computing
activities to clouds. Researchers of virtual learning are also looking for the ways to use clouds through
mobile platforms. This paper offers a model to accompany the benefits of “Mobile Intelligent Learning”
technology and “Cloud Computing”. The architecture of purposed system is based on multi-layer
architecture of Mobile Cloud Computing. Despite the existing challenges, the system has increased the life
of mobile device battery. It will raise working memory capacity and processing capacity of the educational
system in addition to the greater advantage of the educational system. The proposed system allows the
users to enjoy an intelligent learning every-time and every-where, reduces training costs and hardware
dependency, and increases consistency, efficiency, and data reliability.
AN ADAPTIVE AND INTELLIGENT TUTOR BY EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE DEVICESijmpict
Mobile Learning (M-Learning) is an emerging discipline in the area of education and educational technology. So researchers are trying to optimize and expanding its application in the field of education. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of mobile devices and expert systems in disseminating and supporting the knowledge gained by intelligent tutors and to propose a system based on integration of intelligent M-Learning with expert systems. It acts as an intelligent tutor which can perform three processes - pre-test, learning concept and post-test - according to characteristic of the learner. The proposed system can improves the education efficiency highly as well as decreases costs. As a result, every time and everywhere (ETEW) simple and cheap learning would be provided via SMS, MMS and so on in this system. The global intention of M-Learning is to make learning “a way of being”.
ICT in Practice Technology and Education Online Magazine Issue 8Yasemin Allsop
ICT in Practice is an online education and technology magazine. It contains articles about mobile learning, game based learning, digital literacy, computing, coding and much more. The magazine is non-profit and created by educators from around the world.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Information and communication Technology is a gateway through which large population of students has been addressed. Mobile learning technology the latest arrival highly changing the way the students learn, interact, access up to data information. It mainly satisfies the current and future generation which needs information at the earliest rather than later few touches. The World Wide Web acts as an interface in E- learning as well as in mobile learning (M-learning) environments. It supports and facilitates the delivery of teaching and learning materials. M-learning provides quality educational content with the help of semantic web technologies like Ontology. This study presents Mobile Learning framework for making efficient learning with a case study on cyber security.
Presentation made May 13, 2010 by Rob Peregoodoff (Manager, Learning Technologies Sauder School of Business) on behalf of the University of British Columbia TAB/OLT office.
Sustainable Development for Higher Education Sector using Mobile Cloud with M...ijtsrd
Mobile cloud learning, a combination of mobile learning and cloud computing, is a relatively new concept that holds considerable promise for future development and delivery in the education sectors. This paper investigates the use of a cloud computing environment to facilitate the teaching of web development at a university. A between subjects study of students in a web development course was conducted to assess the merits of a cloud computing environment instead of personal computers. A between subjects study of students in a web development course was conducted to assess the merits of a cloud computing environment instead of personal computers. . The main focus of this paper is to explore how cloud computing changes traditional mobile learning. Aye Pwint Phyu | Khaing Khaing Wai "Sustainable Development for Higher Education Sector using Mobile Cloud with Moodle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27946.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/real-time-computing/27946/sustainable-development-for-higher-education-sector-using-mobile-cloud-with-moodle/aye-pwint-phyu
Adoption of Digital Learning Technology: An Empirical Analysis of the Determi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Technology has advanced significantly from the analogue period to the digital era. Digital Learning Technology (DLT) is a learning paradigm based on the use of ubiquitous latest technologies, by using smart devices. It can be described as a learning environment that is assisted in daily life by wireless networks, mobile, and embedded computers. It aims to offer content and interaction to students wherever they are, at any time. The learning process has advanced thanks to the technology revolution, which has also fundamentally altered how knowledge is shared and learned. At present, there exist other frameworks too, but they are centered towards different paradigms, and point of view pertaining to DLT with its emphasis on Telecommunication Sector has not been taken into consideration. As, existing frameworks are centered towards different environments hence there exists a need to add dimensions of Empowered Learner, Digital Citizen, Knowledge Curator, Innovative Designer, Computational Thinker and Creator, Communicator & Global Collaborator. These have not been integrated together in existing available research. The study will ascertain level of knowledge of DLT and examined factors which affect the adoption rate, use, and role of DLT in telecoms setups. The results of this research will help create a framework that, if used in any academic or learning setting in a technology-based firm.
AN OVERVIEW OF CLOUD COMPUTING FOR E-LEARNING WITH ITS KEY BENEFITSijistjournal
Education is a necessary human virtue and essential for society because it reflects the personality of the human being in our society. The effective way of teaching gives the quality of education and advance learning such as e-learning to the learners and also a high quality of teaching to the tutors. Information Technology (IT) plays a significant role in field of education. Now days, E-learning and M-learning have become very popular trends of the education technology riot. E-Learning is the new tool related to the virtualized distance learning by means of electronic communication mechanisms, specifically the Internet to enhance the traditional learning system. An E-learning system generally needs a lot of software and hardware resources. Today, many educational institutions cannot afford such investments and environments therefore cloud computing is the finest solution. The Cloud Computing environment rises swiftly as a natural platform to provide support to e-Learning systems. Hence, this paper presents the impact on using cloud computing for e-learning which contains an innovative environment resulting from both virtual and personal learning environments. This paper introduces concepts of e-learning and cloud computing infrastructure with their key benefits.
