This document provides an overview of different patterns of written texts including comparison-contrast, classification, definition, description, and narration. It defines each pattern and provides examples. Comparison-contrast identifies similarities and differences between two or more subjects. Classification groups items into categories or types. Definition explains the nature and limitations of a concept. Description uses vivid details and sensory language to convey information about appearances or characteristics. Narration tells a story, whether real or fictional, through elements like characters and plot. The document is intended to help readers understand and evaluate different text structures.

1. READING &
WRITING 11
MODULE 1

2. Patterns and Properties of
Written Texts
After going through this module, you are expected to:
 Compare and contrast patterns of written texts
across disciplines;
 Evaluate a written text based on its properties
(organization, coherence and cohesion, language
use and mechanics)

4. Writing
Writing is the process of choosing the
appropriate letters, characters, and symbols to
be written in a paper or encoded in a
computer. It is a skill that you should hone in
order to express ideas, concepts, or feelings in
a nonverbal way.

5. Reading
Reading is an act of decoding the letters,
characters, or symbols that were written,
posted, or published. It is a skill that involves
critical thinking in order to fully understand the
texts or symbols read. It is reading that plays a
significant role in your learning because it
directs you to the path of infinite potentials to
gain information, to learn new skills, to grasp
reality, to explore the world, to unveil the truths,
and to discover greatest treasures in life.

6. The eight patterns of development are:
Cause-Effect
1. Classification
2. Comparison-Contrast
3. Definition
4. Description
5. Narration
6. Persuasion
7. Problem-Solution

7. Cause-Effect
Think of the time when you were
supposed to meet someone early in the
morning but because you slept late at night,
you overslept and failed to meet the person at
the agreed time.

8. A cause and effect present why
something happens, what causes it, what are
the effects, and how it is related to something
else.
It is a relationship between an action and
a reaction where an action if taken, would
result in a reaction. The cause is a reason for
an action or condition that brings an effect
while the effect is something that follows an
antecedent (such as a cause or agent).
A cause of, because of, for, due to, as, and since
are cue words to signify a cause. On the other hand,
some expressions that signify effect are, therefore,
consequently, so, so that, thus, the explanation for,
and accordingly.

9. •., “Mario arrived late because traffic
held him up." The pronoun him refers
to and takes its meaning from Mario,
so Mario is the antecedent of him.

10. •Ex. KIDS WHO ARE BULLIED
Kids who are bullied can experience negative physical, social,
emotional, academic, and mental health issues. Kids who are
bullied are more likely to experience:
• Depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness,
changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities
they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood.
• Health complaints
• Decreased academic achievement—GPA and standardized test
scores—and school participation. They are more likely to miss, skip, or
drop out of school.

11. •A very small number of bullied children might
retaliate through extremely violent measures.
• In 12 of 15 school shooting cases in the 1990s,
the shooters had a history of being bullied.

12. Classification
A classification pattern of written text
groups or classifies items or things into their
parts, types, kinds, or categories.
The signal words to indicate that the
classification pattern of written text is used are a
part of, a kind of, a group of, a way of, a class of, an
example of, divided into, and comprised of.

13. Example:
Types of Bullying
There are three types of bullying:
Verbal bullying is saying or writing mean things. Verbal
bullying includes:
• Teasing
• Name -calling
• Inappropriate sexual comments
• Taunting
• Threatening to cause harm
Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational
bullying, involves hurting someone’s reputation or
relationships. Social bullying includes:
• Leaving someone out on purpose
• Telling other children not to be friends with someone
• Spreading rumors about someone
• Embarrassin g someone in public
Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or
possessions. Physical bullying includes:
• Hitting/kicking/pinching
• Spitting
• Tripping/pushing
• Taking or breaking someone’s things
• Making mean or rude hand gestures
Source: https://www.stopbullying.gov/bullying /
what - is - bullying

14. Comparison and Contrast
Have you ever tried comparing yourself to others? What
were your points of comparison?
Was it the physique of a person? complexion?
performance? intelligence? confidence? attitude?
character? beliefs? What were the bases of your
judgment?
More often than not, we do compare and contrast things
or persons. From the most mundane daily activity we do
like buying food products (choosing which tastes better)
and to the most extraordinary work like managing the
business (deciding a win-win situation).

15. Comparison involves the identification of similarities of
at least two things, ideas, concepts, or persons being
compared while Contrast encompasses the
identification of differences between or among two
subjects or topics.
To help you in making a comparison and contrast,
signal words such as similarly, in like manner, and in
the same way present similarities or comparison while
expressions like on the contrary, the opposite, compared
to, in contrast, although, unless, however, signify
differences or contrast.

16. Example:
•ONLINE VS. CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION (AN EXCERPT) BY
KORI MORGAN
•
•...As universities make greater use of Internet resources, online
classes have continued to grow in popularity and effectiveness.
Online courses let students learn at their own pace, accomplish
assignments on their schedules, and acquire the same knowledge
as they would in a traditional, classroom-based course. Just like
traditional classes, online instructors use discussion,
assignments, and community to educate students. However, their
means of execution for these tools are quite different.

17. DEFINITION
• When you are reading an article, there are instances
that you encounter hifalutin or difficult words.
•Context clues are hints given by the author in
a written text to help the reader grasp the
meaning of the unfamiliar or unusual word.

