Academic writing is characterized by being formal, structured, and backed by evidence. It uses precise language and focuses on informing the reader through logical arguments rather than entertaining. Some key features of academic writing are that it is planned, answers the questions directly, supports opinions with evidence from research, uses an objective tone without personal references, and makes relationships between ideas and evidence explicit for the reader. Academic writing adheres to the conventions of specific disciplines.

1. ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES

11. Academic Writing
• Academic writing is clear, concise, focused, structured and backed up
by evidence. Its purpose is to aid the reader’s understanding.
• It has a formal tone and style, but it is not complex and does not
require the use of long sentences and complicated vocabulary.
• Each subject discipline will have certain writing conventions,
vocabulary and types of discourse that you will become familiar with
over the course of your degree. However, there are some general
characteristics of academic writing that are relevant across all
disciplines.

12. NATURE OF ACADEMIC WRITING
• Academic text/writing - An academic text is a kind of text
that is commonly characterized with being formal, studied,
researched, objective, exact, direct, and has the ability to
influence its readers.
• Moreover, an academic text is written with precise
organization in order to help its readers to have a basic
understanding of what the author’s arguments are that
include the writer’s insights.

13. Characteristics of
Academic Writing

14. Planned and focused
Answers the question and demonstrates an
understanding of the subject.

15. Evidenced
Demonstrates knowledge of the subject area,
supports opinions and arguments with evidence, and
is referenced accurately.

16. Structured
Is coherent, written in a logical order, and brings
together related points and material.

17. Formal in Tone and Style
Uses appropriate language and tenses, and is
clear, concise and balanced.

19. Academic writing in English is linear, which means it has one central
point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of
argument, without digressions or repetitions. Its objective is to
inform rather than entertain. As well as this it is in the standard
written form of the language. There are ten main features of
academic writing that are often discussed.

20. Complexity
Written language is relatively more complex than
spoken language. Written language has longer words, it
is lexically more dense and it has a more varied
vocabulary. It uses more noun-based phrases than
verb-based phrases. Written texts are shorter and the
language has more grammatical complexity, including
more subordinate clauses and more passives.

21. Formality
Academic writing is relatively formal. In
general this means that in an essay you
should avoid colloquial words and
expressions.

23. Precision
In academic writing, facts and
figures are given precisely.

24. Objectivity
Written language is in general objective rather than personal.
It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the
reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the
information that you want to give and the arguments you
want to make, rather than you. For that reason, academic
writing tends to use nouns (and adjectives), rather than verbs
(and adverbs)

25. Explicitness
Academic writing is explicit about the
relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is
the responsibility of the writer in English to
make it clear to the reader how the various
parts of the text are related. These
connections can be made explicit by the use
of different signaling words.

26. Accuracy
Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately.
Most subjects have words with narrow
specific meanings. Linguistics distinguishes
clearly between "phonetics" and
"phonemics"; general English does not.

27. Hedging
In any kind of academic writing you do, it is necessary
to make decisions about your stance on a particular
subject, or the strength of the claims you are making.
Different subjects prefer to do this in different ways.
A technique common in certain kinds of academic
writing is known by linguists as a ‘hedge’.

28. Responsibility
In academic writing you must be responsible
for, and must be able to provide evidence
and justification for, any claims you make.
You are also responsible for demonstrating
an understanding of any source texts you
use.

29. Organization
Academic writing is well organized. It flows
easily from one section to the next in a
logical fashion. A good place to start is the
genre of your text. Once you have decided
on the genre, the structure is easily
determined.

30. Planning
Academic writing is well planned. It usually
takes place after research and evaluation,
according to a specific purpose and plan.