Mobile learning architecture using fog computing and adaptive data streamingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
With the huge development in mobile and network fields, sensor technologies and fog computing help the students for more effective learning, flexible and in and effective manner from anywhere. Using the mobile device for learn encourage the transition to mobile computing (cloud and fog computing) which is led to the ability to design customized system that help student to learn via context aware learning which can be done by set the user preference and use proper methods to show only related manner subject. The presented study works on developing a system of e-learning which has been on the basis of fog computing concepts with deep learning approaches utilized for classification to the data content for accomplishing the context aware learning and use the adaptation of video quality using special equation and the data encrypted and decrypted using 3DES algorithm to ensure the security side of the operation.
ICT in Practice Technology and Education Online Magazine Issue 8Yasemin Allsop
ICT in Practice is an online education and technology magazine. It contains articles about mobile learning, game based learning, digital literacy, computing, coding and much more. The magazine is non-profit and created by educators from around the world.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Information and communication Technology is a gateway through which large population of students has been addressed. Mobile learning technology the latest arrival highly changing the way the students learn, interact, access up to data information. It mainly satisfies the current and future generation which needs information at the earliest rather than later few touches. The World Wide Web acts as an interface in E- learning as well as in mobile learning (M-learning) environments. It supports and facilitates the delivery of teaching and learning materials. M-learning provides quality educational content with the help of semantic web technologies like Ontology. This study presents Mobile Learning framework for making efficient learning with a case study on cyber security.
Presentation made May 13, 2010 by Rob Peregoodoff (Manager, Learning Technologies Sauder School of Business) on behalf of the University of British Columbia TAB/OLT office.
Sustainable Development for Higher Education Sector using Mobile Cloud with M...ijtsrd
Mobile cloud learning, a combination of mobile learning and cloud computing, is a relatively new concept that holds considerable promise for future development and delivery in the education sectors. This paper investigates the use of a cloud computing environment to facilitate the teaching of web development at a university. A between subjects study of students in a web development course was conducted to assess the merits of a cloud computing environment instead of personal computers. A between subjects study of students in a web development course was conducted to assess the merits of a cloud computing environment instead of personal computers. . The main focus of this paper is to explore how cloud computing changes traditional mobile learning. Aye Pwint Phyu | Khaing Khaing Wai "Sustainable Development for Higher Education Sector using Mobile Cloud with Moodle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27946.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/real-time-computing/27946/sustainable-development-for-higher-education-sector-using-mobile-cloud-with-moodle/aye-pwint-phyu
Adoption of Digital Learning Technology: An Empirical Analysis of the Determi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Technology has advanced significantly from the analogue period to the digital era. Digital Learning Technology (DLT) is a learning paradigm based on the use of ubiquitous latest technologies, by using smart devices. It can be described as a learning environment that is assisted in daily life by wireless networks, mobile, and embedded computers. It aims to offer content and interaction to students wherever they are, at any time. The learning process has advanced thanks to the technology revolution, which has also fundamentally altered how knowledge is shared and learned. At present, there exist other frameworks too, but they are centered towards different paradigms, and point of view pertaining to DLT with its emphasis on Telecommunication Sector has not been taken into consideration. As, existing frameworks are centered towards different environments hence there exists a need to add dimensions of Empowered Learner, Digital Citizen, Knowledge Curator, Innovative Designer, Computational Thinker and Creator, Communicator & Global Collaborator. These have not been integrated together in existing available research. The study will ascertain level of knowledge of DLT and examined factors which affect the adoption rate, use, and role of DLT in telecoms setups. The results of this research will help create a framework that, if used in any academic or learning setting in a technology-based firm.
AN OVERVIEW OF CLOUD COMPUTING FOR E-LEARNING WITH ITS KEY BENEFITSijistjournal
Education is a necessary human virtue and essential for society because it reflects the personality of the human being in our society. The effective way of teaching gives the quality of education and advance learning such as e-learning to the learners and also a high quality of teaching to the tutors. Information Technology (IT) plays a significant role in field of education. Now days, E-learning and M-learning have become very popular trends of the education technology riot. E-Learning is the new tool related to the virtualized distance learning by means of electronic communication mechanisms, specifically the Internet to enhance the traditional learning system. An E-learning system generally needs a lot of software and hardware resources. Today, many educational institutions cannot afford such investments and environments therefore cloud computing is the finest solution. The Cloud Computing environment rises swiftly as a natural platform to provide support to e-Learning systems. Hence, this paper presents the impact on using cloud computing for e-learning which contains an innovative environment resulting from both virtual and personal learning environments. This paper introduces concepts of e-learning and cloud computing infrastructure with their key benefits.
Mobile learning architecture using fog computing and adaptive data streamingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
With the huge development in mobile and network fields, sensor technologies and fog computing help the students for more effective learning, flexible and in and effective manner from anywhere. Using the mobile device for learn encourage the transition to mobile computing (cloud and fog computing) which is led to the ability to design customized system that help student to learn via context aware learning which can be done by set the user preference and use proper methods to show only related manner subject. The presented study works on developing a system of e-learning which has been on the basis of fog computing concepts with deep learning approaches utilized for classification to the data content for accomplishing the context aware learning and use the adaptation of video quality using special equation and the data encrypted and decrypted using 3DES algorithm to ensure the security side of the operation.