18. Understanding the meaning of words sometimes
needs shrewdness because our language
continuously changes as days, months, or years
passed by. It has always been taught to us that
language is dynamic. A meaning of a word may
differ on people depending on their cultures, beliefs,
traditions, and geographic locations. This proves
that our language is dynamic so is the definition of
words in an article or text. This is the reason why
definition text enables us to better understand
concepts, things, and ideas.
•

19. Definition text explains what something
is in comparison to other members of its
class, along with any limitations. It
explains the nature of something and
moves beyond a dictionary definition to
deeply examine the word, idea, or
concept as we use and understand it. It
expounds the word, concept, or idea so
that the reader .

20. In dealing with definition as a pattern of
written text, you will always encounter
denotation and connotation.
Denotation is the literal meaning of a word
which means that consulting the dictionary
is the best way for it
while Connotation is the feeling or idea that
the word suggests to its literal meaning. It is
an expression of how one perceives a word
based on his/her background or experiences.

21. Example:
There is no insurmountable barrier to this desire to
be free. No dictator’s lash, no tyrant’s sword can halt
this striving for it is man’s pre-determined purpose,
entwined with every fiber in his being, a programmed
culmination, the butterfly emerging from the cocoon, the
sperm and the ovum becoming and the river flowing to
the sea to become the sweet air we breathe.
But take care for this freedom is also very fragile
and needs constant nurturing. It lives only in the heart
where it is often neglected or abused. If it dies there, no
power on earth can ever ever bring it back to life.

22. DESCRIPTION
If a stranger would approach and ask you
for a direction in your place, how would you
help the stranger to reach his destination
without the dilemma of getting lost? You
would probably consider describing famous
landmarks, when to turn left or right, or what
would be the possible mode of transportation
to get there.

23. Description as a pattern of written
texts refers to identifying concrete
details about appearances,
characteristics, and actions.
•Adjectives and adverbs are abundant in descriptive texts.
Adjectives are used to denote quality, to indicate quantity
or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from something
else, and
•Adverbs used to modify verb, adjectives, or another
adverb can be used to signal description.
•

24. Example:
How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife
•(An Excerpt) By Manuel E. Arguilla
She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate grace.
She was lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother with a smile, and her
forehead was on a level with his mouth.
You are Baldo," she said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder. Her
nails were long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a morning when
papayas are in bloom. And a small dimple appeared momently high on her right
cheek. "And this is Labang of whom I have heard so much." She held the wrist of
one hand with the other and looked at Labang, and Labang never stopped chewing
his cud. He swallowed and brought up to his mouth more cud and the sound of his
insides was like a drum. I laid a hand on Labang's massive neck and said to her:
"You may scratch his forehead now."
She hesitated and I saw that her eyes were on the long, curving horns. But
she came and touched Labang's forehead with her long fingers, and Labang never
stopped chewing his cud except that his big eyes half closed. And by and by she
was scratching his forehead very daintily.

25. NARRATION
deals with stories.
When you write a narrative, you are
expected to tell a story, whether it is real or
imaginary. You use your creativity and
imagination on how are you going to bring
your characters to life in the minds of your
readers.

26. ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE WRITING
1. 1. Characters 5. Theme
2. 2. Setting 6. Tone
3. 3. Plot 7. Style
4. 4. Point of View 8. Conflict

27. PERSUASION
• is a literary technique that writers use to present
their ideas through reason and logic, to influence
the audience. Persuasion may simply use an
argument to persuade the readers, or sometimes
may persuade readers to perform a certain action.
Simply, it is an art of effective speaking and writing
in which writers make their opinions believable to
the audience through logic, by invoking emotions,
and by proving their credibility.

28. Types of Persuasion
1. Ethos - It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method of
persuasion, writers or speakers convince their audience of their goodwill
and present themselves as trustworthy. To determine whether a writer
is credible or not, the audience needs to understand his intention and
his strong understanding of the subject.
Logos comes from logic, therefore writers use logic, reasoning, and
rationality to convince audiences of their perspectives.
Pathos - The third method is pathos, which invokes and appeals to the
emotions of the audience. This is contrary to logos, as it presents
arguments without using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider love,
fear, empathy, and anger as strong factors to influence the emotions of
their audiences.

29. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
• Your mother assigned you to be in-charge of the birthday party of
your sibling because she had an important errand that she has to
attend to. This posed a problem to you because it would be the first
time that you would host a party. What are the things that you would
do? Probably, the things that you would do would be: go out to buy
food for your guests and prepare other things needed to make your
guests feel at ease while in the comfort of your home.
• Before going out, you would probably count how many are your
expected guests and list the things you would buy to determine your
budget. When you’re at the supermarket, you would possibly compare
the prices of different brands of food products or things you would
buy to weigh which item is affordable yet it wouldn’t compromise the
quality.

30. One of the patterns of development in writing is a
problem-solution. A problem-solution text starts
with a negative situation (a problem) and ends with a
positive situation (a solution). They are in some ways
similar to cause-effect in terms of structure.

31. • Problem-Solution consists of four key components: a
situation, a problem, a solution, and an evaluation.
• Situation: Identify the problem and explain why it is a problem and who
should be responsible for it.
• Problem: Explain the problem clearly.
• Solution: Cite concrete solutions to the problem. Explain why it should
be considered and why it is the best solution to the problem. You may
also present series of steps or actions to be followed.
• Evaluation: It is a part of the conclusion in which you have to highlight
the problem and the value of your solution. Some key expressions that
indicate a problem-solution text are: the problem/dilemma is, if/then, so
that, solves, an answer to, and addresses the problem of.