This document provides an overview of different patterns of development that can be used when writing, including narration, definition, description, comparison/contrast, sequence, cause and effect, and problem and solution. It discusses each pattern and provides examples. The document concludes with an activity asking students to identify causes and effects, and an assignment to write a paragraph using one of the discussed patterns.

1. WELCOME TO
TEACHER
JEANINNE’S ONLINE
CLASS

2. Before we start the discussion, it is right to feel the presence of
the Lord.

3. MODULE 1: LESSON 2
READING AND WRITING SKILLS

4. Patterns of Development in
Writing

5. Why do you write?
 There are four purposes writers use for writing:
a. to express themselves
b. inform their reader
c. to persuade a reader
d. or to create a literary work

6.  Your purpose suggests a method of organization or logical arrangement
known as the pattern of development.
 It could be a way of logically organizing the whole text or a just an individual
paragraph.

7. There are different patterns by which ideas are
developed
 1. Narration – refers to a sequential telling of a story or recounting
of a series of events
-- means the art of storytelling
Example:
• Any time you tell a story to a friend or family member about an
event or incident in your day, you engage in a form of narration. In
addition, a narrative can be factual or fictional.

8. There are different patterns by which ideas are developed
 2. Definition - Explains an idea, term or phrase using distinguishing
characteristics or synonyms.
- It is used to set working generalizations that help control
the meaning and scope of important terms or ideas
(Perelman, et al., n.d.)
Signal words often used for definition are:
•is defined as
•means
•is described as
•is called
•refers to
•term or concept

9. Denotation- the DICTIONARY definition; the literal
meaning of the word
Connotation - the positive or negative emotions
associated with the word;
- how the word makes you feel

10. Let’s try
1. Palace
Denotation: Palace (noun)- the official residence of a sovereign, archbishop, bishop, or other exalted person.
Connotation:
Royal Family,
Wealth,
Power,
Influence
2. Community
Denotation: Community (noun)- a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic
in common.
Connotation:
Brotherhood,
Unity,
Companionship,
Cleanliness,
Gossip

11. 3. Description – similar with narration for having many specific details, description “emphasizes
the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels.
Description is often used to establish a mood or atmosphere” (Bedford, Freeman and Worth,
2019, p.2).

12.  Description is not what you saw, but what readers need to see in order to imagine the
scene, person, object, etc.
 Description requires you to record a series of detailed observations. Be especially careful to
make real observations. The success of a description lies in the difference between what a
reader can imagine and what you actually saw and recorded; from that gap arises a spark of
engagement.
 Use sensory language. Go light on adjectives and adverbs. Look for ways to describe action.
Pay special attention to the sound and rhythm of words; use these when you can.
 Think that your language is not so much describing a thing as describing a frame around
the thing–a frame so vivid that your reader can pour his or her imagination into it and “see”
the thing–even though you never showed it.

13. 4. Comparison and contrast – compares two things to highlight their subtle similarities and
differences. The author's intent is to describe a connection between two things by showing their
distinguishing and shared attributes (Bohaty, 2015).
Transitional expressions used in comparison:
•in the same way each of too
•and, also, in addition just as…so the same
•as well as similarly
•both, neither like
Transitional expressions used in contrast:
• Although however in contrast unlike
•Whereas conversely while
•But on the other hand yet

14. Life now and life five years ago
 My life now and my life five years ago are similar but there are also some major differences. Five
years ago,I was living in Havre and going to high school. I didn’t have to work because my parents
supported me. I went to school everyday and spent time with my friends. I babysat my nieces
everyday after school because both of my parents were working at the time. I had the responsibility
of feeding them and making sure nothing happened to them while I was watching them. I didn’t
really have any major goals five years ago. I wasn’t really thinking about my future quite yet. On the
other hand, now I live in Great Falls and I’m not in high school anymore. I have to work now in order
to support myself. I only work twenty hours a week because I’m in school right now. I have a lot
more responsibility now than I did five years ago. I have to take responsibility for myself now and
everything that I do. I have a lot of major goals now. For instance, I want to graduate and get my two
year degree. I want to come back and get a bachelor’s degree. I have a lot of things that I want to
accomplish now. Five years ago, I really wasn’t going anywhere with my life, but now I’m starting to
get my life in order and deciding what I want to do. In addition,I am still living at home with my
parents and I still go to school. I still baby sit my nieces every once in a while. I find time to spend
with my family and friends. I still have some of the same responsibilities. I help my mom take care of
my oldest niece. She has always lived with us, so I’ve always helped take care of her ever since she
was a baby. Even though she is not a baby anymore,I still have to baby sit her when my parents are
gone because she is not quite old enough to stay by herself yet. I still have to depend on my parents
for transportation because I don’t have a vehicle right now. My life now has changed a lot in only
five years.
~© 2005 Brandy Doney~