Application of Mobile Computing In Tertiary Institutions: Case Study of Midla...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
EFFECT OF CLOUD BASED MOBILE LEARNING ON ENGINEERING EDUCATIONIAEME Publication
It has been accepted that Mobile Learning has provided innovative opportunities
for both teachers and students, as it produces an active learning atmosphere
anywhere and anytime. Mobile learning model can be resourcefully improvised by
adding the cloud technology into it. This paper explores the effect of cloud based
mobile learning on education competencies of engineering students. The main
intention is to test whether cloud based mobile learning has a positive effect on
student’s performance by investigating the effect of this innovative teaching system on
course outcomes. The results showed that introduction of cloud based mobile learning
in studying an engineering subject is productive and does has an positive impact on
education competencies of engineering students. The results particularly indicate that
technology underneath cloud based mobile learning can be effectively used in the
study of engineering subjects resulting in superior attainment of course outcomes.
Lifted by the Cloud is a vision of cloud-based accessibility presentation by Wayne Caswell as part of a contest sponsored by the FCC, the Coleman Institute for Cognitive Disabilities, and Raising the Floor. It’s based on the author’s 2006 presentation on BIG Broadband and Gigabit-to-the-Home.
A Review on Mobile Cloud Learning In Higher EducationIJERA Editor
Versatile cloud taking in, a blend of portable learning and distributed computing, is a moderately new idea that
holds significant guarantee for future advancement and conveyance in the instruction parts. Distributed
computing offers portable realizing some assistance with overcoming deterrents identified with versatile
processing. The principle center of this paper is to investigate how distributed computing changes conventional
versatile learning. A contextual analysis of the use of Moodle in the cloud by means of portable learning in
Khalifa University was directed.
A Secure Data Transmission Scheme using Asymmetric Semi-Homomorphic Encryptio...IJAAS Team
The compressive detecting based information accumulation accomplishes with high exactness in information recuperation from less inspection which is available in sensor nodes. In this manner, the existing methods available in the literature diminish the information gathering cost and delays the existence cycle of WSNs. In this paper, a strong achievable security model for sensor network applications was initially proposed. At that point, a secure data collection conspire was displayed based on compressive detecting, which improves the information protection by the asymmetric semi-homomorphic encryption scheme, and decreases the calculation cost by inadequate compressive grid. In this case, particularly the asymmetric mechanism decreases the trouble of mystery key circulation and administration. The proposed homomorphic encryption permits the in-arrange accumulation in cipher domain, and in this manner improves the security and accomplishes the adjustment in system stack. Further, this paper focuses on estimating various network performances such as the calculation cost and correspondence cost, which remunerates the expanding cost caused by the homomorphic encryption. A real time validation on the proposed encryption scheme using AVISPA was additionally performed and the results are satisfactory.
Lossless 4D Medical Images Compression Using Adaptive Inter Slices FilteringIJAAS Team
Recent lossless 4D medical images compression works are based on the application of techniques originated from video compression to efficiently eliminate redundancies in different dimensions of image. In this context we present a new approach of lossless 4D medical images compression which consists to application of 2D wavelet transform in spatial directions followed or not by either lifting transform or motion compensation in inter slices direction, the obtained slices are coded by 3D SPIHT. Our approach was compared with 3D SPIHT with/without motion compensation. The results show our approach offers better performance in lossless compression rate.
Coding Schemes for Implementation of Fault Tolerant Parrallel FilterIJAAS Team
Digital filters are utilized as a one of flag handling and correspondence frameworks. At times, the unwavering quality of those frameworks is basic, and blame tolerant channel executions are needed. Throughout the years, numerous systems that endeavor the channels' structure and properties to accomplish adaptation to internal failure have been proposed. As innovation scales, it empowers more unpredictable frameworks that join many channels. In those perplexing frameworks, it is regular that a portion of the channels work in parallel. A plan in view of big rectification coding has been as of late proposed to protect parallel channels. In that plan, each channel is deal with as a bit, and excess channels that go about as equality check bits are acquainted with distinguish and rectify blunders. In this short, applying coding systems to secure parallel channels is tended to in a broader manner. This decreases the assurance overhead and makes the quantity of excess channels autonomous of the quantity of parallel channels. The proposed technique is first described and then illustrated with two case studies. Finally, both the effectiveness in protecting against errors and the cost are evaluated for a field-programmable gate array implementation.
Recycling of Industrial Waste Water for the Generation of Electricity by Regu...IJAAS Team
The paper focuses on generating the renewable energy source from industrial waste water effluents. Utilizing the industrial waste water in order to generate electricity, a flow control sensor has been installed at the outlet of the tunnel which passes the waste water to the turbine. As per the need, the generation of electricity varies with respect to the flow through the use of flow control sensor. The generated electricity is then used for powering the street lights, gardening and run-way paths, during night time. The flow control sensor when integrated using IoT and cloud storage facilitates efficiency and scalability thereby providing massive utilization of energy usage.
Early Detection of High Blood Pressure and Diabetic Retinopathy on Retinal Fu...IJAAS Team
In this paper we present a lifting wavelet based CBRIR image retrieval system that uses color and texture as visual features to describe the content of a retinal fundus images. Our contribution is of three directions. First, we use lifting wavelets 9/7 for lossy and SPL5/3 for lossless to extract texture features from arbitrary shaped retinal fundus regions separated from an image to increase the system effectiveness. This process is performed offline before query processing, therefore to answer a query our system does not need to search the entire database images; instead just a number of similar class type patient images are required to be searched for image similarity. Third, to further increase the retrieval accuracy of our system, we combine the region based features extracted from image regions, with global features extracted from the whole image, which are texture using lifting wavelet and HSV color histograms. Our proposed system has the advantage of increasing the retrieval accuracy and decreasing the retrieval time. The experimental evaluation of the system is based on a db1 online retinal fundus color image database. From the experimental results, it is evident that our system performs significantly better accuracy as compared with traditional wavelet based systems. In our simulation analysis, we provide a comparison between retrieval results based on features extracted from the whole image using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet and features extracted using lossless 9/7 lifting wavelet and using traditional wavelet. The results demonstrate that each type of feature is effective for a particular type of disease of retinal fundus images according to its semantic contents, and using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet of them gives better retrieval results for almost all semantic classes and outperform 4-10% more accuracy than traditional wavelet.
Automation of DMPS Manufacturing by using LabView & PLCIJAAS Team
This Paper is to enable the Siemens (Programmable Logic Control) CPU 313- 5A to communicate with the Lab VIEW and to control the process accuracy by image processing. The communication between CPU 313-5A and Lab VIEW is via OPC (OLE for Process Control).Process Accuracy is achieved with the use of Labview Image Processing and Gray Scale matching Pattern. Accuracy in the gray scale matching will purely depend on the calibration of the camera with respect to the corresponding image. The digital output from the labview is communicated to PLC via Ethernet Protocol for the industrial process control. With the use of Labview the dead time while using the normal image vision module in PLC can be minimized. Labview uses the gray scale matching technique whi
Mobile Application Development with AndroidIJAAS Team
The Android is mobile platform. It is an open source and free operating system application, by Google it is developed and maintained. It was designed essentially for touch screen mobile devices, such as and tablet, computers, smart phones, watch television, cars etc. Android is one of the most widely used mobile OS. Android is a not only operating system but also key applications and middleware. Android is an open source operating system. It is developed by the open handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. Those are used to android studio 2.2.3 version and development the mobile application.
Data Visualization and Analysis of Engineering Educational StatisticsxIJAAS Team
Engineering, is one of the most popular fields of higher education in the modern day world. Majority of the students these days opt for engineering as a career, due to the vastness of choices provided by engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Computer Science, Civil and Biotechnology are the various disciplines and have varying strength in terms of number of students who join a particular discipline. In this research, we have gather data from various published articles about engineering education and carried out the data visualization and analysis using Tableau 9.2. The objective of the analysis is to help the students to make the decision and the choice about discipline of engineering from which particular university would be the most suitable based on the data collected and represented. Various categories of statistics such as number of graduates from a particular university in a particular discipline, and which university had the maximum number of graduates in a certain year will help the students make their decisions about their future in a more easy and a sorted manner.
Requirement Elicitation Model (REM) in the Context of Global Software Develop...IJAAS Team
Contxext:Requirement elicitation is difficult and critical phase of requirement engineering and the case is worst in global software development (GSD). The study is about requirement elicitation in the context of GSD. Objective: Development of requirement elicitation model (REM) which can address the factors that have positive impact and the factors that have negative impact during elicitation in GSD. The propose model will give solutions and practices to the challenges during elicitation. Method: Systematic literature review (SLR) and empirical research study will be used for achieving the goals and objectives. Expected outcomes: The expected results of this study will be REM that will help vendor organizations for better elicitation during GSD.
Spectral Efficient Blind Channel Estimation Technique for MIMO-OFDM Communica...IJAAS Team
With emerge of increasing research in the domain of future wireless communications, massive MIMO (multiple inputs multiple outputs) attracted most of researchers interests. Massive MIMO is high-speed wireless communication standards. A channel estimation technology plays the essential role in the MIMO systems. Efficient channel estimation leads to spectral efficient wireless communications. The critics of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) are the challenging tasks while designing the channel estimation methods. To mitigate the challenges of ISI, we proposed the novel blind channel estimation method which based on Independent component analysis (ICA) in this paper. Proposed channel estimation it works for both blind interference cancellation and ISI cancellation. The proposed Hybrid ICA (HICA) method depends on pulse shape filtering and ambiguity removal to improve the spectral efficiency and reliability for MIMO communications. The Kurtosis operation is used to measure the complex data at first to estimate the common signals. Then we exploited the advantages of 3rd and 4th order Higher Order Statistics (HOS) to priorities the common signals during the channel estimation. In this paper, we present the detailed design and evaluation of HICA blind channel estimation method. We showed the simulation results of HICA against the state-of-art techniques for channel estimation using BER, MSE, and PAPR.