15. 5. Sequence – describes steps, events, processes, or procedures. There are three
types of Sequence: steps, timeline, and cycle. Regardless of the type, the author is
putting information in an order (Bohaty, 2015, p. 40).
Signal words often used for chronological order or sequence are:
•first, second, third
•before, after
•when
•later
•until
•at last
•next
• A sequence of events- is when events are listed in the order that they
occurred. They go in time order from the beginning to the middle to the end
without jumping around in time.
- it follows the progression of time, either forward or backward.
Historical topics are best organized using this pattern because readers are able to
understand a series of related events, when they happened, and what happened
before and after them.
A sequence of steps is when a process is written in the order that tasks were
done. Recipes and scientific procedures are written using this organizational
structure.

16. 6. Cause and effect – shows the linkage of causation – how events are influenced or
caused by another. “The author's intent is to tell us how an event always leads to an
outcome. The event is the cause and the outcome is the result. The relationship is
between the cause and the effect” (Bohaty, 2015, p. 40).

18. 7. Problem and solution - divides information into two main sections, one that
describes a problem and one that describes a solution. Here, the author’s intent is to
discuss or propose a solution to a problem. The relationship between the problem and
the solution is explored (Bohaty, 2015).

20.  There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. Some of themajor ones are
discussed below:
1. Narration – refers to a sequential telling of a story or recounting of a series of events
2. Definition - Explains an idea, term or phrase using distinguishing characteristics or
synonyms.
3. Description – similar with narration for having many specific details, description
“emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells,
tastes, or feels.
4. Comparison and contrast – compares two things to highlight their subtle similarities and
differences.
5. Sequence – describes steps, events, processes, or
6. Cause and effect – shows the linkage of causation – how events are influenced or caused
by another.
7. Problem and solution - divides information into two main sections, one that describes a
problem and one that describes a solution.

21. Activity: Cause and Effect Relationship. Write the possible effect in each number.
1. If we eat too much food and do not exercise,___________________________.
2. Mary studied hard for the chemistry exam, _______________________________.
3. Kendra left her bicycle outside, ______________________________.
4. It is too late so that __________________________________.
5. Ray was tired after the race __________________________________.
6. The thief ran as fast as he could ___________________________.
7. I helped my sister with her homework ___________________________.
8. The dog escaped out the front door ______________________________.
9. The movie was sold out_______________________________________.
10. The class behaved very well during the assembly _________________________.

22. Assignment: Write a minimum of one paragraph employing one of the text
structures discussed (one pattern, one paragraph). Be guided by the following
prompts
a. Definition – make a definition of the different classifications of community
quarantines in the Philippines
a. Sequence – explain how to properly wash your hands following the guidelines of
the authorities like WHO and DOH

23. Thank you for listening! 

24. Other references:
 https://open.lib.umn.edu/writingforsuccess/chapter/10-1-
narration/#:~:text=The%20Purpose%20of%20Narrative%20Writing,can%20be%20factua
l%20or%20fictional.
 https://www.google.com/search?q=purpose+in+writing&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH992PH992
&oq=purpose+in+writing&aqs=chrome..69i57.8575j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
 https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+denotation&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH992PH992
&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqj9iy6KH2AhWEsVYBHabQBm0Q_AUo
AXoECAIQAw&biw=1536&bih=722&dpr=1.25#imgrc=b0D5ieyS8z2IZM
 https://longleaf.net/wp/articles-teaching/seven-types-paragraph-development/
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/determining-the-sequence-of-events-or-steps-in-a-
reading-selection.html