An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Implementation for Key Distribution in Hybrid Me...IJAAS Team
WSN is a way of handling dangerous and hostile environments safely. It replaces human existence with nodes and units that could sustain its existence under extreme circumstances. The significance of WSN arises from the importance of the data gathered through its nodes. Due to the fact of WSN that it is open air environment, security issues must be considered, for example authentication of new units and the encryption of data transmitted between these units. This research provides a new model covering two important aspects in WSN. The first aspect is the creation of the key that will be used for the current session between a pair of nodes. In this step the research introduces the intuitionistic fuzzy sets to handle the WSN criteria simultaneously and efficiently, in order to decide the exact key length required depending on the status of the network parameters. The second aspect is the distribution of the key between the units desiring communications. This phase starts by authenticating each entity to each other and to the cluster head, then one unit suggests a key and the other one confirms. It then starts communication using that key. This phase shows the hybrid cryptography applied in which the algorithm uses asymmetric encryption for authentication then uses symmetric encryption to secure the connection between the two units. Experimental results in this research could categorized also into two classes. The first class is key size model in which the proposed model compared to ordinary KNN and fuzzy model related to the determination of the key size. The proposed model shows an overall efficient way relating to decide the key size. The second class of experiments is to distribute the intermediate key efficiently; at this point the proposed model shows resilience and efficiency compared to distributing the key directly through cluster head.
Angular Symmetric Axis Constellation Model for Off-line Odia Handwritten Char...IJAAS Team
Optical character recognition is one of the emerging research topics in the field of image processing, and it has extensive area of application in pattern recognition. Odia handwritten script is the most research concern area because it has eldest and most likable language in the state of odisha, India. Odia character is a usually handwritten, which was generally occupied by scanner into machine readable form. In this regard several recognition technique have been evolved for variance kind of languages but writing pattern of odia character is just like as curve appearance; Hence it is more difficult for recognition. In this article we have presented the novel approach for Odia character recognition based on the different angle based symmetric axis feature extraction technique which gives high accuracy of recognition pattern. This empirical model generates a unique angle based boundary points on every skeletonised character images. These points are interconnected with each other in order to extract row and column symmetry axis. We extracted feature matrix having mean distance of row, mean angle of row, mean distance of column and mean angle of column from centre of the image to midpoint of the symmetric axis respectively. The system uses a 10 fold validation to the random forest (RF) classifier and SVM for feature matrix. We have considered the standard database on 200 images having each of 47 Odia character and 10 Odia numeric for simulation. As we have noted outcome of simulation of SVM and RF yields 96.3% and 98.2% accuracy rate on NIT Rourkela Odia character database and 88.9% and 93.6% from ISI Kolkata Odia numerical database.
Energy and Load Aware Routing Protocol for Internet of ThingsIJAAS Team
Maximizing the network lifetime is one of the major challenges in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Routing plays a vital role in it by minimizing the energy consumption across the networks through the efficient route selection for data transfer. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a IETF standardized IPv6 routing protocol for LLN. In this paper, we propose Energy and Load aware RPL (EL-RPL) protocol, which is an enhancement of RPL protocol. It uses a composite metric, calculated based on expected transmission count (ETX), Load and battery depletion index (BDI), for the route, selection. The COOJA simulator is used for performance evaluation. EL-RPL is compared with other similar protocols RER(BDI) RPL and fuzzy logic based RPL (OF-FL RPL). The simulation result shows that the EL-RPL improves the network lifetime by 8- 12% and packet delivery ratio 2-4%.
Analysis and Implementation of Unipolar PWM Strategies for Three Phase Cascad...IJAAS Team
This paper presents unipolar pulse width modulation technique with sinusoidal sampling pulse width modulation are analyzed for three-phase five-level, seven-level, nine-level and eleven-level cascaded multi-level inverter. The unipolar PWM method offers a good opportunity for the realization of the Three-phase inverter control, it is better to use the unipolar PWM method with single carrier wave compared to two reference waves. In such case the motor harmonic losses will be considerably lower.The necessary calculations for generation of unipolar pulse width modulation strategies have presented in detail. The unipolar SPWM voltage switching scheme is selected in this paper because this method offers the advantages of effectively doubling the switching frequency of the inverter voltage. The cascaded multi level inverter fed induction motor is simulated and compared the total harmonic distroction for all level (five-level, seven-level, nine-level and elevel-level)of the inverter. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Design of an IOT based Online Monitoring Digital StethoscopeIJAAS Team
Acoustic stethoscopes have low sound levels. Digital stethoscope overcomes this issue by amplifying body sounds electronically. As the sound signals are transmitted electronically, it can be wireless and can provide noise reduction. Acoustic stethoscope can be changed into a digital stethoscope by inserting an electric capacity microphone onto its head. Heart sounds received from the microphone are processed, sampled and sound signals are converted analog to digital and sent wirelessly using the Internet of Things(IOT) techniques, so that multiple doctors can do auscultation and monitor conditions of the patient.
Development of Russian Driverless Electric VehicleIJAAS Team
This article overviews the history of development of driverless vehicles both in Russia and the World. Foreign experience of development of driverless vehicles, including electric traction, is analyzed. Main stages of creation of experimental NAMI driverless electric vehicle are revised. Main engineering solutions are described concerning development of advanced NAMI driverless electric vehicle, its major components and control systems. Projects aimed at environmental safety of passengers in NAMI driverless electric vehicle are exemplified. Results of bench scale and running tests of NAMI driverless electric vehicle are summarized. Major advantages of driverless energy efficient and environmentally clean transport are demonstrated.
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
In the deregulated market environment as generation, transmission and distribution are separate entities; reactive power flow in transmission lines is a question of great importance. Due to inductive load characteristic, reactive power is inherently flowing in transmission line. Hence under restructured market this reactive power allocation is necessary. In this work authors presents a power flow tracing based allocation method for reactive power to loads. MVAr-mile method is used for allocation of reactive power cost. A sample 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus system is used for showing the feasibility of developed method.
Depth Estimation from Defocused Images: a SurveyIJAAS Team
An important step in 3D data generation is the generation of depth map. Depth map is a black and white image which has exactly the same size of the original captured 2D image that indicates the relative distance of each pixel from the observer to the objects in the real world. This paper presents a survey of Depth Perception from Defocused or blurs images as well as image from motion. The change of distance of the object from the camera has direct relation with the amount of blurring of object in the image. The amount of blurring will be calculated with a comparison in front of the camera directly and can be seen with the changes at gray level around the edges of objects.
CP-NR Distributed Range Free Localization Algorithm in WSNIJAAS Team
Advancements in wireless communication technology have empowered the researchers to develop large scale wireless networks with huge number of sensor nodes. In these networks localization is very active field of research. Localization is a way to determine the physical position of sensor nodes which is useful in many aspects such as to find the origin of events, routing and network coverage. Locating nodes with GPS systems is expensive, power consuming and not applicable to indoor environments. Localization in three dimensional space and accuracy of the estimated location are two factors of major concern. In this paper, a new three dimensional Distributed range-free algorithm which is known as CP-NR is proposed. This algorithm has high localization accuracy and resolved the problem of existing NR algorithm. CP-NR (Coplanar and Projected Node Reproduction) algorithm makes use of co-planarity and projection of point on plane concepts to reduce the localization error. Results have shown that CP-NR algorithm is superior to NR algorithm and comparison is done for the localization accuracy with respect to variations in range, anchor density and node density.
Study and Optimization of a Renewable System of Small Power GenerationIJAAS Team
In this paper, a study was conducted on the sustainable development of solar and wind energy sources. The approach adopted is to exploit the two renewable resources by arriving to determine optimal configurations of photovoltaic and / or wind energy system with storage to provide electricity to a self-contained residential apartment located in the city of Tlemcen , in Algeria. The Tlemcen site showed a more favourable trend to use the photovoltaic system alone on the hybrid PV / wind system because of the low wind speeds of this site. The calculation method used is based on the monthly averages for ten consecutive years, data collected by the Tlemcen Zenâta weather station in order to have a better reliability analysis of an electric power generation system. In addition, the methods used in this study can be used to determine the optimal size of the most economical hybrid system that corresponds to any site in the world and for any requested load.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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takes advantage of learning opportunities offered by portable technologies. In other words, mobile learning
decreases limitation of learning location with the mobility of general portable devices.
The term covers: learning with portable technologies, where the focus is on the technology (which
could be in a fixed location, such as a classroom); learning across contexts, where the focus is on the mobility
of the learner, interacting with portable or fixed technology; and learning in a mobile society, with a focus on
how society and its institutions can accommodate and support the learning of an increasingly mobile
population that is not satisfied with existing learning methodologies.
M-learning is convenient, in the sense that it is accessible virtually from anywhere(class, taxi,
laundry room, bathroom) which provides access to all the different learning materials available. Moreover, it
is collaborative; that is sharing is almost instantly among everyone using the same content, which will in turn
also lead to receiving instant feedback and tips. M-Learning also brings strong portability by replacing books
and notes with small RAMs, filled with tailored learning contents. In addition, this kind of learning is
engaging and fun. With this kind of learning, it is much easier to combine gaming and learning for a more
effective and entertaining experience [3].
Access : How widely available is the wireless network that will distribute the mobile content?
Richness : Do pages load quickly? Do animations play in a smooth and seamless manner? Does the
streaming media (media that is consumed-read, heard, viewed-while it is being delivered)
flow at a sufficiently rapid rate?
Efficiency : How large is the client that will be required to make use of a particular media player?
How fast will the application load and play?
Flexibility : Will the application be viewable on a variety of devices? Can content designed for use
with one kind of device or operating system be played on other devices with some
expectation of comparable quality?
Security : Is the interactive mobile device protected from worms and viruses? Is the shared content
protected from being intercepted by unintended recipients?
Reliability : Will content be displayed in a consistent manner, regardless of the browser, device, and
screen size?
Interactivity : Does the application allow users to interact freely with the display and the content[4].
Through the use of mobile learning, user can access learning content without any borders
so that it can be accessed at any time so that it can be accessed at any time with interesting
illustration[5].
3. MOBILE HARDWARE
Various types of derivative information have been increasing exponentially, based on mobile
devices and social networking sites, and the information technologies utilizing them have also been
developing rapidly. Technologies to classify and analyze such information are as important as data
generation [6]. Caudill said the first device that comes to mind when mobile hardware is discussed is the
PDA. These devices offer many of the features of a full-size laptop computer but in a package that fits in a
pocket. As discussed, mobility is a primary component of m-Learning hardware, and few devices offer the
combination of mobility and features that the PDA does.
From the start, the PDA experience lends itself to being ideal for the m-Learning environment.
Whether a Palm or PocketPC operating system, a PDA will start up almost instantly, as opposed to the boot
process that is required for a larger computer. This advantage by itself is a significant one; if a learner wants
to check e-mail or reply to a message board while in between appointments, the time spent booting up and
shutting down a traditional computer platform is a very real deterrent, the PDA interface eliminates that
wasted time.
Once the PDA is active, it provides a wide variety of applications that in the past were not available
on mobile devices. Andronico and colleagues 2003, investigate three areas of applications using PDAs in the
m-Learning environment:
The use of PDA as an enhanced organizer, by uploading/ downloading data with the central system
in order to align periodically or on demand the agenda of the user (teacher, student, or other actors
of the system) with all the academic appointments. This will imply the integration of the data
schema of the agenda software of the portable device with the data coming from the central system.
The browsing of newsgroups managed by the central Learning management system (LMS) on the
PDA screen, in case the user has no keyboard attached to the portable device, or the full interaction
with the newsgroup in the other case.
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The browsing of the LMS web pages where it is possible to download the educational material and
consult it with specific viewers (at the moment those related with the Office suite and with Acrobat
PDF format [1].
a. First, producers of hardware and operating systems often minimise costs and maximise effect through
product development partnerships
b. Second, demand from consumers and businesses is the influence on the type of product being
developed, with the common requests being: easier to use, smaller, faster, smarter, and greater security.
This has resulted in advancements such as multiple security layers, Bluetooth, car and business kits,
hands free and infrared/ data cables. When asked about the future applications or capabilities that are
planned for existing products, the response was: ‘smaller, faster, better, cheaper, and more wireless
technology to send bigger files faster.’
What percentage of mobile technologies are purchased for business purposes and what percentage is
purchased for consumer use? The following quote tells the story:
There is such a cross-over between personal and business use we’re unable to tell them apart. Higher
end products (i.e., Bluetooth or wireless, products with extra security, or products containing
enterprise solutions) are marketed only to business clients, but the simplest phone can be used for
business as well as personal purposes
Much is made of the potential of m-Learning, but what is actually happening from a developer perspective?
The two following quotes illustrate the developers' insights:
a. A flash-based mobile interface is now being produced for m-Learning, so that animated material can be
used on mobile phones; the technology is now moving quickly to respond to the increasing speed of m-
Learning uptake
b. As an add-on to other modes of deliver, m-Learning will increase. But it won’t replace other forms of e-
education because screens are too small and hard to read, and if you make them bigger, the device isn’t
as mobile. m-Learning is most useful when it’s in a mobile, field environment[7].
Traxler turned our attention to some categories of mobile learning that are emerging,he listed the following:
a. Technology-driven mobile learning – Some specific technological innovation is deployed in an
academic setting to demonstrate technical feasibility and pedagogic possibility
b. Miniature but portable e-Learning – Mobile, wireless, and handheld technologies are used to re-enact
approaches and solutions already used in 'conventional' e-Learning, perhaps porting some e-Learning
technology such as a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) to these technologies or perhaps merely
using mobile technologies as flexible replacements for static desktop technologies
c. Connected classroom learning – The same technologies are used in classroom settings to support
collaborative learning, perhaps connected to other classroom technologies such as interactive
whiteboards
d. Informal, personalised, situated mobile learning – The same technologies are enhanced with additional
functionality, for example location-awareness or video-capture, and deployed to deliver educational
experiences that would otherwise be difficult or impossible
e. Mobile training/ performance support – The technologies are used to improve the productivity and
efficiency of mobile workers by delivering information and support just-in-time and in context for their
immediate priorities (for an early account, see Gayeski, 2002)
f. Remote/ rural/ development mobile learning – The technologies are used to address environmental and
infrastructural challenges to delivering and supporting education where 'conventional' e-Learning
technologies would fail, often troubling accepted developmental or evolutionary paradigms
Mobile distance learning could fall into any of these categories (with the exception of the 'connected
classroom learning'); how it develops will depend in part on the affordances of any given situation. These
affordances might include:
a. Infrastructure, meaning power supply, postal services, Internet connectivity, etc.
b. Sparsity, giving rise to infrequent face-to-face contact, lack of technical support, etc.
c. The wider policy agenda including lifelong learning, inclusion (of rural areas for example), assistivity,
participation, and access
d. Mobile distance learning within a framework of blended distance learning and the affordances of other
delivery and support mechanism [8].
4. MOBILE NETWORKING
Caudill noticed that the most prevalent and most widely recognized mobile networking technology
is the IEEE 802.11 specification, commonly called Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi works by using a series of access points,
which are transmitter/ receiver stations that wireless devices can connect to via their own Wi-Fi networking
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card. Initially seen as external cards that were used in a Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association (PCMCIA) slot on laptops, Wi-Fi networking devices are now being integrated into standard-
size PDAs and even smaller platforms such as mobile gaming devices. If a mobile device does not have a
built-in Wi-Fi card there are a wide variety of add-on cards available, some small enough to fit into the SD
slots on handheld devices. Thus, many devices not originally configured to access wireless networks can be
converted to do so.he aso said: at 11 Megabits per second (Mbps), and 802.11g (g), which transmits at 54
Mbps. Both of these common standards are interoperable, There are two widely used standards, 802.11b (b),
which transmits meaning that a g device can operate at a slower speed on a b network, and a b device can
access a g network. Most devices today that include built-in Wi-Fi connectivity are using either the g or b
standard, as are most publicly accessible Wi-Fi access points, which are referred to as hotspots[1].
5. DISCUSSION
The distance learning is an instruction system which has various and independent instruction
environment, customized lecture design, method and techniques. Distance learning has been improving from
letter learning to mobile learning [9]. Because of its high mobility and spontaneity, m-learning offers learners
access to learning objects and resources that are distributed around us. In the ‘anytime, anywhere, learning
area. what really matters is whether learners can access the right resources at the right time in the right place.
Learners should be able to interact with the learning objects both in the real world and in the virtual world.
Apart from that, the ultimate goal of m-learning is to enable mobile devices to offer individualized guidance
and support during the learning process, and replace the one-size-fits-all receptive style of learning. It enables
students to walk out of the classroom and actively explore their learning environment to gain more
experience in collaboration and problem solving [10].
Traxler argued that mobile education, however innovative, technically feasible, and pedagogically
sound, may have no chance of sustained, wide-scale institutional deployment in higher education in the
foreseeable future, at a distance or on site. This is because of the strategic factors at work within educational
institutions and providers. These strategic factors are different from those of technology and pedagogy. They
are the context and the environment for the technical and the pedagogic aspects. They include resources (that
is, finance and money but also human resources, physical estates, institutional reputation, intellectual
property, and expertise) and culture (that is, institutions as social organisations, their practices, values and
procedures, but also the expectations and standards of their staff, students and their wider communities,
including employers and professional bodies).
Implementing wireless and mobile education within higher education must address these social,
cultural, and organisational factors. They can be formal and explicit, or informal and tacit, and can vary
enormously across and within institutions. Within institutions, different disciplines have their own specific
cultures and concerns, often strongly influenced by professional practice in the 'outside world' – especially in
the case of part-time provision and distance learning. Because most work in mobile learning is still in the
pilot and/ or trial phase, any explorations of wider institutional issues are still tentative [11].
Peters in alsaadat asked Is the promise of mobile technologies as a trigger to generate learning cultures
realistic? And is m-Learning any more likely to increase interest in learning than any other form of delivery?
Articles about the link between mobile technologies and learning organisations appear to fall into three
categories:
1. A database focus that captures organisational knowledge
2. A human systems focus that allows synchronous communication and information sharing at the worksite
3. A learning development focus that suggests that learning about new technologies generates a more
general drive for learning
The database focus has, to a large degree, become the accepted wisdom in organisations that use
structured processes to collect, codify, and manage knowledge. Mobile technologies have the potential to
collect a greater range and percentage of data, through recording of activity on the device (and subsequent
analysis of the patterns of access to specific information or information sources) and through the reduction of
paper-based records as electronic systems replace paper in the field.
Peters thinks that the capacity of mobile technology to deliver synchronous communication and
knowledge-sharing can provide benefits to human (or soft) systems. Evidence of these benefits has been
reported by Ragus 2004, who found that m-Learning encouraged simultaneous personal development, such
as networking and socialisation, outside of normal working groups – an unexpected, and positive result of the
m-Learning trials [12].
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6. CONCLUSION
Mobile technology, both hardware and networking applications, is a necessary component for the
existence of m-Learning. As instructors and designers, practitioners of m-Learning need to be fluent in the
use of these technologies and cognizant of what technologies their learner population has access to.
Application of specific pedagogical theories is directly connected to the technologies in use in a m-Learning
system and as such, design of m-Learning environments demands a systems approach, where development
accounts for all aspects of the environment. As technology continues to improve and innovate the options
open to m-Learning will expand; the key is to focus on the fact that the goal of m-Learning is to facilitate
learning, no matter what form the delivery may take [1].
REFERENCES
[1] Caudil,Jason g,2007."The growth of m learning and the growth of mobile computing":paralle development”
[2] Exellence gateway.org.uk
[3] Wikipedia (reference:http://www.grayharriman.com/mlearning.htm)
[4] Wagner ellen D.2005,"enabling mobile learning" ,Educause review,V40,N3,pp40-53.
[5] Setiawan, alexsander. hanreas handojo.hadi,renadra , "indonisian culture learning application based on
android",2017, international journal of electrical and computer engineering, vol 7,No 1, 2017
[6] Jung se hoon.chan kim,jong.bo sim chun,"prediction data processing scheme using on artificial network and data
clustering for big data", international journal of electrical and computer engineering, Vol 6,No 1,2016.
[7] Peters,2007."M learning:positioning educators for a mobile,connected future", the international review of research
in open and distance learning,VOL8,NO2.
[8] Traxler,2007,"Defining,Discussing and Evaluating mobile learning : the moving finger writes" ,the international
review of research in open and distance learning.VOL8,NO2.
[9] Soykan,emran,"the review of puplished articles on mobile learning area in Ebesco data base",procedia social and
behavioral science,Vol 182,2015
[10] Shin,ju ling . chun chu ,hui,hawang ,gwo gen.kinshuk,"an investigation of attitudes of students and teachers about
participating in a context aware ubiquitous learning activity",British journal of educational technology ,Vol 42 ,No
3,2011.
[11] Alsaadat,khalil, "m learning and college education",European journal of education studies, Vol 3, Issue 5 ,2017.
[12] Alsaadat,khalil,"the importance of m learning in the educational arena",European journal of open education and e
learning studies,Vol 2, Issue 1 ,2017.